2018 Continues Record Global Ocean Warming

The increasing heat-trapping gases emitted by human activities into the atmosphere produce an energy imbalance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation that leads to global heating(Rhein et al.,2013;Trenberth et al.,2014;von Schuckmann et al.,2016).The vast majority of global warming heat ends up deposited in the world’s oceans,and ocean heat content(OHC)change is one of the best—if not the best—metric for climate change(Cheng et al.,2019).In 2018,continued record heat was measured in the Earth’s climate system.In fact,2018 has set a new record of ocean heating,surpassing 2017,which was the previous warmest year ever recorded(Cheng et al.,2018)(Fig.1).     

热带印度洋上层洋流的动力统计诊断

作者对热带印度洋上层洋流作了空间的三维经验正交函数(EOF)分析,揭示其与印度洋偶极子和ENSO循环的关系.结果表明:热带印度洋上层流场偏差的前3个三维模态都具有赤道俘获波的性质,第一、二、三模态均具有2～4年的准周期,第一、三模态分别对应于第一、二类印度洋偶极子模态,第二模态则是ENSO在印度洋的延伸模态.由三维EOF各模态可直接计算各模态的垂直速度场.印度洋海温的年际变化主要取决于印度洋地区的海气耦合状态,然而ENSO循环也有很大影响,其影响也许是通过沃克环流的啮合作用来实现的.     

Influences of Freshwater from Major Rivers on Global Ocean Circulation and Temperatures in the MIT Ocean General Circulation Model

Responses of global ocean circulation and temperature to freshwater runoff from major rivers were studied by blocking regional runoff in the global ocean general circulation model(OGCM)developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Runoff into the tropical Atlantic,the western North Pacific,and the Bay of Bengal and northern Arabian Sea were selectively blocked.The blocking of river runoff first resulted in a salinity increase near the river mouths(2 practical salinity units).The saltier and,therefore,denser water was then transported to higher latitudes in the North Atlantic,North Pacific,and southern Indian Ocean by the mean currents.The subsequent density contrasts between northern and southern hemispheric oceans resulted in changes in major ocean currents.These anomalous ocean currents lead to significant temperature changes(1°C-2°C)by the resulting anomalous heat transports.The current and temperature anomalies created by the blocked river runoff propagated from one ocean basin to others via coastal and equatorial Kelvin waves.This study suggests that river runoff may be playing an important role in oceanic salinity,temperature,and circulations;and that partially or fully blocking major rivers to divert freshwater for societal purposes might significantly change ocean salinity,circulations,temperature,and atmospheric climate.Further studies are necessary to assess the role of river runoff in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system.     

2017 was the Warmest Year on Record for the Global Ocean

正2017 was the warmest year on record for the global ocean according to an updated Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IAP,CAS;http://english.iap.cas.cn/)ocean analysis.The oceans in the upper 2000m were 1.51×10~(22) J warmer than the second warmest year of 2015 and 19.19×10~(22)J above the 1981–2010 climatological reference period(Fig.1).For comparison,total electricity generation in China in 2016 was 0.00216×10~(22)J,which is699 times smaller than the increase in ocean heat in 2017.The long-term warming trend driven by human activities continued unabated.The high ocean temperatures in recent     

Another Record: Ocean Warming Continues through 2021 despite La Nina Conditions

The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps heat within the climate system and increases ocean heat content(OHC). Here, we provide the first analysis of recent OHC changes through 2021 from two international groups. The world ocean, in 2021, was the hottest ever recorded by humans, and the 2021 annual OHC value is even higher than last year’s record value by 14 ± 11 ZJ(1 zetta J = 1021 J) using the IAP/CAS dataset and by16 ± 10 ZJ using NCEI/NOAA dataset. The long-term ocean warming is larger in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans than in other regions and is mainly attributed, via climate model simulations, to an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The year-to-year variation of OHC is primarily tied to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). In the seven maritime domains of the Indian, Tropical Atlantic, North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, North Pacific, Southern oceans,and the Mediterranean Sea, robust warming is observed but with distinct inter-annual to decadal variability. Four out of seven domains showed record-high heat content in 2021. The anomalous global and regional ocean warming established in this study should be incorporated into climate risk assessments, adaptation, and mitigation.     

