Spatiotemporal Variations of Cloud Amount over the Yangtze River Delta, China

Based on the NOAA's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmospheres Extended(PATMOS-x) monthly mean cloud amount data, variations of annual and seasonal mean cloud amount over the Yangtze River Delta(YRD), China were examined for the period 1982–2006 by using a linear regression analysis. Both total and high-level cloud amounts peak in June and reach minimum in December, mid-level clouds have a peak during winter months and reach a minimum in summer, and lowlevel clouds vary weakly throughout the year with a weak maximum from August to October. For the annual mean cloud amount, a slightly decreasing tendency(–0.6% sky cover per decade) of total cloud amount is observed during the studying period, which is mainly due to the reduction of annual mean high-level cloud amount(–2.2% sky cover per decade). Mid-level clouds occur least(approximately 15% sky cover) and remain invariant, while the low-level cloud amount shows a significant increase during spring(1.5% sky cover per decade) and summer(3.0% sky cover per decade). Further analysis has revealed that the increased low-level clouds during the summer season are mainly impacted by the local environment. For example,compared to the low-level cloud amounts over the adjacent rural areas(e.g., cropland, large water body, and mountain areas covered by forest), those over and around urban agglomerations rise more dramatically.     

长江三角洲地区四省会城市PM10污染特征

对长江三角洲地区四省会城市(上海、南京、杭州、合肥)2001-2005年逐日大气污染指数资料进行统计分析,并采用HYSPLIT轨迹模式,分析了各城市中度以上大气污染过程的输送特征。结果表明:2002年以后,四省会城市的大气质量都有好转的趋势;大气污染发生频率最高的季节是春季(南京)和冬季(其他城市);11月和3月是大气污染出现频率最高的月份。上海PM10与NO2和SO2浓度之间存在非常显著的正相关,合肥PM10与NO2和SO2浓度之间的相关性比上海略差。两城市都是PM10与NO2之间的偏相关系数远大于与SO2之间的偏相关系数。各城市的PM10浓度都与另外三个城市之间存在显著的正相关,尤其是3,4月份。后向轨迹分析表明,造成本地区中度以上大气污染的气团以西北来向为主。     

Estimate of Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions for 2012–16 in the Yangtze River Delta,China

Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs) have been widely used in China as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances,the production and use of which are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.China is a major consumer of HFCs around the world,with its HFC emissions in CO_2-equivalent contributing to about 18% of the global emissions for the period2012-16.Three methods are widely used to estimate the emissions of HFCs-namely,the bottom-up method,top-down method and tracer ratio method.In this study,the tracer ratio method was adopted to estimate HFC emissions in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD),using CO as a tracer.The YRD region might make a significant contribution to Chinese totals owing to its rapid economic growth.Weekly flask measurements for ten HFCs(HFC-23,HFC-32,HFC-125,HFC-134 a,HFC-143 a,HFC-152 a,HFC-227 ea,HFC-236 fa,HFC-245 fa and HFC-365 mfc) were conducted at Lin'an Regional Background Station in the YRD over the period 2012-16,and the HFC emissions were 2.4±1.4 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-23,2.8±1.2 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-32,2.2±1.2 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-125,4.8±4.8 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-134 a,0.9±0.6 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-152 a,0.3±0.3 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-227 ea and 0.3±0.2 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-245 fa.The YRD total HFC emissions reached 53 Gg CO_2-e yr~(-1),contributing 34% of the national total.The per capita HFC CO_2-equivalent emissions rate was 240 kg yr-1,while the values of per unit area emissions and per million GDP emissions reached 150 Mg km~(-2)yr~(-1) and 3500 kg yr~(-1)(million CNY GDP)-1,which were much higher than national or global levels.     

Seasonal Variation of Columnar Aerosol Optical Properties in Yangtze River Delta in China

In order to understand the seasonal variation of aerosol optical properties in the Yangtze River Delta,5 years of measurements were conducted during September 2005 to December 2009 at Taihu,China.The monthly averages of aerosol optical depth were commonly >0.6;the maximum seasonal average(0.93) occurred in summer.The magnitude of the Angstr¨om exponent was found to be high throughout the year;the highest values occurred in autumn(1.33) and were the lowest in spring(1.08).The fine modes of volume size distribution showed the maxima(peaks) at a radius of ～0.15 μm in spring,autumn,and winter;at a radius of ～0.22 μm in summer.The coarse modes showed the maxima(peaks) at a radius of 2.9 μm in spring,summer,and autumn and at a radius of 3.8 μm in winter.The averages of single-scattering albedo were 0.92(spring),0.92(summer),0.91(autumn),and 0.88(winter).The averages of asymmetry factor were found to be larger in summer than during other seasons;they were taken as 0.66 at 440-1020 nm over Taihu.The real part of the refractive index showed a weak seasonal variation,with averages of 1.48(spring),1.43(summer),1.45(autumn),and 1.48(winter).The imaginary parts of the refractive index were higher in winter(0.013) than in spring(0.0076),summer(0.0092),and autumn(0.0091),indicating that the atmosphere in the winter had higher absorbtivity.     

