鄂尔多斯盆地中部上古生界山西组页岩储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地山西组发育一套厚度大且有勘探潜力的陆海陆过渡相页岩。应用岩芯观察、X衍射、扫描电镜和显微镜观察以及高压压汞等方法,对该盆地中部山西组页岩的岩石学、矿物学、页岩储集空间、孔隙结构和物性特征进行分析研究。结果表明:研究区山西组页岩以黑色泥岩、黑色页岩夹纹层或薄层状深色粉砂岩为主,页岩主要由黏土矿物和石英两类矿物组成,二者平均含量分别为59.6%和36.9%。页岩宏观和微观裂隙发育,显微镜下统计的显微裂缝平均面密度达到116.6/m。除了发育与矿物和成岩作用有关的矿物孔隙外,页岩中有机显微组分发育较多的有机质孔。页岩孔隙度平均为0.77%,渗透率平均为0.06×10-3 μm2。山西组页岩总有机碳（TOC）、镜质体反射率（R_o,%）和黏土矿物含量是影响页岩孔隙度的主要因素,具有正相关性,而石英含量与页岩孔隙度呈一定的负相关关系。山西组页岩中裂缝的普遍发育提高了页岩的渗透率,有利于页岩气聚集成藏。综合分析表明山西组页岩气储层地质条件一般,开发难度较大,但在裂缝发育、物性较好的层位和地区仍具有较好的页岩气资源前景。     

巴颜喀拉盆地长石头山二叠纪—三叠纪碳酸盐岩丘的沉积岩石学和地球化学特征

青海巴颜喀拉盆地长石头山二叠纪—三叠纪碳酸盐岩丘是由罕见的块状纯灰岩组成,灰岩具团块结构,由泥微晶方解石团块和栉状生长的泥微晶方解石胶结物组成,部分泥微晶方解石发生了重结晶作用。灰岩的矿物组成主要为方解石,平均含量达97%,化学成分除CaO外,其余均低于5‰。灰岩的5%HNO3可溶相（碳酸盐矿物）稀土元素页岩配分模式具...     

桂中坳陷西北部下石炭统岩关组泥页岩储层特征研究:以环页1井为例

桂中坳陷西北部地区下石炭统岩关组泥页岩沉积厚度大,生烃条件好,是页岩气勘探重要的目标层之一。以环页1井为例,通过镜下观察、有机地球化学分析、矿物含量分析、物性分析和等温吸附实验,分析了岩关组泥页岩的有机地球化学特征、岩石矿物学特征、储集特征和含气性特征。结果表明,岩关组泥页岩有机质类型属于Ⅰ~Ⅱ1型,总有机碳质量分数平均为1.34%,热演化程度(Ro)较高,平均达3.03%。矿物成分以石英、方解石和黏土矿物为主,具有高石英、低黏土矿物、低碳酸盐矿物的组成特征,脆性矿物含量高,黏土矿物以伊利石为主,已进入中成岩B期。泥页岩主要发育黏土矿物层间孔、有机质孔及微裂缝,具有良好的储、渗条件。泥页岩具有低孔低渗的特征,w(TOC)、石英含量和孔隙度三者之间存在着良好的正相关性,碳酸盐矿物成分的增多导致孔隙度降低,增多的伊利石和高岭石对孔隙度有贡献作用。甲烷吸附气含量平均为1.16m3/t,泥页岩甲烷吸附量随着孔隙度的增加而增加,w(TOC)和Ro共同影响着泥页岩的吸附能力,过高的成熟度降低了泥页岩的吸附能力。     

辉绿岩侵位对半固结砂岩的改造作用--以松辽盆地东南部下白垩统为例

在偏光显微镜和扫描电镜下，发现辉绿岩．砂岩接触带附近半固结的长石砂岩中石英颗粒边部、颗粒间孔隙内及颗粒内裂隙中微晶石英发育．不论是纵向上还是横向上，距接触带较近的样品中，微晶石英多而细长．随着远离接触带，石英微晶逐渐减少，形状逐渐变的粗短．研究表明，这些微晶石英是辉绿岩侵位对围岩砂岩中碎屑石英的压溶或重结晶等作用形成的．     