冬季热带印度洋上层流场异常模态分析

利用复经验正交函数(CEOF)分解对冬季热带印度洋海洋上层流场异常做了模态分析和结果讨论,得到以下主要结果:该流场异常前两个模态均呈现赤道俘获波形式,其异常在赤道上最大,向南北两侧迅速衰减,呈现纬向流的形态;第一、二模态的性质分别是大洋赤道波动的半波和1波形态,这表明此时赤道波动异常在大洋流场异常中占有重要地位。冬季第一模态大洋垂直运动所导致的近表层海温异常与春、秋季不同,此时在赤道印度洋呈现正—负—正的经向分布态势,这与印度洋耦极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)的不同,并是IOD在冬季衰亡的直接原因。第二模态相应的海温异常则在赤道东印度洋呈现北负南正的分布态势。第一模态与南亚冬季风异常密切有关,为印度洋冬季风环流模态。第一、二模态都有明显的年际变化和年代际变化,年际变化均为3~5年,主要的年代际变化则分别为约18、22年,此外两者还均有约13年的年代际变化。本文第一、二模态年代际变化的主周期也是冬季北太平洋和冬季热带太平洋流场异常第二、一模态的主周期。     

Upper Water Column Nitrous Oxide Distributions in the Northeast Subarctic Pacific Ocean

This is the first study to investigate the magnitude and distribution of N₂O concentrations along the Line P oceanographic transect in the Northeast (NE) subarctic Pacific Ocean. Concentrations of N₂O were measured from the surface to 600 m depth at five stations between 126°W and 145°W. Although nitrification within the mixed layer may produce some N₂O, we conclude that mixing and diffusion processes, which vertically transport N₂O upwards from below the mixed layer, are the primary sources of N₂O to the surface waters of the NE subarctic Pacific Ocean. Below the mixed layer, nitrification appears to be the dominant source of N₂O, and based on correlations of excess N₂O (ΔN₂O) versus apparent oxygen utilization and NO₃ ^? concentrations, we estimated that the N₂O yield from nitrification was approximately 0.028 to 0.040%. The longitudinal distributions of N₂O concentrations below the mixed layer were variable and we consider the potential role that different transiting water masses may play in contributing to this variability. Finally, we estimated that the regional average sea-to-air N₂O flux was 4.37 mol of N₂O km^?2 d^?1, a value which is approximately four times that of the global average seawater-to-air flux rate. Our N₂O yield estimates are within the range of those expected under oxic conditions, leading us to conclude that decreasing dissolved O₂ concentrations in the NE subarctic Pacific Ocean, and the water masses that influence this region, over the past 50 years have yet to produce a substantial increase in N₂O production. Given the expectation that dissolved O₂ concentrations in the subarctic Pacific Ocean will continue to decrease during this century, this study has provided an important baseline from which future studies will be able to track changes in seawater N₂O concentrations and fluxes to the atmosphere.