长三角地区雾的时空分布及频次模型研究

根据1980—2006年长三角地区6个站点累计27a的雾资料,分析了长江三角洲地区雾的时间、空间分布特征。结果表明,秋末、冬季和春季长江三角洲地区雾频次较多,夏季较少,年平均雾日数呈缓慢减少趋势;雾区域分布不均匀,总体说来是东多西少。在此基础上,用时间序列方法建立了雾频次预测模型,并对2007年1—12月各月的雾频次进行预测检验,结果表明预测值与实际值误差较小,该模型具备较好的预测能力。     

天津城区秋季PM2.5质量浓度垂直分布特征研究

为研究天津大气颗粒物的污染水平和时空分布特征,利用天津大气边界层观测铁塔(255m),分别在40m、120m、220m处设立监测点,通过监测到的PM2.5的质量浓度,结合PM10、能见度等资料来分析污染物的时空分布规律和分布特征.结果表明,天津城区PM2.5污染水平相当严重,日均质量浓度远高于美国1997年制定的65μg*m-3的排放标准.混合层厚度和稳定度的变化对PM2.5浓度变化有一定的影响,随混合层厚度的变化,不同高度PM2.5质量浓度值有所不同.23时至11时,120m浓度明显高于其它各层,11-18时,由于大气扩散能力的增强,三层污染物质量浓度开始下降,而到了18-23时,低层污染物浓度较高,各层浓度总体趋势为120m＞40m＞220m.PM2.5质量浓度的日变化与稳定度的变化较一致.气象条件和早晚出行高峰期的影响导致PM2.5的质量浓度出现峰值.PM10与PM2.5的总体变化趋势基本一致,说明污染物来源基本相同.能见度水平和细粒子污染水平呈现较好的负相关,细粒子质量浓度的高低是决定能见度好坏的主要因子.降水过程是颗粒物从大气中清除的重要机制.     

长江三角洲西部地区PM2.5输送轨迹分类研究

长三角4个省会（直辖市）城市（上海、南京、合肥、杭州）中,合肥与南京的PM_2.5浓度演变有较高的一致性。应用聚类分析的方法对2013-2015年合肥非降水日（日降水量低于10 mm）100 m高度（代表近地层）和1000 m高度（代表边界层中上部）的72 h后向轨迹进行分类,结合合肥2013-2015年PM_2.5日均浓度资料,探讨近地层和边界层中上部输送轨迹与长三角西部PM_2.5浓度的关系。近地层和边界层中上部分别得到7组和6组不同的后向轨迹;不同输送轨迹对应的PM_2.5浓度、重污染（重度以上污染,PM_2.5日均浓度大于150 μg/m³）天数、能见度、地面风速、相对湿度等都有显著不同,尤其是在近地层。100 m高度,平均长度最短、来向偏东的轨迹组对应的PM_2.5浓度均值最高（约是组内均值最低值的2倍）、重污染天数最多,且占比最高（30%）,重污染日对应的气流在过去72 h下降高度均值仅28 m,明显低于其他PM_2.5污染等级日;来向偏西北、长度较短的轨迹组,PM_2.5浓度均值和重污染天数为第2高,这一类轨迹占比14%,气流到达本地前存在明显的下沉运动,反映了远距离输送加剧本地PM_2.5重污染的特征。这两类轨迹常对应PM_2.5日均浓度的上升。PM_2.5平均浓度最低的2个轨迹组分别是来自东北和西南的较长轨迹组,所占比例分别为6.4%和10.3%,这2类轨迹往往对应着PM_2.5日均浓度下降。1000 m高度的结果与100 m高度结果类似,但PM_2.5平均浓度的组间差异不及100 m高度,与2001-2005年PM₁₀浓度与输送轨迹的关系不同。对3 a中84个重污染日两个高度的后向轨迹进行聚类,近地层和边界层中上部各得到7类和6类PM_2.5重污染日的天气形势。近地层92%的重污染日对应的海平面气压形势场上,从华北到华东属于均压区,气压梯度小,轨迹来向以偏东到偏北方向为主,垂直方向延伸高度在950 hPa以下。1000 m高度,77%的重污染日属于相对较短的轨迹组,对应的850 hPa高度场特征为从中国西北（新疆）到东南受高压控制,长三角或位于高压底部,或位于两高压之间的均压区。这对PM_2.5浓度预报有较好的指示意义。     

