论渔业法之违反捕捞许可规定到共同管理渔区作业行为的法律责任

近年来我国渔业作业群体的数量明显增多,同时违反捕捞许可到共同管理渔区作业的违法行为也日益严重。在《中华人民共和国渔业法》及相关渔业立法中已经存在明确界定,但是对于法律责任没有具体阐明,严重影响了渔业活动的正常秩序与渔业资源的可持续发展。文章根据违反捕捞许可到共同管理渔区作业的现状出发,结合渔业法等相关规定,分析增设法律责任的必要性与可行性,提出完善相关法律责任,细化责任认定;加大惩治力度,提高违法成本等建议。     

论渔业法之使用小于最小网目尺寸的网具进行捕捞行为的法律责任

渔业资源的可持续发展是实现渔业捕捞可持续发展的基石,明确使用最小网目尺寸的网具进行捕捞,有利于幼鱼从网具中释放,最终达到渔业捞捕可持续发展的目的。为保障渔业捕捞可持续发展,文章分析使用最小网目尺寸的网具进行捕捞行为的处罚裁量基准、网目尺寸制度、没收渔具和执法程序中存在的问题,提出加强源头治理、细化罚款幅度、加快发布《全国海洋捕捞渔具目录》、同一水域协同管理、完善没收渔具定义以及建立渔政联合执法机制等建议。     

基于BiLSTM模型的远洋渔船类型识别研究

船舶自动识别系统(Automatic identification system,AIS)为渔业资源和渔船捕捞活动管理和研究提供了可能.明确船舶作业类型是开展AIS信息渔业研究应用前提,为渔业研究和管理提供渔船捕捞类型基础数据支撑,保障渔船作业安全和监督非法捕捞渔业活动,作者通过搜集整理3000多艘已知类型船舶信息,从...     

我国主要海洋捕捞政策对浙江省海洋捕捞业的影响探究

随着海洋渔业资源的不断衰退,为了保护渔业资源、推动海洋渔业的可持续发展,自20世纪70年代后期,我国出台了许多海洋捕捞相关政策。文章从投入控制制度、产出控制制度和技术控制制度3个角度出发,以捕捞许可制度、捕捞限额管理和伏季休渔制度等政策为重点,通过整理1980—2017年浙江省渔业经济的相关资料,从海洋捕捞渔船数量和功率、海洋捕捞产量、渔业劳动力数量变化3个方面,深入分析浙江省海洋捕捞现状,提出了完善现有的海洋捕捞政策、加强渔业执法管理力量、加强普法宣传、建立渔业资源调查与评估体系、帮助捕捞从业人员转产转业等对策建议,以期为我国海洋捕捞管理部门提供决策参考。     

管制IUU捕捞的渔业法对策

我国渔业资源正遭受IUU捕捞的破坏.在借鉴外国立法与执法经验的基础上,我国应从完善国内法和积极磋商渔业合作协定两个层面进行防范和管制.     

我国红树林的历史变化、主要问题及保护对策

文章综述我国红树林资源的历史变化,以及各地区红树林的空间分布、种类组成、面积变化及其主要原因等;归纳影响我国红树林生态系统健康状况的主要因素,包括环境污染、过度养殖、海洋工程、过度捕捞和生物入侵等。针对我国红树林现状及存在的问题,从红树林保护立法、环境综合整治管控、宣传教育、转产转业、生态补偿、生态修复等方面提出红树林保护的建议和措施,为我国红树林生态系统保护与管理提供参考。     

NOAA制定保护海豚的法规

为防止在捕捞黄鳍金枪鱼时无意将海豚捕杀,美国海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)已制定“1992世界保护海豚法案”。NOAA官员John A.Knauss博士指出,“此法案反映了社会各界和国际舆论的强烈愿望,即应尽可能早结束用网围海豚的方法来捕捞金枪鱼”。 该法案提出一个自1994年3月1日开始执行的关于用网围海豚和其他海洋哺乳动物来捕捞金枪鱼的行为的5年全球备忘录。这一备忘录由商业部执行。对违反该法规的国家,美     

基于可持续发展视角的渔民对海洋渔业资源利用的评价研究——以福建省惠安县渔民为例

长期高强度的捕捞、不科学的捕捞方式、海洋环境污染等问题导致我国海洋渔业资源的再生能力受到严重破坏,渔民作为发展渔业经济和利用海洋资源的主体,其意识和行为都与渔业的可持续发展紧密相关。文章通过对福建省惠安县渔民进行问卷调查,对2014年惠安县渔民文化程度、收入状况以及对海洋渔业各方面的了解程度和行为态度进行分析,初步探究渔民对海洋渔业资源的认知度和对海洋渔业政策的认可度及其影响渔民评价因素。最后对转变渔民利用海洋资源的行为和观念提出相应政策建议,有助于实现海洋资源的可持续利用。     