[Traduit par la rédaction] La présente étude est la première à s'intéresser à la valeur et à la distribution des concentrations de N₂O le long du transect océanographique de la ligne P dans le Pacifique Nord-Est subarctique. Les concentrations de N₂O ont été mesurées de la surface jusqu’à une profondeur de 600 m à cinq stations entre 126°O et 145°O. Bien que la nitrification à l'intérieur de la couche de mélange puisse produire du N₂O, nous concluons que le mélange et les processus de diffusion, qui transportent verticalement le N₂O vers le haut à partir d'en dessous de la couche de mélange, sont les sources principales de N₂O pour les eaux de surface du Pacifique Nord-Est subarctique. En dessous de la couche mélange, la nitrification semble être la principale source de N₂O, et d'après les corrélations de l'excès de N₂O (ΔN₂O) par rapport à l'utilisation apparente d'oxygène et aux concentrations de NO₃ ^?, nous avons estimé que le rendement en N₂O de la nitrification était approximativement de 0,028 à 0,040%. Les distributions longitudinales des concentrations de N₂O en dessous de la couche de mélange étaient variables et nous considérons le rôle possible que des différentes masses d'eau transitoires peuvent avoir à jouer dans cette variabilité. Finalement, nous avons estimé que la moyenne régionale du flux mer–air de N₂O était de 4,37 moles de N₂O km^?2 j^?1, une valeur qui est environ quatre fois celle du taux planétaire moyen du flux eau de mer–air. Nos estimations du rendement en N₂O sont de l'ordre de celles attendues dans des conditions oxyques, ce qui nous amène à conclure que la diminution des concentrations d'oxygène dissout dans le Pacifique Nord–Est subarctique, et dans les masses d'eau qui influencent cette région, au cours des cinquante dernières années ont encore à produire une augmentation substantielle de production de N₂O. Étant donné qu'on s'attend à ce que les concentrations d'oxygène dissout dans le Pacifique subarctique continuent à diminuer durant le présent siècle, cette étude a fourni une importante base de référence à partir de laquelle de futures études pourront suivre les changements dans les concentrations de N₂O dans l'eau de mer et dans ses flux vers l'atmosphère.     

城市热岛效应对北京夏季高温的影响

应用1998—2002年北京地区自动气象站观测资料,探讨了城市热岛效应对夏季高温的增幅作用。结果表明:北京地区夏季平均热岛指数随着环境温度的升高呈上升趋势,城市热岛效应对高温强度有明显的增幅作用。并应用中尺度MM5模式,对2000年7月一次典型高温天气过程进行了数值模拟。试验表明:模式对于北京地区夏季高温及城市热岛的范围和强度均有较好的模拟能力。     

印度洋海温异常与南亚高压东西振荡的关系

利用1952～2001年的印度洋海表温度资料、NCEP／NCAR的高度场资料,采用小波分析、交叉谱分析等方法,讨论了印度洋海温偶极子指数与南亚高压东西振荡的关系。结果表明：印度洋偶极子指数与南亚高压存在明显的负相关,且春季印度洋偶极子指数对同年夏季南亚高压的东西振荡有一定指示作用。印度洋偶极子指数与南亚高压东伸指数均存在8a左右显著时间尺度。两者在1．5～8a的周期上存在密切联系,在3a左右的周期上,印度洋偶极子指数变化超前于南亚高压东伸指数,说明印度洋海温异常是影响南亚高压东西振荡的重要因素之一。     

印度洋海温异常与南亚高压东西振荡的关系

利用1952~2001年的印度洋海表温度资料、NCEP/NCAR的高度场资料,采用小波分析、交叉谱分析等方法,讨论了印度洋海温偶极子指数与南亚高压东西振荡的关系。结果表明:印度洋偶极子指数与南亚高压存在明显的负相关,且春季印度洋偶极子指数对同年夏季南亚高压的东西振荡有一定指示作用。印度洋偶极子指数与南亚高压东伸指数均存在8 a左右显著时间尺度。两者在1.5~8 a的周期上存在密切联系,在3 a左右的周期上,印度洋偶极子指数变化超前于南亚高压东伸指数,说明印度洋海温异常是影响南亚高压东西振荡的重要因素之一。     

A Rare Long Record of Deep Soil Temperatures Defines Temporal Temperature Changes and an Urban Heat Island

