Profiles and Source Apportionment of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds in Winter and Summer in Xi’an,China, based on the Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model

Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were analyzed.Significant seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and compositions.The campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,respectively.NMHCs,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on weekdays.Total ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in summer.The Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent accuracy.HERM demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were available.The HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’an.In particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols).     

敦煌夏末大气垂直结构和边界层高度特征

本文利用西北干旱区陆-气相互作用野外观测试验 (NWC－ALIEX) 2008年8月11～18日的探空试验资料, 分析了中国西北干旱区敦煌地区的大气垂直结构和边界层高度特征。结果表明, 对流层顶大约在距地15000 m高度左右, 为第二 (副热带) 对流层顶; 水汽主要集中在距地6500 m以下对流层, 0℃层在距地3000～4000 m高度波动, 逆湿层高度在0℃层左右摆动; 在距地5000 m以上的对流层基本被西北风或偏西风统治, 在距地9000～13000 m左右的对流层高层, 存在一个风速为25～50 m/s的西北风或偏西风极大值; 敦煌夏末存在特厚边界层, 对流边界层高度可达4200 m, 稳定边界层高度可达1300 m。     

Vertical Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds in Suburban Shanghai

As Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) are one of the precursors of ozone, their distribution and variable concentrations are highly related to local ozone pollution control. In this study, we obtained vertical profiles of VOCs in Shanghai's Jinshan district on 8 September and 9 September in 2016 to investigate their distribution and impact on local atmospheric oxidation in the near surface layer. Vertical samples were collected from heights between 50 m and 400 m by summa canisters using an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV). Concentrations of VOCs(VOCs refers to the 52 species measured in this study) varied minimally below 200 m, and decreased by 21.2% from 100 m to 400 m. The concentrations of VOCs above 200 m decreased significantly in comparison to those below 200 m. The proportions of alkanes and aromatics increased from 55.2% and 30.5% to 57.3% and 33.0%, respectively. Additionally, the proportion of alkenes decreased from 13.2% to 8.4%. Toluene and m/p-xylene were the key species in the formation of SOA and ozone. Principal component analysis(PCA) revealed that the VOCs measured in this study mainly originated from industrial emissions.     

对流边界层中地面源的铅直扩散模拟

对流边界层(CBL)中高架源浓度轴线下倾而地面源浓度轴线上升。本文分析了形成这种相反的几何图象的机理，从而认为:只要能够恰当模拟CBL中铅直湍流结构的特征，一个粒子随机扩散模式应既能模拟高架源的扩散，也能模拟地面源的扩散。因此，用作者早先模拟高架源的模式模拟了地面源的铅直扩散，同样获得较好的结果，进一步证实了模式的有效性。本文还应用Thomson准则检验了模式，讨论了它在理论上的合理性和适用范围。     

Different Turbulent Regimes and Vertical Turbulence Structures of the Urban Nocturnal Stable Boundary Layer

Turbulence in the nocturnal boundary layer(NBL) is still not well characterized, especially over complex underlying surfaces. Herein, gradient tower data and eddy covariance data collected by the Beijing 325-m tower were used to better understand the differentiating characteristics of turbulence regimes and vertical turbulence structure of urban the NBL. As for heights above the urban canopy layer(UCL), the relationship between turbulence velocity scale(V_TKE) and wind speed(V) was con...     

边界层方案对华北低层O3垂直分布模拟的影响

利用WRF-Chem模式,采用3种边界层参数化方案 (YSU, MYJ和ACM2),针对1个晴空、静稳日 (2013年8月26日20:00—27日20:00(北京时)) 进行模拟,着重分析不同边界层参数化方案对夜间残留层形成及日出前后O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果,并与固城站地面及垂直同步观测资料进行对比。结果表明:3种边界层参数化方案均能够模拟出温度及风速的区域分布形式以及风温垂直结构的变化特征;相比之下,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层高度较YSU方案和ACM2方案明显偏高,该对比结果可能是导致近地面污染物浓度模拟差异的重要原因;在夜间稳定层结至日出后稳定状态打破的边界层结构演变过程中,采用YSU方案和ACM2方案模拟的温度和风速垂直扩线形式与观测结果更为接近;同样采用非局地闭合的YSU方案和同时考虑局地和非局地闭合的ACM2方案,对于边界层高度内O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果具有明显优势。     