禹州煤田煤系泥页岩矿物组成与脆性分析

为了研究禹州煤田煤系泥页岩的矿物组成和页岩气储集层物性,对采自该区石炭二叠系的泥页岩样品进行了X射线衍射分析和有机地球化学实验。结果表明,禹州煤田煤系泥页岩有机碳含量高,有机质类型为Ⅱ型,热演化程度处于成熟—高成熟阶段(平均值为1.62%);泥页岩矿物组成以石英、黏土矿物为主,平均含量分别为31.9%、63.2%,部分样品中含有少量的长石、菱铁矿、黄铁矿。通过与海相页岩对比,海陆过渡相煤系泥页岩黏土矿物含量为40%~80%,其中高岭石含量高是煤系泥页岩储层的重要特征,平均含量达到29.6%左右。此外,煤系泥页岩的石英脆度和总脆度均比海相页岩要低,其中禹州煤田煤系泥页岩石英脆度为32%,总脆度为36%,与国内其他地区煤系泥页岩脆度相当。表明禹州煤田煤系泥页岩具备较好的页岩气储集层可压裂性。     

鄂西宜昌地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩储层特征及其脆性评价

依据鄂西宜昌地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩X射线衍射全岩分析、X射线衍射黏土矿物分析、物性分析、含气性测试和地球物理测井等资料,对区内页岩储层发育特征和页岩脆性特征进行了研究和综合评价。结果表明:宜昌地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩依次主要由石英、黏土矿物、长石、白云石、方解石、黄铁矿等组成;具有自底部"高硅、低黏土"页岩向上过渡为"低硅、高黏土"页岩的发育特征。页岩孔隙度主要为1.01%～1.77%,平均1.29%,渗透率主要为0.001×10~(-3)～0.843×10~(-3)μm~2,平均0.234×10~(-3)μm~2,属于低孔特低渗储层;五峰组-龙马溪组下部页岩含气量普遍大于1 m~3/t,厚度可达20 m。脆性矿物含量法脆性分析结果显示,页岩脆性指数分布于39.6%～89.6%之间,平均55.4%,其中底部10 m厚的页岩脆性指数均大于60%,利于储层压裂改造后形成复杂的裂缝网络系统。弹性参数法脆性分析结果显示,五峰组-龙马溪组页岩杨氏模量主要为25.2～67.5 GPa,平均38.9 GPa;泊松比主要为0.177～0.327,平均0.297;脆性指数主要介于8.5%～97.3%之间,平均33.2%;其中底部13 m厚的页岩具有典型高杨氏模量、低泊松比和高脆性指数的特征。页岩脆性综合评价结果表明,五峰组-龙马溪组底部9 m厚的页岩发育相对最优杨氏模量和泊松比条件,脆性属于中-高等程度,造缝能力强,可压裂性好。将页岩段划分为4类可改造储层,其中底部2 714.4～2 723.4 m段页岩具有泊松比相对最小、含气性最好、脆性最优和有机质含量高等特征,构成研究区最优改造层段。     

东营凹陷泥页岩矿物组成及脆度分析

对东营凹陷泥页岩矿物组成、脆度进行了系统研究,并与北美页岩进行了对比。研究表明:东营凹陷沙三下和沙四上亚段泥页岩主要由黏土矿物、陆源碎屑矿物（主要指石英和长石）和自生非黏土矿物（主要指碳酸盐和黄铁矿）三部分组成;泥页岩黏土矿物含量平均只有25％左右,远低于海相泥岩和传统观点;石英含量平均为29%,远低于海相页岩;长石含量平均约5％,高于海相泥岩;自生的碳酸盐矿物含量较高,平均约37％;分析认为,陆相盆地面积较小、距物源区近以及相变快是导致研究区泥页岩矿物组成特征的主要原因。鉴于此,提出了新的脆度计算方法并计算了东营凹陷泥页岩的石英脆度、碳酸盐脆度和总脆度。对比发现,碳酸矿物盐含量与泥页岩脆度相关性较好,是影响泥页岩脆度的主要因素。最后指出:研究区泥页岩脆性较好,易于形成天然裂缝或被压裂,是页岩气潜在的有利储层。     