A long-term set of deep soil temperature data collected over a 64-year period beginning in 1889 in a rural Illinois area provide a rare opportunity to assess the natural shifts in temperatures in a pristine environment without any urban or instrument bias. Temperatures from 1901 to 1951 increased 0.4 °C, and this was 0.2 °C less than nearby values from two high quality surface temperature data sets that supposedly are without any influence of urban heat islands, shifts in station locations or instrumentation, or other changes with time. Comparison of the soil values with surface air temperatures from a nearby weather station in a growing university community revealed a heat island effect of 0.6 °C. This value is larger than the adjustment based on population that has been recommended to eliminate the urban bias in long-term temperature trends in the U.S. Collectively, the results suggest that additional efforts may be needed to eliminate the urban influence on air temperatures, beyond techniques that simply use population as the basis. Population is only an approximation of urban factors affecting surface temperatures, and the heat island influences inherent in the values from weather stations in smaller communities which have been used as control, or data assumed to be unaffected by their urban environment in the adjustment procedures, have not been adequately accounted for.     

Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation: Recent Progress and the Remaining Challenges

Ocean heat content(OHC)change contributes substantially to global sea level rise,so it is a vital task for the climate research community to estimate historical OHC.While there are large uncertainties regarding its value,in this study,the authors discuss recent progress to reduce the errors in OHC estimates,including corrections to the systematic biases in expendable bathythermograph(XBT)data,filling gaps in the data,and choosing a proper climatology.These improvements lead to a better reconstruction of historical upper(0–700 m)OHC change,which is presented in this study as the Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP)version of historical upper OHC assessment.Challenges still remain;for example,there is still no general consensus on mapping methods.Furthermore,we show that Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,Phase 5(CMIP5)simulations have limited ability in capturing the interannual and decadal variability of historical upper OHC changes during the past 45 years.     

Record Arctic Ozone Loss in Spring 2020 is Likely Caused by North Pacific Warm Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

Record ozone loss was observed in the Arctic stratosphere in spring 2020. This study aims to determine what caused the extreme Arctic ozone loss. Observations and simulation results are examined in order to show that the extreme Arctic ozone loss was likely caused by record-high sea surface temperatures(SSTs) in the North Pacific. It is found that the record Arctic ozone loss was associated with the extremely cold and persistent stratospheric polar vortex over February–April, and the extremely cold vortex was a result of anomalously weak planetary wave activity. Further analysis reveals that the weak wave activity can be traced to anomalously warm SSTs in the North Pacific. Both observations and simulations show that warm SST anomalies in the North Pacific could have caused the weakening of wavenumber-1 wave activity, colder Arctic vortex, and lower Arctic ozone. These results suggest that for the present-day level of ozone-depleting substances, severe Arctic ozone loss could form again, as long as certain dynamic conditions are satisfied.     

贵州省2020年5月极端性高温事件研究

2020年5月贵州省出现极端高温天气事件,本文利用贵州省84个气象观测站日平均气温和最高气温资料、美国气象环境预报中心的逐日再分析高度场资料以及美国海洋大气管理局的日平均海表面温度（SST）资料,利用超前滞后相关等方法对贵州省2020年5月“极端性高温事件”进行研究。得出如下结论：（1）2020年5月贵州省约有29%的站点极端日最高气温超过了1981年以来的历史极值,约58%的站点突破1981年以来5月同期历史极值,西太平洋副热带高压显示为异常西扩加强的态势,同时伴随南亚高压东伸增强,两个高压在不同高度上的配合导致深厚高压的异常出现,是此次贵州极端性高温事件发生的重要因素。（2） 2020年5月在欧亚大陆中高纬对流层上层有明显的Rossby波列结构,有利于贵州极端性高温事件出现。（3）热带西大西洋SST在月尺度内异常阶段性增暖,可作为贵州省极端性高温天气发生的重要前期信号,并且增暖过程比高温事件提前约14天,具有一定的前期指示意义。     