Vertical Structure of the Urban Boundary Layer over Marseille Under Sea-Breeze Conditions

During the UBL-ESCOMPTE program (June–July 2001), intensive observations were performed in Marseille (France). In particular, a Doppler lidar, located in the north of the city, provided radial velocity measurements on a 6-km radius area in the lowest 3 km of the troposphere. Thus, it is well adapted to document the vertical structure of the atmosphere above complex terrain, notably in Marseille, which is bordered by the Mediterranean sea and framed by numerous massifs. The present study focuses on the last day of the intensive observation period 2 (26 June 2001), which is characterized by a weak synoptic pressure gradient favouring the development of thermal circulations. Under such conditions, a complex stratification of the atmosphere is observed. Three-dimensional numerical simulations, with the Méso-NH atmospheric model including the town energy balance (TEB) urban parameterization, are conducted over south-eastern France. A complete evaluation of the model outputs was already performed at both regional and city scales. Here, the 250-m resolution outputs describing the vertical structure of the atmosphere above the Marseille area are compared to the Doppler lidar data, for which the spatial resolution is comparable. This joint analysis underscores the consistency between the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observed by the Doppler lidar and that modelled by Méso-NH. The observations and simulations reveal the presence of a shallow sea breeze (SSB) superimposed on a deep sea breeze (DSB) above Marseille during daytime. Because of the step-like shape of the Marseille coastline, the SSB is organized in two branches of different directions, which converge above the city centre. The analysis of the 250-m wind fields shows evidence of the role of the local topography on the local dynamics. Indeed, the topography tends to reinforce the SSB while it weakens the DSB. The ABL is directly affected by the different sea-breeze circulations, while the urban effects appear to be negligible.     

Dynamic Impact of the Vertical Shear of Gradient Wind on the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer Wind Field

This work studies the impact of the vertical shear of gradient wind （VSGW） in the free atmosphere on the tropical cyclone boundary layer （TCBL）. A new TCBL model is established, which relies on five- force balance including the pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, centrifugal force, turbulent friction, and inertial deviation force. This model is then employed to idealize tropical cyclones （TCs） produced by DeMaria＇s model, under different VSGW conditions （non-VSGW, positive VSGW, negative VSGW, and VSGW increase/decrease along the radial direction）. The results show that the free-atmosphere VSGW is particularly important to the intensity of TC. For negative VSGW, the total horizontal velocity in the TCBL is somewhat suppressed. However, with the maximum radial inflow displaced upward and outward, the radial velocity notably intensifies. Consequently, the convergence is enhanced throughout the TCBL, giving rise to a stronger vertical pumping at the TCBL top. In contrast, for positive VSGW, the radial inflow is significantly suppressed, even with divergent outflow in the middle-upper TCBL. For varying VSGW along the radial direction, the results indicate that the sign and value of VSGW is more important than its radial distribution, and the negative VSGW induces stronger convergence and Ekman pumping in the TCBL. which favors the formation and intensification of TC.     

武汉市居民区大气VOCs的污染特征和来源解析

于2016年7月-2017年6月在武汉市典型居民区对大气中101种挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了监测,以便研究武汉市典型居民区周边VOCs的组成特征和变化规律,并探讨了其主要来源.结果表明,武汉市空气中VOCs的体积分数为（46.24±24.57）×10^-9,表现为烷烃>含氧有机物>烯烃>卤代烃>芳香烃.受交通排放影响烷烃的比例上午高于下午,1月机动车尾气为武汉市主要的VOCs排放源,夏季含氧类化合物浓度高于冬季,可能更多地受本地喷涂等溶剂使用行业和光化学反应生成的影响,5-9月表现出明显的生物源排放特征.利用正交矩阵因子分析（PMF）得到武汉市居民区大气VOCs主要有6个来源,分别为燃烧源、机动车尾气、工业排放、溶剂使用、汽油挥发和植物排放.其中,燃烧源、机动车尾气贡献比例最高,是该区域VOCs控制的重要排放源.     