萍乐坳陷上二叠统乐平组泥页岩储层特征

为了探讨萍乐坳陷地区乐平组泥页岩的储层特征,以野外地质调查、老井复查资料及样品的分析测试结果为基础,对研究区泥页岩的分布特征、地球化学特征、矿物组成特征及微孔隙特征等进行了较深入分析。结果表明:乐平组泥页岩在研究区分布广泛,平均厚度在100 m以上。泥页岩的有机碳含量较高,介于0.21%~23.4%,平均为1.74%,Ro为0.7%~4.06%,平均为1.88%,处于成熟—高成熟阶段,干酪根类型以II2型为主。泥页岩中脆性矿物含量较高,以石英为主,平均为47.94%,表明泥页岩具有好的压裂潜力。黏土矿物含量中等,平均为34.93%,主要为伊利石和伊蒙混层。泥页岩的孔隙度平均为3.5%,渗透率平均为0.01×10-3μm2,反映了乐平组泥页岩储层物性较好。扫描电镜下观察泥页岩微孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、粒内孔和有机质孔。孔隙形态呈较开放状态,以细颈状墨水瓶孔和四边开放的平行板状孔等为主。进一步分析表明乐平组泥页岩微孔隙发育主要受有机碳含量和石英矿物含量控制,有机碳含量越高,微孔和中孔越发育,石英含量则对宏孔贡献明显。     

石英矿物类型及其对页岩气富集开采的控制:以四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组为例

页岩矿物组成控制着页岩的储层类型和岩石力学性质,并影响着页岩气的富集和开发.为了分析不同类型石英矿物的纵向变化特征及其对页岩气富集开采的控制作用,以四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组WF2-LM4和LM5-LM8两个笔石带页岩为主要研究对象,利用普通薄片观察、扫描电镜、矿物成岩世代关系、能谱分析等手段,识别出陆源碎屑石英、生物成因石英和黏土矿物转化过程中形成的3种石英类型.结果表明不同的页岩层段,3种成因的石英含量不同.生物成因石英在WF2-LM4笔石带页岩最为富集,向上到LM5-LM8笔石带页岩逐渐减少.在WF2-LM4笔石带页岩,生物成因石英与有机碳含量呈明显的正相关性,有利于页岩优质储层的形成,对页岩储层的压裂改造具有积极作用,实现了页岩赋气和改造的有机统一.研究认为四川盆地及其周缘地区五峰组-龙马溪组一段下部黑色页岩（WF2-LM4笔石带页岩）具有生物成因石英含量高,页岩生烃、储集能力和可压裂性最优的特点,是页岩气富集开采的有利层段.      

渝东北地区五峰组-龙马溪组黑色页岩储层特征

以渝东北地区浅海陆棚相沉积的五峰组-龙马溪组泥页岩为研究对象,通过岩石薄片鉴定、矿物含量分析、扫描电镜、物性分析、有机地球化学分析等手段,剖析了泥页岩的岩相学、矿物学特征、储集空间类型。结果表明,五峰组-龙马溪组主要有炭质页岩、泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、硅质岩、泥灰岩和斑脱岩6种岩相类型。黑色页岩的有机质类型为Ⅰ型干酪根,有机碳含量较高,TOC普遍大于2%,最大达7.56%,平均为3.09%;有机质成熟度比较高,Ro值为1.65%~2.33%,基本上处于高成熟-过成熟阶段。矿物成分以石英矿物和黏土矿物为主,黏土矿物主要为伊利石和伊蒙间层。扫描电镜下观察,微孔隙主要包括矿物晶间孔、晶内孔、微裂缝以及有机质内微孔等。平均孔隙度为2.90%,平均渗透率为0.005×10-3μm2。     

岩浆侵入对围岩储层的成岩及其变质特征的影响及意义——以松辽盆地南部辉绿岩侵入带露头研究为例

以松辽盆地南部团山子采石场辉绿岩侵入露头为例,采用连续密集取样、常规分析和碳氧稳定同位素测试等方法,对围岩储层的成岩及其变质特征进行分析,进而探讨岩浆侵入对围岩的影响及其储层意义。岩浆侵入对角岩围岩的影响包括：1）自生绢云母距离侵入体越远,其含量越少;2）粘土矿物主要为成岩晚期的伊利石和绿泥石;3）角岩中发育特殊“气孔-杏仁”构造。岩浆侵入对上覆砂岩的影响表现为：1）造成自生石英的特征分布;2）造成粘土矿物的不均匀分布;3）形成反映应力挤压特征的颗粒结构。角岩中浊沸石发育和高岭石不发育对应碱性环境,不利于热液微裂缝中碳酸盐矿物的溶蚀。因此,尽管角岩发育微孔、微缝等少量储集空间（平均孔隙度为1.70%）,但其渗透能力很低（平均渗透率小于0.1 mD）。侵入活动对研究露头砂岩储层物性造成的不利影响,主要是由于挤压作用和热液流动作用使自生矿物不均匀分布,从而导致或加剧了砂岩储层的非均质性。     

