豫西登封地区寒武系张夏组中部生物扰动构造及其地质意义

掘穴生物作为生态系统工程的建造者,其对沉积物进行的改造直接影响了沉积物的物理化学性质,进而影响了底栖生态系统。豫西登封地区寒武系苗岭统张夏组中部薄层微晶灰岩中发育大量的生物扰动构造,利用地球生物学、古生物学和生物扰动指数等方法,探讨了生物扰动构造的形成环境及其对沉积物的影响。研究表明,研究区张夏组中部生物扰动构造特征多为扰动边界模糊不清,生物扰动指数（BI）为2 ~ 5,说明该沉积期食物充足,氧气含量高。此外,在生物扰动中识别出3种遗迹化石：Thalassinoides bacae,Planolites isp.和Rhizocorallium isp.,说明生物扰动构造为多种生物造迹形成的。依据寒武系苗岭统张夏组中部的遗迹化石以及沉积特征,可知其整体处于偶尔受到风暴影响的滩间局限台地环境。     

羌塘中部晚三叠世双壳类动物群落取代

羌塘中部各拉丹冬地区晚三叠世发育四个双壳动物群落,群落在时间上演替取代的主要控制因素为海水深度,早期以突变为主,晚期以渐变为特征,具浅-深-浅的变化特征;横向变化与陆源碎屑供应量和沉积环境的差异密切相关。个体生活习性和岩性、岩相组合特征研究表明,Quemocuomegalodon orientus-Neomegalodon bo-eckhi群落（Q-NCOM.）生态位相当于BA2底栖组合生态域;Halobia superbescens-Halobia disperseinsecta群落（H-HCOM.）生态位相当于BA4底栖组合生态域;Amonotis togtonheensis-Cardium（Tulongocardium）xizan-gensis群落（A-CCOM.）生态位相当于BA3底栖组合生态域;Cardium（Tulongcardium）martini-Trigonia（Kumatrigonia）hukxilensis群落（C-TCOM.）生态位相当于BA2底栖组合生态域。本文为区域上地层对比及生物生存环境提供了基础资料。     

海洋低氧环境底栖有孔虫研究进展

全球变暖和人为活动不断加剧海洋低氧环境发生的频率和范围,低氧对全球海洋底栖生物群落结构造成重大影响。底栖有孔虫能够广泛适应生存在各种海洋低氧环境中,是极少数能适应低氧环境的真核生物之一,底栖有孔虫对低氧环境的响应及适应机制研究是海洋研究领域的前沿和热点话题,至今仍存在很多谜团。本文总结了不同海洋低氧环境活体底栖有孔虫分布特征、活体底栖有孔虫对人为诱导低氧环境的响应、低氧环境下底栖有孔虫外壳化学组成特征、低氧环境下底栖有孔虫的生存机理,期望为后续推进海洋低氧环境下底栖有孔虫相关研究进一步开展提供参考和借鉴。底栖有孔虫作为古海洋环境重建的重要工具,对我们了解全球海洋低氧环境的历史演化进程具有非常重要的意义。展望未来我们需要进一步加强有孔虫细胞生理学和分子生物学对低氧环境的适应机制研究,从系统发生学上认识真核生物对低氧环境适应的历史演化进程,为利用有孔虫作为工具更好地重建和预测海洋低氧环境变化提供理论依据。     

晚上新世以来南海北部深部水团演化

对南海北部大洋钻探184航次1146站晚上新世以来底栖有孔虫属种组合的Q型因子分析, 发现底栖有孔虫组合以2.1Ma, 1.5Ma和0.7Ma为界, 分为Stilostomella-Globocassidulina subglobosa-Nodogenerina, Bulimina alazanensis, Uvigerina perigrina和Melonis barleeanus-Globobulimina affinis-Bulimina aculeata4个组合.结合底层水溶解氧含量和浮游、底栖有孔虫碳同位素分析, 认为底栖有孔虫组合的变化是南海底层水影响所致, 以及南海北部表层和底层海水营养盐含量变化的共同结果.      