北京城市重烟尘雾与水雾过程的边界层结构

分析1999年11月1日至12月20日北京城市雾综合性观测试验中5次雾过程的实测资料,对如何区分重烟尘雾与水雾过程给出了判定方法,并对重烟尘雾与水雾过程的边界层结构特征作了探讨。主要结论为：从能见度、相对湿度、长波辐射平衡3个方面可以区分重烟尘雾过程和水雾过程;由于重烟尘雾和水雾的物理化学性质差异很大,对城市大气边界层结构产生的影响也不同,因此造成它们在相对湿度逆温层、风速分布、水汽变化等方面也有很大差异。     

自由对流与稳定层结边界层风廓线的解析表达和边界层顶抽吸速度

基于近年来对自由对流和稳定边界层湍流交换特征的研究,求解边界层运动方程,得到这两种层结下边界层风的解析表达式.所得廓线与边界层特性参数符合观测特征.还求出了这二种层结下边界层顶抽吸速度的解析表达及其与某些参数的关系.结果表明,抽吸速度与层结有关,其特征可从物理上加以解释.     

复杂地形城市冬季边界层对气溶胶辐射效应的响应

作者着眼于城市气溶胶辐射效应与大气边界层的相互作用问题,针对地形复杂的兰州市及周边地区,开发应用了WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting,天气研究和预报)模式,使之与包含了大气气溶胶辐射效应和气溶胶粒子扩散的综合大气边界层数值模式嵌套起来.通过个例分析,揭示了冬季气溶胶辐射效应对边界层结构的定量影响.主要特征为夜间气溶胶的长波辐射效应使地面附近的气温增高,增温幅度为0.1～0.3 K/h,使低空(25～300 m)大气层冷却,降温幅度为0.08～0.15 K/h,风速在150 m以下减小;白天气溶胶的短波辐射效应使地面层内明显增温,1 h内升温约0.5 K,增温最大值在混合层顶500～600 m高度.受增温影响,垂直风场和水平风场随之调整,风速在450 m以下增大约0.1 m/s左右,而在450 m以上风速减小0.1 m/s左右.     

乌鲁木齐降雪与非降雪天气边界层结构变化特征

利用Vaisala系留探空仪系统在2008年1月乌鲁木齐探测所得资料,分析了降雪和非降雪过程中温度、湿度和风的垂直结构及其变化特征。结果表明：降雪和非降雪天,白天对流边界层特征均较明显,但在暖气团影响下,对流边界层特征消失,出现深厚平流逆温,夜间多出现贴地逆温。白天平流逆温强度较夜间逆温更强,白天逆温层出现湿中心,上部出现干中心。降雪天湿中心高度低于非降雪天。夜间近地层出现微弱的逆湿现象,上部出现干中心,降雪天近地层逆湿现象比非降雪天弱;降雪天和非降雪天近地层风向分布均较散乱,主导风向为偏北风,高空主导风向为东南风。风速多因风向改变而出现极大值或极小值,其值常以“高-低-高-低”形式出现于特定高度,风速因风向变化呈波动状随高度递增。     

利用激光雷达结合数值模式估算兰州远郊榆中地区夏季边界层高度

用激光雷达资料,采用小波变化法反演兰州远郊榆中地区兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)的边界层高度,并利用WRF中尺度数值模式,选取两种不同边界层参数化方案(YSU、MYJ)模拟了该地区边界层及其高度.分析表明激光雷达反演边界层高度与WRF模拟边界层高度结果基本一致;WRF选用YSU方案能较好反映热对流边界层,而MYJ方案对于动力作用边界层模拟较好.日出后08:00(北京时间,下同)SACOL不稳定边界层开始发展,17:00达到最大高度.热对流边界层可以达到2 km;动力作用边界层可达到1.5 km,之后热对流边界层下降速度明显高于动力作用边界层.     