四川大岩子铂-钯矿床(点)热液成矿的地球化学证据

大岩子铂-钯矿区的岩石有白云岩、辉石岩脉、辉绿岩脉,矿体赋存在构造蚀变破碎带中,以外接触带的白云岩一侧为主,次为内接触带的辉石岩,矿石类型有矿化白云岩和矿化辉石岩两种类型。通过对含矿白云岩、含矿辉石岩、断层泥及辉绿岩的地球化学特征研究,认为大岩子矿床先后经历超基性岩浆的侵入,即形成辉石岩脉;基性岩浆的侵入,即形成辉绿岩脉;富含Pt、Pd的岩浆期后热液活动,即形成以Pt、Pd为丰、富含As、Cu、Sb、Ag、Cd的热液矿床,其中Pt、Pd的富集成矿主要与热液活动有关。     

川南马边上奥陶统—下志留统黑色页岩铂族元素地球化学特征及成因分析

通过野外地质调查资料、X衍射、主量及铂族元素测试分析,研究川南马边地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩的矿物学、主量元素地球化学特征和铂族元素组成特征。川南马边长河碥五峰-龙马溪组页岩有机碳TOC平均含量为2.47%;矿物成分主要由石英和黏土矿物两大类构成,石英平均含量37.95%,黏土矿物平均含量为40.2%;页岩SiO₂平均含量为52.90%,Al₂O₃平均含量为11.47%;铂族元素总量在1.5～11.9 ng/g之间,平均值为5.16 ng/g。川南马边地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩铂族元素均以Pt与Pd含量高为特征,其中Pd平均含量为3.15 ng/g,Pt平均含量为1.48 ng/g。铂族元素碳质球粒陨石配分模式为Pt-Pd型,Pd含量约为Pt含量的2.12倍。剖面中富有机质页岩比贫有机质页岩更加富集铂族元素,铂族元素的富集可能与生物活动有关;黏土矿物含量与铂族元素含量呈负相关关系,铂族元素并未呈吸附态吸附在颗粒表面,黏土矿物的增加反而稀释了铂族元素含量。川南马边长河碥五峰-龙马溪组铂族元素并非来源于地外物质,可能来自地幔,且发生了明显分异,其富集程度在正常海洋沉积物范围内。     

渝东南彭水地区彭页1井龙马溪组储层特征及含气性研究

渝东南地区是我国页岩气勘探开发的重点地区.以彭水地区彭页1井龙马溪组泥页岩为研究对象,结合钻井资料、全岩分析、薄片观察、扫描电镜、核磁共振与氮气吸附等实验,对页岩岩矿特征、有机地球化学、储层特征与含气性进行系统分析.研究表明：彭页1井龙马溪组泥页岩厚度约80 m,脆性矿物含量高,以石英为主,约占48%,其次为长石与碳酸盐矿物;黏土矿物占29%,以伊利石为主,占黏土矿物总量的65%,与美国Barnett页岩矿物成分及含量相近,有利于后期压裂.该井区页岩有机质类型为II₂型,TOC为1%～3%,平均1.84%,成熟度2.5%～4.4%.储集空间多为纳米级—微米级孔隙,有机质孔和粒间孔为主,可见粒内溶蚀孔、微裂隙、黏土矿物层间孔和少量晶间孔,平均孔隙度2.43%,孔径以微小孔为主,介于2～80 nm,渗透率主要集中在0.005～0.01 mD,含气性中等—偏低,解析气量平均1.15 m³/t,饱和吸附量（V_L）平均2.56 m³/t,均低于Barnett页岩和焦页1井的含气量,有机质丰度、储层孔隙度是该区页岩含气量的主控因素,其次还受脆性矿物和黏土矿物含量影响.     