Impact of Taihu Lake on City Ozone in the Yangtze River Delta

The lake-breeze at Taihu Lake generates a different specific heat capacity between the water body and the surrounding land. Taihu Lake has a significant impact on the atmospheric conditions and the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta. This phenomenon is referred to as the Taihu Lake effect. In this study, two simulations were conducted to determine the impact of the Taihu Lake effect in the reference experiment(R-E) and sensitivity experiments(NO TH). The control simulations demonstrated that the meteorological field and the spatial distribution of ozone(O3) concentrations over Taihu lake obviously changed once the land-use type of water body was substituted by cropland. The surface temperature of Taihu Lake was reduced under the impact of Taihu Lake, and a huge temperature difference caused a strong lake-breeze effect. The results also showed that the difference in the average concentrations of O3 between the R-E and NO TH experiments reached 12 ppbv in most areas of Taihu Lake, all day, on 20 May 2014. During daytime(0800–1600 LST, LST=UTC+8), the influence of the Taihu Lake effect on O3 in the Suzhou region was not significant. However, the influence of the Taihu Lake effect on O3 in the Suzhou region was obvious during nighttime(1800–2400 LST). The larger changes in the physical and chemical processes were horizontal and vertical advections under the influence of the Taihu Lake effect in Taihu Lake.     

长江三角洲高影响天气演变特征及成因分析

利用1959 2010年长江三角洲国家基本/基准气象站资料以及大气环流资料和区域土地利用变化资料,分析了长江三角洲高影响天气的变化特征及其对大气环流系统变化和区域城市化、土地利用变化的响应。结果表明,1959 2010年间,长江三角洲低温、雷暴、大风、大雾和降雪日数均显著减少,而高温和暴雨日数的变化趋势在统计上不显著;降雪、大雾、雷暴和低温日数发生了减少突变,而高温和暴雨日数发生了增多突变。在空间上,雷暴和大风日数在整个长江三角洲显著减少,低温日数在北部和中部地区显著减少,降雪日数在东部和南部地区显著减少,高温日数仅在江苏南通、上海、杭州湾地区以及浙江东部显著增加。52年间西太平洋副热带高压和北半球环状模(或北极涛动)增强,而北半球极涡及欧亚经向环流减弱,大气环流系统的综合作用导致长江三角洲大风、低温和降雪日数减少和高温日数增加。区域城市化和土地利用变化也在一定程度上导致长江三角洲高温日数增加和大雾、大风日数减少。     

Impacts of Weather Conditions Modified by Urban Expansion on Surface Ozone： Comparison between the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta Regions

In this paper, the online weather research and forecasting and chemistry (WRF-Chem) model is used to explore the impacts of urban expansion on regional weather conditions and its implication on surface ozone concentrations over the Pearl River Delta(PRD) and Yangtze River Delta(YRD) regions. Two scenarios of urban maps are used in the WRF-Chem to represent the early 1990s (pre-urbanization) and the current urban distribution in the PRD and the YRD. Month-long simulation results using the above land-use scenarios for March 2001 show that urbanization increases both the day- and night-time 2-m temperatures by about 0.6^oC and 1.4^oC, respectively. Daytime reduction in the wind speed by about 3.0 m s^-1 is larger than that for the nighttime (0.5 to 2 m s^-1). The daytime increase in the PBL height (> 200 m) is also larger than the nighttime (50--100 m). The meteorological conditions modified by urbanization lead to detectable ozone-concentration changes in the PRD and the YRD. Urbanization increases the nighttime surface-ozone concentrations by about 4.7%--8.5% and by about 2.9%--4.2% for the daytime. In addition to modifying individual meteorological variables, urbanization also enhances the convergence zones, especially in the PRD. More importantly, urbanization has different effects on the surface ozone for the PRD and the YRD, presumably due to their urbanization characteristics and geographical locations. Even though the PRD has a smaller increase in the surface temperature than the YRD, it has (a) weaker surface wind speed, (b) smaller increase in PBL heights, and (c) stronger convergence zones. The latter three factors outweighed the temperature increase and resulted in a larger ozone enhancement in the PRD than the YRD.     