我国夏季高温极值的概率分布特征及其演变

针对夏季高温极值分布存在偏态性,利用Box-Cox变换,得到一种偏态概率分布拟合函数。基于偏态分布函数中的偏态指数和最概然高温极值,揭示了我国夏季高温极值的概率分布特征及其在20世纪80年代前后的变化规律,发现我国夏季高温极值的概率分布主要呈正偏分布型,最概然高温极值变化较好地反映了分布型的改变。研究不同时间尺度内极值对偏态指数和最概然高温极值的影响发现,最概然高温极值较为稳定,10年尺度内受极值影响较小,而偏态指数所受影响随着时间尺度的增大而越发显著。     

近40年南方高温变化特征与2003年的高温事件

利用从全国743个站点数据集中挑选出的江南、华南地区的121个站点1961-2004年逐日日最高气温和日平均气温资料,分析了近40多年来我国南方地区最高气温的变化特征。结果表明：2003年夏季江南、华南地区出现大范围异常高温天气。虽然在1961-2004年间,江南、华南地区年平均最高气温和年平均气温均有增加趋势,但夏季极端高温事件（≥35℃日数）并没有显著增加的趋势。分析最高气温的概率分布特征,得出2003年夏季江南、华南地区出现的极端酷热天气,只是年际变化的表现,而不是长期变化趋势的反映。     

Influence of Coriolis Parameter Variation on Langmuir Turbulence in the Ocean Upper Mixed Layer with Large Eddy Simulation

Langmuir turbulence is a complex turbulent process in the ocean upper mixed layer. The Coriolis parameter has an important effect on Langmuir turbulence through the Coriolis–Stokes force and Ekman effect, however, this effect on Langmuir turbulence has not been systematically investigated. Here, the impact of the Coriolis parameter on Langmuir turbulence with a change of latitude (LAT) from 20°N to 80°N is studied using a non-hydrostatic large eddy simulation model under an ideal condition. The results show that the ratio of the upper mixed layer depth to Ekman depth scale (RME) RME = 0.266 (LAT = 50°N) is a key value (latitude) for the modulation effect of the Coriolis parameter on the mean and turbulent statistics of Langmuir turbulence. It is found that the rate of change of the sea surface temperature, upper mixed layer depth, entrainment flux, crosswind velocity, downwind vertical momentum flux, and turbulent kinetic energy budget terms associated with Langmuir turbulence are more evident at RME ≤ 0.266 (LAT ≤ 50°N) than at RME ≥ 0.266 (LAT ≥ 50°N). However, the rate of change of the depth-averaged crosswind vertical momentum flux does not have a clear variation between RME ≤ 0.266 and RME ≥ 0.266. The complex changes of both Langmuir turbulence characteristics and influence of Langmuir turbulence on the upper mixed layer with latitude presented here may provide more information for further improving Langmuir turbulence parameterization.     

The Impact of the Tropical Indian Ocean on South Asian High in Boreal Summer

The tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) is warmer than normal during the summer when or after the El Nio decays. The present study investigates the impact of TIO SST on the South Asian High (SAH) in summer. When the TIO is warmer, the SAH strengthens and its center shifts southward. It is found that the variations in the SAH cannot be accounted for by the precipitation anomaly. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain the connection between the TIO and SAH: warmer SST in the TIO changes the equivalent potential temperature (EPT) in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), alters the temperature profile of the moist atmosphere, warms the troposphere, which produces significant positive height anomaly over South Asia and modifies the SAH. An atmospheric general circulation model, ECHAM5, which has a reasonable prediction skill in the TIO and South Asia, was selected to test the effects of TIO SST on the SAH. The experiment with idealized heating over the TIO reproduced the response of the SAH to TIO warming. The results suggest that the TIO-induced EPT change in the ABL can account for the variations in the SAH.     

西安地区大气质量分布特点和能源使用概述

西太平洋副热带高压是副热带大型环流系统，也是直接影响我国夏季降水的环流系统，它的状况(强弱和位置变化)将直接影响我国夏季的降水分布，亦对山西省夏季降水有重要影响。研究副热带高压，特别是西太平洋副热带高压的变化规律及其对山西省夏季降水的影响是十分必要的。