Retrieval of Boundary Layer Height and Its Influence on PM 2.5 Concentration Based on Lidar Observation over Guangzhou

Wavelet analysis was applied to lidar observations to retrieve the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH)over Guangzhou from September 2013 to November 2014 over Guangzhou. Impact of the boundary effect and the wavelet scale factor on the accuracy of the retrieved PBLH has been explored thoroughly. In addition, the PBLH diurnal variations and the relationship between PM_(2.5) concentration and PBLH during polluted and clean episodes were studied. Results indicate that the most steady retrieved PBLH can be obtained when scale factor is chosen between 300-390 m. The retrieved maximum and minimum PBLH in the annual mean diurnal cycle were ～1100 m and ～650 m, respectively. The PBLH was significantly lower in the dry season than in the wet season, with the average highest PBLH in the dry season and the wet season being ～1050 m and ～1200 m respectively. Compared to the wet season, the development of PBLH in the dry season was delayed by at least one hour due to the seasonal cycle of solar radiation. Episode analysis indicated that the PBLH was ～50% higher during clean episodes than during haze episodes. The average highest PBLH in the haze episodes and clean episodes were ～800 m and ～1300 m,respectively. A significant negative correlation between PBLH and PM_(2.5) concentration(r =-0.55**) is discovered.According to China"Ambient Air Quality Standard", the PBLH values in good and slightly polluted conditions were 1/6-1/3 lower than that in excellent conditions, while the corresponding PM_(2.5) concentration were ～2-2.5 times higher.     

Validation and Spatiotemporal Distribution of GEOS-5-Based Planetary Boundary Layer Height and Relative Humidity in China

Few studies have specifically focused on the validation and spatiotemporal distribution of planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) and relative humidity(RH) data in China. In this analysis, continuous PBLH and surface-level RH data simulated from GEOS-5 between 2004 and 2012, were validated against ground-based observations. Overall, the simulated RH was consistent with the statistical data from meteorological stations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 and a slope of 0.9. However, the simulated PBLH was underestimated compared to LIDAR data by a factor of approximately two,which was primarily because of poor simulation in late summer and early autumn. We further examined the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of two factors in four regions—North China, South China, Northwest China, and the Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the annual PBLH trends in all regions were fairly moderate but sensitive to solar radiation and precipitation, which explains why the PBLH values were ranked in order from largest to smallest as follows: Tibetan Plateau, Northwest China, North China, and South China. Strong seasonal variation of the PBLH exhibited high values in summer and low values in winter, which was also consistent with the turbulent vertical exchange. Not surprisingly, the highest RH in South China and the lowest RH in desert areas of Northwest China(less than 30%). Seasonally, South China exhibited little variation, whereas Northwest China exhibited its highest humidity in winter and lowest humidity in spring,the maximum values in the other regions were obtained from July to September.     

1998年南海夏季风爆发前后的海洋上空大气边界层

The variations of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) associated with the South China Sea Summer Monsoon were examined using the Global Positioning System (GPS) sounding datasets obtained four times daily during May-June 1998 on board Research Vessels Kexue 1 and Shiyan 3. The MABL height is defined as the height at the lowest level where virtual potential temperature increases by 1 K from the surface. The results indicate that the MABL height decreased over the northern South China Sea (SCS) and remained the same over the southern SCS, as sea surface temperature (SST) fell for the northern and rose for the southern SCS after the monsoon onset. Over the northern SCS, a decrease in both the SST and the surface latent-heat flux after the onset resulted in a reduction of the MABL height as well as a decoupling of MABL from clouds. It was found that MABL height reduction corresponded to rainfall occurrence. Over the southern SCS, a probable reason for the constant increase of SST and surface heat flux was the rainfall and internal atmospheric dynamics.     

湿地下垫面大气边界层温、湿廓线的数值模拟及影响因素分析

应用大气二维边界层数值模式,对2008年夏季洪河国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地1000m高度边界层的温度、湿度廓线进行了3次模拟试验,并模拟分析了风速和下垫面粗糙度对湿地边界层温、湿廓线结构的影响.结果表明:(1)大气二维边界层模式可以较好的模拟湿地下垫面边界层的温、湿结构,并且该模式对位温的模拟效果优于比湿;(2)风速和粗...     

拉萨地区1998年夏季臭氧总量及垂直廓线的观测研究

该文根据1998年6~10月上旬在拉萨地区进行的臭氧总量及臭氧垂直廓线的观测结果, 并结合同期同纬度其他两个臭氧站数据资料, 证实了以拉萨地区为代表的青藏高原在夏季存在“臭氧低谷”的现象.分析表明, 地基和卫星观测的臭氧总量有一定误差. Umkehr观测反演结果表明夏季拉萨地区平流层臭氧分布和同纬度其他地区相比略有不同; 在对流层, 探空资料显示了该地区对流层臭氧有低值分布的特征.