深海研究中的底栖有孔虫：回顾与展望

底栖有孔虫在古环境研究中的应用先是用作古水深或水团的标志物。随着新技术的应用,识别出了2种不同的底栖有孔虫微生境：外生种和内生种;认识到甚至深海底栖有孔虫,也能对表层浮游生物勃发的季节性短暂事件作出响应,因为沉降到海底的有机物质供养着底栖有孔虫。目前,底栖有孔虫被广泛应用于估算海洋表层生产力和底层水团的含氧量。回顾了深海底栖有孔虫生态研究的历史和其在古海洋学中的应用,并强调研究、应用中的新方法、新技术。中国已经加入了诸如IODP等深海研究计划,有必要向我国学术界提供底栖有孔虫研究的新方向,以资参考。     

冷泉区底栖有孔虫研究进展

海底冷泉区是海洋能源和生物资源同时富集的一类特殊区域。底栖有孔虫群落及其地球化学组成是海底冷泉区发育的重要指示标志之一。海底冷泉区的底栖有孔虫及其碳同位素研究,对于探讨冷泉演化、评估古冷泉甲烷排放对全球气候变化的影响有重要的研究意义。综述了全球一些主要冷泉区的底栖有孔虫研究方法及其进展,对比了各冷泉区底栖有孔虫群落结构的主要特征及地域差异,评述了冷泉区底栖有孔虫的碳同位素记录特征、影响因素及其对冷泉活动的潜在指示意义,最后提出了南海北部冷泉活动区底栖有孔虫方面的研究展望。     

生物栖息地隔离对河流生态影响的试验研究

以底栖动物为指示物种对天然破碎河段进行野外调查,并开展野外试验对天然河段进行人工隔离和定期采样分析,研究了栖息地隔离对底栖动物组成及河流生态的影响。结果表明,溶解氧含量在各隔离区中变化不一致;隔离区内动物密度、丰度和多样性均降低,隔离程度越高,降低越显著。从动物组成来看,蜉蝣目和双翅目的相对密度在隔离区中显著降低,蜻蜓目和双壳纲则增加。河流栖息地被隔离后,底栖群落经过一段波动周期后才表现出规律性变化趋势。由于水生昆虫在成虫阶段的飞行扩散,隔离区与天然河流之间仍存在较高的动物流通,但隔离区内的动物组成并不完全是天然河段内的子集。结合研究结果和中国河流实际,提出了保护河流生态及生物多样性的建议和对策。     

贵州水城仲河剖面二叠纪-三叠纪之交底栖群落的物种多样性与功能多样性转变

为了定量化恢复晚二叠世末期生物大灭绝对底栖群落的物种多样性和功能多样性的影响,对浅海碎屑岩台地相区的贵州水城仲河剖面开展宏体化石采集和分析,识别和划分古群落,选择优势度、香农指数、均匀度等代表物种多样性指数,生态功能群数量和功能均匀度代表功能多样性指数. 共采集1 340枚化石标本,经鉴定得到30属33种,其中双壳类可归纳为两个生物带:晚二叠世长兴期的Hunanopecten exilis顶峰带和早三叠世Griesbachian早期的Pteria ussurica variabilis顶峰带. 根据化石属种的地层分布、保存状况,结合聚类分析方法识别出3个古群落:Astartella obliqua-Tethyochonetes quadrata群落、Pteria ussurica variabilis-Claraia wangi群落和Pteria ussurica variabilis-Unionites canalensis群落. 自晚二叠世长兴期末期至早三叠世Griesbachian早期,古群落的优势度上升、香农指数降低、均匀度下降,功能群丰富度降低,功能均匀度上升,这指示晚二叠世末生物大灭绝对浅海碎屑岩相区的底栖群落的组成和功能均有显著的破坏. 此外,结合华南浅海和深海相区的古群落数据,发现底栖群落的物种多样性指数和功能多样性指数在晚二叠世末生物大灭绝中均遭受损失,但是浅海底栖群落受影响较高.      

南海北部天然气水合物远景区末次冰期以来底栖有孔虫稳定同位素特征及其影响因素

底栖有孔虫碳同位素负偏移是地质记录中天然气水合物释放的重要证据之一.对南海北部西沙海槽和东沙陆坡等天然气水合物远景区XH-27PC和DS-4PC柱状样分别进行顶空气甲烷含量分析、有机碳含量分析、粒度分析和有孔虫氧碳同位素分析.结合碳酸盐含量及AMS 14C测年,揭示研究区末次冰期以来底栖有孔虫的稳定同位素特征.结果显示:西沙海槽BSR区沉积物中甲烷含量较低;底栖有孔虫碳同位素负偏不明显,与顶空气甲烷含量呈弱正相关(R=0.32),与有机碳含量有强负相关(R=-0.82),说明低通量甲烷不足以引起底栖有孔虫碳同位素显著偏移,在无甲烷或甲烷轻微渗漏的环境中有机碳的厌氧氧化是影响底栖有孔虫碳同位素组成的主要因素.东沙陆坡BSR区沉积物中含有大量的甲烷气体;底栖有孔虫氧同位素记录在末次冰期异常偏重,可能与天然气水合物的分解释放有关;同时可识别出多期碳同位素快速负偏事件,其成因很可能是末次冰期海平面下降导致海底沉积物的温度、压力条件发生变化,从而引发水合物甲烷失稳分解,底栖有孔虫吸收富12C的甲烷源碳致使壳体碳同位素负偏移.     