The Prospect Alkaline Diabase-Picrite Intrusion New South Wales, Australia

The Prospect intrusion is a dish-shaped alkaline diabase-picritemass 315–400 ft thick intruded into shale at a depth ofabout 600 ft. Picrite, containing more than 25 per cent olivine,occupies the lower half of the intrusion. In the upper half,alkaline diabase, averaging less than 5 per cent olivine, isconcentrated under structural highs of the contact, and alkalineolivine diabase, containing 10 to 25 per cent olivine, is concentratedunder structural lows. These rocks are separated from the shaleby a fine-grained chilled margin. Vertical sections through the picrite zone show a regular antipatheticvariation of modal olivine and plagioclase with a zone of maximumolivine concentration near the bottom; bulk rock compositionsshow an antipathetic relation between MgO plus total iron andall other constituents. Modal and bulk composition variationsare more erratic in the upper half of the intrusion, but analcite,alkali feldspar, and opaque minerals reach maximum concentrationsin this part of the intrusion. The pyroxene content remainsnearly constant in the major rock types. Trends of olivine andplagioclase composition and grain size vary regularly with heightin the intrusion and cross boundaries between major rock typeswithout deflexion. Olivine becomes progressively more fayaliticfrom the base of the picrite zone to the upper chilled margin,but the plagioclase curve has a trend toward more calcic compositionsin the picrite zone. Mean sizes of plagioclase, pyroxene, andolivine increase upwards between the chilled margins. The lower chilled margin is slightly less mafic than the bulkcomposition of the intrusion and may represent a pre-emplacementdifferentiate, but the major part of the differentiation occurredduring emplacement at the present site. Grain size and otherdata indicate that crystallization took place more rapidly fromthe base than from the top of the intrusion, and a variety ofinternal structures indicate that crystallization and differentiationtook place as the magma was intruded over a considerable periodof time. As consolidation of the intrusion proceeded, the liquid becameenriched in all constituents except magnesium and ferrous ironuntil consolidation of alkaline diabase began (when about 70per cent of the whole intrusion had solidified); at that stagethe proportion of calcium, titanium, and ferric iron in theliquid was reduced and the proportion of silica, alumina, andalkalis increased. Processes of differentiation that contributed most to the originof the main rock types are: diffusion, independently of crystallization,of volatiles, alkalis, and possibly calcium into the structurallyhigh parts of the intrusion; gravity accumulation of olivinethat crystallized a short distance above the main front of consolidationas it moved upwards from the base of the intrusion; and upwarddiffusion of salic constituents and downward diffusion of maficones over concentration gradients produced by crystallization. Removal of volatiles from the lower part of the intrusion beforecrystallization reduced the oxidation ratio in the liquid andresulted in a low proportion of ferric iron minerals; crystallizationof abundant olivine (average composition about Fo₇₀), however,prevented enrichment of the liquid in iron. Addition of volatilesto the upper part of the intrusion retarded crystallizationand raised the oxidation ratio to a level at which a relativelyhigh proportion of ferric iron minerals crystallized. Subordinate processes that contributed to the formation of themain rock types as well as to less abundant ones include gravityaccumulation of heavy minerals that were dispersed in the magmaat the time of emplacement, filter pressing caused by localbuttressing around irregularities of the contact, crystal sortingby viscous flow, and gas transfer. Pegmatitic differentiates are ascribed to a complex diffusionprocess along pressure and concentration gradients caused byshear on laminar flow planes. Syenite may have originated byreplacement of pegmatite, but aplites occupy true dilationaistructures and apparently represent liquid remaining after crystallizationof the adjacent rock.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000096

According to the metallogenic theory by transmagmatic fluid(TMF).one magmalic intrusion is a channel of ore-bearing fluids,but not their source.Therefore,it is possible to use TMF’s ability for injection into and for escaping from the magmatic intrusion to evaluate its ore-forming potential.As the ore-bearing fluids cannot effectively inject into the magmatic intrusion when the magma fully crystallized, the cooling time and rates viscosity varied can be used to estimate the minimum critical thickness of the intrusion.One dimensional heat transfer model is used to determine the cooling time for three representative dikes of different composition(granite porphyry,quartz diorite and diabase) in the Shihu gold deposit.It also estimated the rates viscosity varied in these lime interval.We took the thickness of dike at the intersection of the cooling time—thickness curve and the rates viscosity varied versus thickness curve as the minimum critical thickness.For the ore-bearing fluids effectively injecting into the magma,the minimum critical thicknesses for the three representative dikes are 33.45 m for granite porphyry,8.22 m for quartz diorite and 1.02 m for diabase,indicating that ore-bearing dikes must be thicker than each value.These results are consistent with the occurrence of ore bodies,and thus they could be applied in practice.Based on the statistical relationship between the length and the width of dikes.these critical thicknesses are used to compute critical areas:0.0003—0.0016 km~2 for diabase. 0.014—0.068 km~2 for quartz diorite and 0.011—0.034 km~2 for granite porphyry.This implies that orebearing minor intrusions have varied areas corresponding to their composition.The numerical simulation has provided the theoretical threshold of exposed thickness and area of the ore-bearing intrusion.These values can be used to determine the ore-forming potentials of dikes.     