长三角地区11月大雾频次变化的天气气候背景

采用1977—2006年长三角地区5个国家气候一级站的1日4次地面气象观测资料以及NCEP/NCAR相关资料,初步分析了该地区11月区域雾频次变化的天气气候背景。结果表明,长三角11月区域雾少发（多发）时,500hPa高空为较强的西北风（平直的西风）,850hPa上为强西北风（弱西北、东北风）,低层925hPa上偏北风分量较大且相对湿度较小（偏北风减小并出现偏东风分量且相对湿度较大）,海平面气压场上长三角受强冷高压控制（位于弱高压底前部均压区内）。     

Monthly Variations of Atmospheric Circulations Associated with Haze Pollution in the Yangtze River Delta and North China

Haze pollution in early winter(December and January) in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) and in North China(NC)are both severe;however, their monthly variations are significantly different. In this study, the dominant large-scale atmospheric circulations and local meteorological conditions were investigated and compared over the YRD and NC in each month. Results showed that the YRD(NC) is dominated by the so-called Scandinavia(East Atlantic/West Russia)pattern in December, and these circulations weaken in January. The East Asian December and January monsoons over the YRD and NC have negative correlations with the number of haze days. The local descending motion facilitates less removal of haze pollution over the YRD, while the local ascending motion facilitates less removal of haze pollution over NC in January, despite a weaker relationship in December. Additionally, the monthly variations of atmospheric circulations showed that adverse meteorological conditions restrict the vertical(horizontal) dispersion of haze pollution in December(January) over the YRD, while the associated local weather conditions are similar in these two months over NC.     

Seasonal Variations of CH_4 Emissions in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China Are Driven by Agricultural Activities

Developed regions of the world represent a major atmospheric methane(CH_4) source, but these regional emissions remain poorly constrained. The Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region of China is densely populated(about 16% of China's total population) and consists of large anthropogenic and natural CH_4 sources. Here, atmospheric CH_4 concentrations measured at a 70-m tall tower in the YRD are combined with a scale factor Bayesian inverse(SFBI) modeling approach to constrain seasonal variations in CH_4 emissions. Results indicate that in 2018 agricultural soils(AGS, rice production) were the main driver of seasonal variability in atmospheric CH_4 concentration. There was an underestimation of emissions from AGS in the a priori inventories(EDGAR—Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research v432 or v50), especially during the growing seasons. Posteriori CH_4 emissions from AGS accounted for 39%(4.58 Tg, EDGAR v432) to 47%(5.21 Tg, EDGAR v50) of the total CH_4 emissions. The posteriori natural emissions(including wetlands and water bodies) were1.21 Tg and 1.06 Tg, accounting for 10.1%(EDGAR v432) and 9.5%(EDGAR v50) of total emissions in the YRD in2018. Results show that the dominant factor for seasonal variations in atmospheric concentration in the YRD was AGS,followed by natural sources. In summer, AGS contributed 42%(EDGAR v432) to 64%(EDGAR v50) of the CH_4 concentration enhancement while natural sources only contributed about 10%(EDGAR v50) to 15%(EDGAR v432). In addition, the newer version of the EDGAR product(EDGAR v50) provided more reasonable seasonal distribution of CH_4 emissions from rice cultivation than the old version(EDGAR v432).     

深圳市龙华新区PM2．5质量浓度分布特征及来源分析

通过对龙华新区2个监测站点2012年的PM2．5监测数据进行分析,得出新区PM2．5年均质量浓度值为0．043mg／m^3,全年总超标天数为30d,超标率为8．2％。PM2．5污染具有明显的季节性特征,干季污染严重,雨季则较轻。新区常年盛行偏北风,处于东莞、惠州等污染严重区域的下风向,且风速偏小,是新区PM2．5来源及质量浓度升高的重要原因之一。同时,利用大气环境影响评价系统的AERMOD模型对新区PM2,污染质量浓度分布进行模拟,结果显示新区PM2．5主要来自本地污染源,贡献率为51．2％,外地污染源贡献率为48．8％。其中,PM2．5污染主要受机动车尾气和道路扬尘影响,贡献率为32．0％,其次是施工项目和裸露土地影响,贡献率为18．2％,工业污染源影响非常小。     

Size Distributions and Elemental Compositions of Particulate Matter on Clear, Hazy and Foggy days in Beijing, China