中,日渔业法规比较研究

中日两国有不同的国情和社会制度,造成两国的渔业法规必然存在差异。但是两国的渔业资源和捕捞海域有相近之处,渔业法规也应有类似的内容。由于日本渔业法规制定较早,立法体系较完备;而我国渔业法规起步较晚,立法体系较简单。本文通过对中、日两国渔业法规进行比较,从日本渔业法规中找到可供我国借鉴的地方。     

水产品合法性标签制度的法律属性及其立法完善

为促进我国渔业资源和水产品贸易的可持续发展,文章结合国际和国内的相关实践情况,分析我国水产品合法性标签制度的立法现状和存在的不足,尝试解答其中的关键问题即水产品合法性标签制度的法律属性,并就相关立法的完善提出建议。研究结果表明:水产品合法性标签制度是国际社会破解非法、不报告和不管制捕捞难题的重要制度,我国已开展相关实践并推动立法进程;目前我国水产品合法性标签制度的立法现状主要包括发布相关规范性文件和修订渔业法律,但该项制度在法律依据等方面仍存在不足;水产品合法性标签在法律上应被认定为强制标志,该项制度应属于强制性行政确认,且可适用于水产品国内贸易;在我国渔业法律的修订过程中,应通过健全实施程序和明确法律后果,进一步完善水产品合法性标签制度。     

Overcoming complexity in illegal,unregulated and unreported fishing to achieve effective regulatory pluralism

Globally, illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing challenges economic development, as well as food and human security, and has done so for many years. Despite the implementation of legal responses to IUU fishing by the international community and many States, the problem continues. While political will, the vastness of oceans and limited human and financial resources hamper the effectiveness of these responses, fragmentation has also prevented effective control. IUU fishing is addressed by legal controls across fishing, shipping, labour and criminal law and existing research on IUU fishing has tended to focus on individual aspects of these, yet evidence indicates their interconnectedness. This research addresses a gap, critically analysing the range of international legal frameworks together. Within this context, this paper explores and analyses the how fragmentation of legal instruments, lack of interaction between actors and regimes, and piecemeal implementation of the law limits the control of IUU fishing drawing on the concept of regulatory pluralism to appropriately address the challenges.     

Managing the offshore and coastal fisheries in Taiwan to achieve sustainable development using policy indicators

This study establishes an offshore and coastal fisheries policy indicator system to evaluate the performance of policies to achieve sustainable development in offshore and coastal fisheries. A modified Delphi method is used to establish this system, and the weights of indicators are calculated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to aggregate indicators. Results show that ecological policies have not achieved their goals because production and catch per unit effort are decreasing. Indicators with respect to management efficiency have increased after the implementation of the buyback and off-fishing programs. However, net returns indicator, which is affected by increasing cost and production value, is stable. Due to inefficient management resulting from insufficient resources, indicators for the number of illegal fishing cases per year and the number of smuggled aquatic production incidents have increased. This shows that requirement for enhanced compliance is necessary. The objective for cultivating talents in fisheries has not been achieved because average wage for fishers is lower than the average civil wage, resulting in an increase in the hiring of foreign fishers.     

A survey of the legal and policy framework for controlling,compensating and criminalizing ship-source pollution in Hong Kong

Hong Kong (HK) has enacted laws providing: (1) Regimes that address pollution prevention responsibilities for parties involved in shipping activities to ensure that ships used in HK waters comply with applicable rules and standards; (2) civil damages remedy for wrongful death, personal injury or property damage caused by an environmental incident; and (3) a system of penalties to address the rare cases where the behavior of the polluter is considered intolerable and must be punished as a criminal offence. Being acquainted with this legal and policy framework is of beneficial interest for the maritime industry in HK. This article first summarizes the existing general legal framework, and later presents the results of an empirical study to determine what repercussions there could be within the HK maritime industry as a result of these laws and policies being applied in cases that result in civil liability compensation and criminal charges. The empirical research demonstrates that the laws and policies are in general sufficient and effective, but that flaws still remain in the limitation of liability scheme, as well as uncertainties as to which particular kinds of environmental violations should result in either civil or criminal enforcement. To address these concerns, it is first suggested that HK should impose greater liability in areas where prior law provided insufficient liability, as this will act as a more potent deterrent; and second, that HK should clearly delineate an appropriate role for criminal enforcement in the environmental regulatory scheme, so as to lessen concerns about over-criminalization.     