Methane adsorption in the low–middle-matured Neoproterozoic Xiamaling marine shale in Zhangjiakou,Hebei

The adsorption capacity of high–over-matured shale has been widely investigated, but the adsorption capacity and the main factors influencing low–middle-matured, type II kerogen-containing, and organic-rich marine shale have been rarely explored. This research conducts organic geochemistry, mineralogical composition, adsorption isotherm tests to reveal the adsorption and main influencing factors of the different geochemistry characteristics, mineralogical compositions, temperature and pressure conditions of the low–middle-matured Neoproterozoic Xiamaling marine shale in Zhangjiakou, Hebei. The investigated shale is in a low–middle maturity stage, contains type II kerogen and is rich in organic matter. The results show that the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the Xiamaling shale is positively correlated with the methane adsorption capacity, which is the most important influencing factor on the adsorptive property of shale. The methane adsorption capacity first decreases to the minimum value as the temperature reaches 360°C equivalent Ro (EqRo = 1.0%), then increases and reaches the maximum value at 620°C (EqRo = 3.28%) and finally decreases again as the temperature rises at the last simulation stage. The mineral components exhibit an insignificant influence on the methane absorbability because of organic-matter coatings. The TOC-normalised methane adsorption capacity is positively correlated with the illite–smectite and clay-mineral contents but shows no significant correlation with brittle minerals, such as quartz. Soluble organic matter and kerogen caused the methane dissolution and adsorbtion, respectively. The strong dissolution property of the soluble organic matter is the most important cause of the larger adsorption capacity of the original shale compared with that of the residual samples. Moreover, the methane adsorption capacity of the Xiamaling shale decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with pressure below the critical pressure but decreases exceeding the critical pressure.     

Emplacement and Differentiation of the York Haven Diabase Sheet, Pennsylvania

Many of the high-Ti quartz-normative tholeiitic intrusive sheetsin the early Mesozoic rift basins of the Eastern USA exhibitlateral differentiation from mafic cumulate units, through diabase,to relatively evolved iron-rich rock types. We have investigateda representative example in detail, the York Haven sheet inthe Gettysburg basin of south–central Pennsylvania. Itranges in thickness from 330 m to 675 m, and we have sampledit from base to top along four separate stratigraphic sectionsevenly spaced over the extent of the intrusion. The easternmostsection (York Haven) is entirely basaltic bronzite cumulate(average 15 vol. % bronzite), whereas the westernmost (ReesersSummit) consists of diabase and low-MgO diabase with a middleto upper ‘sandwich zone’ of ferrogabbro. The interveningsections feature rock types transitional between the two end-membersequences. Chemically, the rock series shows a gradual eastto west depletion of compatible elements (Mg, Ca, Ni, and Cr),and enrichment of incompatible elements [Ti, Fe, Na, K, P, Cu,Zr, Th, Ta, Hf, Sb, Cs, As, platinum group elements (PGEs),and rare earth elements (REEs)]. We suggest two main processes for the trends observed in theYork Haven sheet. First, flow differentiation during ascentand lateral injection of the parental magma produced a tongueof basaltic bronzite cumulate that thins from southeast to northwestand passes laterally into diabase, and, at the distal end ofthe intrusion, into low-MgO diabase. Then, in the latter stagesof crystallization, densitydriven hydrothermal fluids transportedincompatible elements westward, into structurally higher partsof the intrusion. Reaction of this residual aqueous fluid withpartly crystallized low-MgO diabase produced a zone of ferrogabbrorich in hydrothermal replacement products (e.g., Cl-amphibole,biotite, ferrohypersthene, and skeletal ilmenite) and precipitates(e.g., quartz, fayalite, Cl-apatite, sulfides, and PGE minerals). ^* Present address: US Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hawaii National Park, Hawaii 96718