直通式浓水分段外排型电渗析分散源海水淡化研究

为了推广电渗析在分散源海水淡化领域的应用,针对电渗析脱盐过程能耗较高的问题,设计了电渗析浓水分段外排脱盐实验。研究了不同浓水外排段数对电渗析脱盐过程效率、能耗以及水迁移的影响。结果表明,浓水分段外排实验脱盐效率大幅提升,其中四段脱盐效果最优,相对于常规的一段浓水直排脱盐方式将盐含量从35 000 mg/L脱至500 mg/L以下所需时间减少25 min、淡水室至浓水室的水渗透量降低35.4%、吨水能耗降低31.6%、效率提高约26%。浓水分段外排脱盐方式提升了脱盐效果。     

海水改良LO-CAT法脱除H2S的再生系统实验研究

在"催化氧化脱硫"与"再生"分开的新型LO-CAT脱硫装置中,以海水为吸收介质,络合铁为载体,针对H2S质量浓度为10g/m3的模拟气进行了海上钻井平台石油伴生气脱除H2S的再生系统实验研究。主要考察了再生系统中碱性液体流速、空气过剩因子(ε)和再生温度等参数对脱硫效果的影响,并对反应产生的固体产物进行了SEM和XRD表征。实验结果分析得出,脱除H2S的最佳再生条件为:液体流速v=8.77mL/min,空气过剩因子ε=90,再生温度T2=45℃。表征得出,产生的固体物质为硫磺,可能含有少量Fex Sy杂质。     

一种涵道双向泵叶轮浪流发电装置的研究分析

为解决海洋波浪能和潮流能耦合利用的问题,提升浪流发电装置的发电效率,上海海洋大学课题组设计了一种新型涵道双向泵叶轮浪流发电装置。主要对轴流泵的工作原理进行理论分析,阐述将轴流泵排水原理应用于浪流发电装置捕获浪流能的可行性,基于轴流泵叶片设计原理,设计出一种可以双向捕获浪流能的叶片。经数据仿真和水槽实验进行验证,得出涵道双向泵叶轮浪流发电装置可以在浪流流速v=0.5 m/s工况下浪即可启动,满足低流速启动要求,发电效率最高为23.7%。     

基于VOF模型的浮式消波海流机性能优化

针对浮式消波海流机样机测试时出现的问题,对其吃水深度线和叶片安装角度进行优化。根据装置结构特点,用Gambit建立了装置横截面的二维网格模型。根据浮式消波海流机实际工作环境,利用Fluent流体仿真软件,使用VOF(volume of fluid)两相流模型,分配空气相与液态水相在流域中的不同比例,来确定不同的吃水深度线。并且结合k-epsilon紊流模型建立模拟仿真环境。先对3种水线进行仿真分析,然后进行实验验证。通过分析对比装置的3种不同吃水深度线的模拟与实验结果,得到装置的最优吃水深度线为1/3水线。基于最优吃水深度线,分别对叶片的4种安装角度在相同的仿真环境中进行模拟仿真。利用仿真得到的扭矩数据,计算扭矩系数、功率系数,分析对比仿真数据以及仿真过程中扭矩趋势图得出4种叶片安装角度的最优角度是90°。吃水深度线决定了装置的消波能力,并且为叶片获能提供条件,叶片安装角度直接影响着装置的获能效率,所以最优的吃水深度线和叶片安装角度对海流机的消波能力和获能效率具有重要意义。     

反向极谱物理涂汞Ag/Ag?Hg/Hg膜电极

作者等已提出物理涂汞朕电极,并用于反向极谱测定海水中Pb 等痕量金属离子。电极的易于制备和快速再生,使它显示了远较化学镀汞电极为优越的特性。作者等又提出了电极防吸附膜,以避免电极表面吸附而保持其灵敏度。但电极仍需每天以1:1     

诺氟沙星在壳聚糖-生物炭复合材料上的解吸行为研究

吸附材料再生可以实现吸附材料的循环使用,降低处理成本。本文研究了壳聚糖-生物炭复合材料上诺氟沙星(NOR)解吸的影响因素,考察了NOR解吸动力学过程,并通过多次再生实验探讨了其重复使用潜力。结果表明,以NaOH为解吸剂时有利于促进壳聚糖-生物炭复合材料上NOR的解吸,随NaOH浓度的提高,NOR的解吸率增大。溶液离子强度提高了NOR的解吸率,离子强度为0.1mol/L时NOR的解吸效果最好。热力学参数ΔG和ΔS表明该解吸过程是自发进行的吸热反应。NOR在壳聚糖-生物炭复合材料上的解吸主要受慢解吸和极慢解吸控制。双常数方程和Elovich方程可较好描述复合材料上NOR的解吸动力学行为。壳聚糖-生物炭复合材料重复使用6次后,NOR的解吸率为66.88%,吸附量为8.675mg/g,表明壳聚糖-生物炭复合材料具有较好的可循环利用潜能。     