The EU restrictive trade measures against IUU fishing

The opportunities for operators to increase their revenue when illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing catches are converted to currency through the market encourage the persistence and growth of this activity. It is often the same market that is targeted for the legal trade of fish. Thus, paradoxically, the market demand creates and incites it, at least from an economic point of view. To deter IUU fishing activities, some fish and fishery products importing countries have started to enact or implement additional regulatory measures, the goal of which is to tackle the problem from a new trade-related perspective. This contribution provides an analysis of various aspects of the market state competence. Within the framework of the European Union (rights and markets) the study analyses the emergence of regional trade-related measures and explore how they are linked to the international trade law regime especially the World Trade Organization rules. Finally, the paper draws implications for the market state measures and considers their limits and potential in combatting IUU fishing.     

Justifying non-compliance: The morality of illegalities in small scale fisheries of Lake Victoria,East Africa

The literature on compliance in small scale fisheries provides evidence of the normative foundations of fishers’ behaviour. However, the mechanisms through which normative reasoning translates into non-compliance remains unclear due to the tendency to conceive non-compliant behaviour simply as an outcome of ‘moral deficit’. This paper identifies such mechanisms by focusing on moral reasons which undermine the legitimacy of fisheries regulations. Taking the case of Lake Victoria, East Africa, the paper explores how non-compliance can be founded on diverse and competing concepts of fairness by creating a typology of the modes of justification used by respondents who engage in illegal fishing. The paper establishes four areas of justification: the principle of superfluousness, the principle of autonomy, the principle of futility, and the principle of necessity. Investigating the evidence for each, the analysis finds that the majority of fisherfolk believe that regulations are necessary and support government action in fisheries management. However, fishers expressed futility in fishing legally, given the extent of illegal fishing, and justified their non-compliant behaviour through reference to the cost of legal fishing compared to illegal and the need for better catches and income associated with illegal fishing.     

新时代法治渔村建设的挑战与出路

渔村治理现代化作为实现乡村振兴战略的重要组成部分,因其自身固有的发展特征,亟须进行法治化改革。这既是对全面依法治国方略在渔村治理的落实,也同新时代乡村治理体系的基本逻辑相符合。因此,新时代法治渔村建设需要中国特色社会主义法治价值的指引,法治价值同时为推进新时代渔村治理法治化,为渔村的政治、经济、社会发展以及生态文明建设等提供了重要的思想基础。法治价值的适用同样对于促进渔村渔业的高质量发展和改善传统渔村经济落后的局面具有重要意义,有必要在中国特色社会主义法治价值的指引下,找到新时代渔村良法善治的有效路径。     

A transition beyond traditional fisheries: Taiwan's experience with developing fishing tourism

Transforming fisheries into tourism has become a global trend. It arises mostly due to a decline in income generated by traditional fisheries, and fishers thus turn to seek alternatives by engaging in marine tourism activities. Taiwan has practiced this transformation policy for more than two decades, and fishing tourism has developed as a major outcome. This paper aims to investigate Taiwan's experience with developing this activity, with an emphasis on the emerging concerns it faces and anglers’ perception of trip quality and potential management measures. The results show that anglers had a general satisfaction with the service delivered by operators. However, concerns regarding sustainable development of this activity were identified, mostly involving ineffective enforcement of regulations against illegal fishing, conflicts of interest between commercial fishing and recreational fishing, lack of statistics on harvest, improper angler behavior, and competition from yachts. Lastly, management implications for sustainable fishing tourism were discussed, highlighting suggestions to alleviate the concerns, including strengthening management of the harvest, encouraging dialogue between commercial and recreational sectors, enhancing marine environmental stewardship among anglers, and improving coordination of management to create a fair and balanced environment for recreational fishing vessels and yachts.     

Review of the causes of the rise of the illegal South African abalone fishery and consequent closure of the rights-based fishery

The rise of organised illegal fishing and trade in abalone from the late 1990s destabilised South Africa’s historically stable, quota-managed fishery, culminating in its closure in 2008. The development of the fishery is described in a historical context, including the evolution of South Africa’s science-based abalone fishery management system. The diverse suite of responses deployed to combat illegal fishing and the black market trade in abalone are reviewed, including;- fishery reform to expand rights to a greater number of previously disadvantaged fishers, a territorial user rights fishery (TURF) system, special compliance operations and courts, the CITES listing of abalone, and the serial reduction in the TAC, culminating in the controversial and legally contested closure of the fishery. The main causes of the rise of the illegal fishery are diagnosed as 1) the massive increase in the abalone price that occurred in the 1990s triggering an abalone fishing “gold-rush” and 2) the failure of the post-Apartheid fishery reform process to accommodate many traditional fishers in a legal fishing rights framework resulting in them operating outside the formal fishery management system. By contextualising the abalone fishery as a complex system, embedded in South Africa’s socio-political setting, we show how the resource focussed fishery management system did not have the capacity to incorporate the powerful social, political and economic drivers determining fisher behaviour. We conclude with the need to revisit South Africa’s abalone fishery management paradigm, and argue that a more integrated governance approach is required that takes into account the biological, socio-political and economic factors determining the fishery activities.