四川龙门山区早泥盆世Emsian期群落古环境分析

通过对群落特征生物构造、生态习性、成活曲线、赋存围岩沉积及群落构成内容等特征分析,本文认为四川龙门山区Emsian期地层已经识别的以腕足动物为主的八个底栖群落生态位集中于B.A.3,少数可归入B.A.2,其相当的沉积环境主要为浅海内陆棚相、台地生物礁相。     

豫西登封地区寒武系第二统朱砂洞组生物扰动构造及其地球化学特征

生物扰动在现代海洋沉积物地球化学循环中起着重要作用,它影响着底栖生物群落特性、有机物分解速率、海水化学性质、沉积物氧化还原性以及营养物循环.豫西登封地区寒武系第二统朱砂洞组碳酸盐岩发育了大量以Thalassinoides主导的扰动构造,对其进行碳和氮同位素测定,可以了解扰动生物对沉积物生物地球化学循环影响.测试结果表明,潜穴充填物和围岩中δ13C_carb值区别显著,不同扰动程度也差异明显,而δ13C_org和δ15N值差异不大,反映出生物对沉积物的扰动改造可以改变沉积物的氧化还原性及孔渗性,这一变化可能与生物扰动引起沉积物孔隙水含氧量增高导致的自生碳酸盐岩比例降低和成岩期白云岩化的增强有关.Thalassinoides造迹生物对沉积物的扰动改造不仅改变了沉积物的原始物理化学信息,促进了海水与沉积物的生物地球化学循环,而且诱导了沉积底质革命,扮演了显生宙早期生态系统工程建造者的角色.      

Geological significance of middle Cambrian trilobites from near Melba Flats,western Tasmania

In western Tasmania, near Melba Flats, a basalt within the Serpentine Hill Complex is overlain unconformably by Dundas Group sediments (Hodge Slate). About 32 m above the unconformity, a siltstone contains agnostoid and polymerid trilobites that indicate correlation with the middle Cambrian Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone (Drumian Stage of unnamed Epoch 3 of the Cambrian). This provides an upper limit of about 505.2–504.5 Ma to the emplacement of ultramafic allochthons in western Tasmania. Other fossils present include dendroids, inarticulate brachiopods, hyolithids, helcionellids and sponges. The widespread agnostoid trilobite Ptychagnostus affinis (Brøgger 1878) and the holocephalinid trilobites Meneviella and Holocephalina are recorded for the first time in Tasmania.     

Systematics, biometry of the species Opsidiscus from the Middle Cambrian succession of the Spiti basin, India

The Middle Cambrian succession of the Parahio Valley in general and Debsakhad section in particular is dominated by trilobites. Genus Opsidiscus, along with other trilobite forms dominates the lower Middle Cambrian succession. In the present study two new species of Opsidiscus, Opsidiscus wadiai and Opsidiscus srikantiai are reported from the lower Middle Cambrian succession of Debsakhad section. The species were differentiated on their morphological features and their multivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis applied here is used as a supplement method to qualitative analysis in order to differentiate between the cranidial characters of Opsidiscus. The qualitative study of each species studied individually shows more or less close affiliation as is observed by different quantitative methods. The presence of Opsidiscus has a great stratigraphic significance in this region, as they first appear from informal Stage 5 of Series 3 and goes up to the Drumian Stage of Series 3 of the Cambrian System in the Debsakhad section, which helps to correlate this section with other well known sections of the Middle Cambrian.     

宁镇山脉小壳化石层时代的新认识

最新研究表明，句容仑山的小壳化石层和南京幕府山的一样，其层位都相当于下寒武统沧浪铺阶Ｐａｏｋａｎｎｉａ带，为我国下寒武统层位最高的一个小壳化石组合带。句容仑山当时位于台地边缘，缺失了早寒武世早期至沧浪铺期中期的沉积。     

Evolution of Cambrian to Ordovician trace fossils in pelagic deep-sea chert,Australia

Cambrian to Ordovician pelagic radiolarian cherts in the Lachlan Fold Belt in southeastern Australia contain trace fossils demonstrating the faunal diversification that occurred during the Ordovician on the deep-sea floor. The Cambro-Ordovician Howqua Chert has a very low degree of bioturbation, and the trace fossils are small and shallow. In contrast, the late Middle to Late Ordovician cherts are strongly bioturbated with larger, deeper burrows, and contain more morphologically diverse trace fossils. This records a substantial increase in the size, abundance and activity of deep-ocean benthic animals living on the floor of the ocean bordering Australia.     