涡激振动实验中的流速增大装置研发与性能研究

拖曳水池中进行立管涡激振动实验时,为了保证采样时间长度,难以达到较高的Re数。流速增大装置可以在不提高拖车车速的情况下增大立管外的流速。利用这种流速增大装置还可实现流速分层流场中细长柔性立管涡激振动实验。经过对流速增大装置中的进流段曲线进行优选,发现Witozinsky曲线的总体性能最好。在对流速增大装置进行水池实验和数值模拟后,发现流速增大区域的流速增大倍数接近进流段收缩比,流速增大区域流场比较稳定、均匀,流速增大装置对其外的流场影响很小。此流速增大装置不但可应用于拖曳水池中的立管涡激振动实验,还可以应用于对流速要求较高的水下航行体的水池试验,如鱼雷、水下机器人等。     

离心转速对渤海灰白冰脱盐作用的实验研究

通过实验室离心实验,研究了离心转速对渤海灰白冰脱盐、脱盐效果以及主要超标水质参数的影响.实验结果表明,在实验条件相同的情况下,离心转速的变化对灰白冰的脱盐、脱盐效果均有显著影响.离心转速达到2000r/min左右时,脱盐冰的全盐量基本降到标准要求.实验中,灰白冰的离心脱盐率保持在较高的水平,一般可达80%～90%以上,在3000～4000r/min离心转速时,渤海灰白冰脱盐率最大,可达到90 96%.离心转速的变化对灰白冰中主要超标物质的去除有不同程度的影响,其中硫酸盐含量变化幅度最大,下降了73.19%～96.52%;盐度也有较大程度的降低,但降低幅度小于硫酸盐,降幅在71.86%～93.55%之间.pH值没有发生恶化,保持在7.5左右.因此,离心转速是渤海灰白冰离心脱盐过程中的主要控制性因子之一.渤海灰白冰经过实验室离心脱盐后,全盐量等各项水质指标均可达到工农业生产和人们生活用水的指标要求.     

深冷环境下海水冷冻淡化性能试验研究

提出利用液态天然气(LNG)冷能实现海水冷冻淡化,针对LNG的储运工艺,开展海水在超低温环境下的过冷度、结晶、脱盐等机理研究。试验测试了海水在电导率为20～40 mS/cm、冷冻温度为-30～-80℃冷冻条件下,制冰率、制冰速率、脱盐率等性能指标,并分析了影响各性能指标的因素,得出了超低温工况下系统最优过程参数。该研究结果为基于LNG冷能实现海水冷冻淡化的工程设计提供了必要的技术基础和设计依据。     

金枪鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)碎肉蛋白降压肽的酶解制备及活性研究

以血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制率为指标,通过正交试验L9(34)确定碱性蛋白酶(Alcalase)对金枪鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)碎肉蛋白的最佳酶解条件,利用D101大孔树脂建立了酶解物的脱盐工艺,利用超滤、葡聚糖凝胶(G-25)色谱和反相-高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)分离降压肽,并确定其纯度,利用氨基酸序列分析和ESI-MS鉴定纯化多肽的结构。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解金枪鱼碎肉蛋白制备降压肽的最佳酶解条件是:pH 9.5,酶用量1.5%,酶解温度50°C,酶解时间5h;D101大孔吸附树脂脱盐工艺条件为:上样浓度10 mg/mL、上样流速1.5 BV/h、解吸剂为75%乙醇;酶解物经超滤和Sephadex G-25分离获得一个纯度较高的四肽,经氨基酸序列分析和ESI-MS鉴定结构为Phe-GlyGly-Val(FGGV),ESI-MS检测给出分子离子峰m/z 379.50([M+H]+)。利用碱性蛋白酶酶解并经超滤和色谱技术制备的金枪鱼碎肉蛋白降压肽具有良好的ACE抑制活性,可作为降压药物、保健食品或添加剂进行开发。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.