Total suspended particulates(TSP)samples were collected using low pressure impactors(Andersen Series 20-800,USA)on typical clear,hazy and foggy days in Beijing in order to investigate the characteristics of size distributions and elemental compositions of particulate matter(PM)in different weather conditions. The concentrations of sixteen elements,including Na,Mg,Al,K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Cd,Ba,Tl and Pb were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The results showed that Ca,Al,Fe,Mg and Ba on foggy days were 2.0-2.6 times higher than on clear days,and 2.3-2.9 times higher than on hazy days.Concentrations of Cu,Zn,As,Se and Pb on foggy days were 163.5,1186.7,65.9,32.0 and 708.2 ng m-3,respectively,in fine particles,and 68.1,289.5,19.8,1.6 and 103.8 ng m-3,respectively,in coarse particles.This was 1.0-8.4 times higher and 1.4-7.4 times higher than on clear and hazy days,respectively.It is then shown that Mg,Al,Fe,Ca and Ba were mainly associated with coarse particles,peaking at 4.7-5.8μm;that Cd,Se,Zn,As,Tl and Pb were most dominant in fine particles,peaking at 0.43-1.1μm;and that Na,K,Ni,Cu and Mn had a multi-mode distribution,with peaks at 0.43-1.1μm and 4.7-5.8μm.The enrichment factors indicated that coal combustion along with vehicle and industry emissions may be the main sources of pollution elements.     

长江三角洲夏季气候舒适度模糊评判

以集合论为基础,采用数学模糊评判方法,选取长江三角洲3个站点1981~2000年夏季(7、8、9月)的平均气温、相对湿度和风速资料,作为评价气候环境对人体舒适度的影响因素,并将舒适程度分为很舒适、舒适、较舒适和不舒适4个等级,对长江三角洲夏季气候舒适度进行模糊评判,并结合天空状况进行了分析。结果表明,长江三角洲地区夏季舒适度分布,时间上9月份很舒适,很舒适程度比例均在70%以上;7、8月较舒适,较舒适水平也在60%以上;空间上具有显著的相似性,仅有微小的差别,具体表现为南京略好一点,上海和杭州相当。     

中国长三角地区PM2.5时空分布数值模拟研究

利用第三代空气质量预报模式LOTOS-EUROS(Long Term Ozone Simulation-European Operational Smog)对2018年中国长三角地区细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度的时空分布进行数值模拟,通过对比模拟结果与地面观测值,验证模式对PM2.5长期特征模拟的合理性并探讨长三角地区P...     

A Study on the Relationship Among Visibility, Atmospheric Suspended Particulate Concentration, and Meteorological Conditions in Hong Kong

By making use of the 2005 hourly data of visibility at Chek Lap Kok and suspended particulate (PM2.5) at Tung Chung,PM2.5 concentration and visibility (excluding cases with mist,fog, rain, or relative humidity≥95%) are found to have a reciprocal relationship with correlation coefficient about 0.8. Besides, similar seasonal trends are exhibited in both the number of hours of reduced visibility (visibility below 8 km and excluding cases with mist, fog, rain, or relative humidity≥95%) and PM2.5 concentration, i.e., with higher value attained in winter and lower value in summer.Backward trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT indicates that this phenomenon is related to the source of air mass affecting Hong Kong. For continental trajectories, the average daily occurrence of reduced visibility and the daily mean PM2.5 concentration were much higher than the corresponding occurrence of reduced visibility and mean PM2.5 concentration for maritime trajectories.A case study on an event with a tropical cyclone approaching Hong Kong is included in this paper to demonstrate the significance of meteorological conditions in determining the visibility and PM2.5 concentration.     

长三角临安本底站PM_1中各主要化学成分质量-粒度分布与变化

2013年夏季至2014年春季在中国长三角区域的临安大气本底站利用气溶胶质谱仪(AMS)对PM_1中主要化学成分质量浓度以及质量-粒度分布进行观测,发现观测期间PM_1的平均浓度约为53μg/m~3,其中有机物是最主要的成分(约占47%),其次为硫酸盐(23%)、硝酸盐(16%)、铵盐(12%)和氯化物(1.2%)。PM_1平均浓度冬季最高(84μg/m~3),秋季最低(38μg/m~3)。冬季污染时段PM_1浓度较清洁时段高24倍,其中硝酸盐浓度冬季升高最显著,这与冬季燃煤排放增加和低温有利其形成有密切联系。不同化学成分中,有机物粒度分布峰值粒径最小,硫酸盐最大。冬季各化学成分的峰值粒径在4个季节中最大(约600 nm),可能由于污染物积聚时间较长。夏季各成分峰值粒径最小(400~500 nm),且在夏季清洁时段浓度较其他季节高,局地产生的新粒子贡献可能很重要,伴随着光化学烟雾的气溶胶和臭氧污染在这些区域升高值得进一步关注。