Diminutive trace fossils in the Chengjiang Lagerstätte

Diminutive trace fossils described here have been well preserved in connection with certain pliable carapaces or skeletons of the Chengjiang animals. Taphonomic evidence suggests that these traces were formed in situ. The peculiar preservation indicates that some bilaterians of uncertain affinities seem to have been active at the burial site, constituting an important group of the hidden majority of Cambrian marine community. This may be an essential feature closely associated with the palaeoecology and exceptional preservation of the Cambrian fossil Lagerstätten. The rare preservation of such millimetre‐sized trace fossils raises further doubts about the timing of the initial benthic bilaterians by applying trace fossil evidence.     

浙西下寒武统大陈岭组沉积异常及其海啸成因初探

前人对浙西下寒武统大陈岭组沉积相分析一直存在半深水相和浅水相两种观点。大陈岭组化石极少,仅中上部产营漂浮或游泳生活的节头虫类Arthicocephalus, Arthricocephalites和Changaspis,不见底栖类化石。对大陈岭组碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素分析显示,对应于产半深水相生物化石的层位存在碳同位素正漂移,表明此处水体较深;但该组大量发育碳酸盐岩台坪相的沉积标志-鸟眼构造,与较深水相生物和碳同位素正漂移的解释结果相悖。作者在对浙西开化、常山、江山寒武系野外调查时发现大陈岭组存在一套地震-海啸沉积岩系,且海啸岩的产出层位与江山较深水相化石、碳同位素正漂移层位相当。研究认为,海啸作用可以使不同环境的沉积物相互混合,造成沉积异常,浙西下寒武统大陈岭期沉积异常是海啸事件的反映,海啸作用把较深水生物和沉积物带到浅水区沉积下来,并造成碳氧同位素短暂、急剧的正漂移。     

Cambrian trace fossils of the Cruziana ichnofacies from the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin,north western Indian Craton

The Marwar Supergroup of the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin is composed of sediments deposited from the late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) to Upper Cambrian. The Nagaur Sandstone Formation of the Nagaur Group (uppermost division of the Marwar Supergroup) preserves trace fossils significant for establishing Early Cambrian biostratigraphic zones and depositional facies. Fifteen ichnospecies (and eight ichnogenera) identified in the Nagaur Sandstone Formation include “Treptichnus” pedum, Cruziana cf. tenella, Cruziana isp., Diplichnites ispp. A, B, and C, Gyrophyllites isp., Lockeia isp., Merostomichnites isp., Monomorphichnus gregarius isp. nov., Monomorphichnus isp., Planolites isp., Psammichnites isp., Rusophycus bikanerus isp. nov., Rusophycus cf. carbonarius, Rusophycus isp. and radial trace fossils.These trace fossils belong to ethological categories pascichnia, repichnia, cubichnia, and fodinichnia and represent arthropod and worm-like burrowing biota. The assemblage and a regional comparison with contemporaneous trace fossils in the eastern Gondwanan realm suggest that the sequence in the study area belongs to the Cruziana tenella Ichnozone and to Stage 2 (upper part of Terreneuvian), however the Middle Cambrian is not excluded. The trace fossil assemblage belongs to the archetypal Cruziana ichnofacies. Cross bedded sandstone, mud cracks and rainprints in the ichniferous strata of the Nagaur Sandstone Formation indicate deposition in an intertidal sand flat with channels that was exposed episodically.     

Tasmanian Cambrian biostratigraphy—a preliminary report

In Tasmania shelly fossils are known from Middle and Upper Cambrian sediments of the Dundas Trough, Fossey Mountain Trough, Dial Range Trough, Beaconsfield Trough, Smithton Basin, Adamsfield Trough and from within sediments associated with the Mount Read Volcanics of Western Tasmania. In the Dundas Trough fossils range in age from early Middle Cambrian (Ptychagnostus gibbus Zone) to the middle Late Cambrian (pre‐Payntonian A or B). Late Middle Cambrian fossils occur in sediments associated with the Mount Read Volcanics in two places in Western Tasmania. Late Middle Cambrian fossils only are known from the Smithton Basin and the Beaconsfield Trough. Late Middle to early Late Cambrian faunas are known from the Dial Range Trough; the Adamsfield Trough contains middle Middle to middle Late Cambrian fossils. Tasmanian Cambrian faunas show affinities with those of Queensland, China, the northwest Siberian Platform and northern Victoria Land, Antarctica.