南海北部陆缘结构及构造-岩浆演化

南海北部陆缘发育独特的远端带结构,以“裂谷宽、基底厚和地貌起伏”为主要特点,显著有别于经典贫岩浆型和富岩浆型张裂陆缘.为了解释陆缘结构的成因,综合已有研究进展和国际大洋发现计划（IODP）的钻探成果,对南海北部陆缘基底性质进行了调研,探讨了拆离断层和岩浆作用的特点以及两者间的相互作用.结果表明,在38 Ma之前南海北部大范围发育核杂岩构造,并伴随大量岩浆侵入到中下地壳;岩浆作用一方面加剧了地壳的韧性变形,导致应变无法集中而在多个地方同时发育大型拆离,另一方面对拆离面和减薄的基底进行了强烈改造.最终提出同张裂期就位的岩浆作用和中下地壳的韧性流动是形成南海北部宽裂谷陆缘的关键,深化了对陆缘结构、变形过程和岩石圈减薄机制的理解.      

被动大陆边缘张-破裂过程与岩浆活动:南海的归属

岩浆在被动大陆边缘的张-破裂过程中起到决定性作用.南海东北部陆缘发育厚度达10 km的下地壳高速体,其成因机制长期存在争议,影响了对南海东北部陆缘构造归属的界定.为了分析南海共轭陆缘的张破裂机制,本文调研了国内外最新研究进展,系统分析了南海南北陆缘的地壳结构和岩浆活动特点,提出:南海陆缘和海盆中发育有大量岩浆活动,但东...     

大洋板块运动方向反转控制活动陆缘岩石圈张裂过程数值模拟

为了更好的探究大洋板块运动方向反转与大陆岩石圈张裂之间的动力学关系,以数值模拟为手段来正演大洋板块的反向俯冲,同时考虑光滑洋壳、海山链、海底高原、薄弱带等构造单元加入先期俯冲时对大陆岩石圈张裂的影响.结果显示:大陆岩石圈在大洋板块反向俯冲的过程中会被拉伸减薄,并出现局部岩石圈的颈缩直至张裂、同时伴随有软流圈地幔的上涌和减压熔融等现象.此外,含有不同构造单元的洋壳参与先期俯冲会对陆缘造成不同程度的破坏,从而影响拖曳过程中大陆岩石圈的应变集中,并导致大陆岩石圈在不同时间、不同位置出现张裂.模拟结果可用于对比南海陆缘在新生代张裂中表现的穿时等特征,亦可为其他被动陆缘张裂的动力学研究提供借鉴.      

被动大陆边缘：从大陆张裂到海底扩张

被动边缘是研究大陆张裂、破裂到海底扩张的关键。ODP103、149、173航次对伊比利亚-纽芬兰非火山型共轭边缘的研究,证实了洋陆过渡带和低角度拆离断层的存在,其中洋陆过渡带中广泛出现蛇纹岩化地幔橄榄岩,钻探结果支持不对称单剪模式。ODP104、152、163航次对挪威-格陵兰东南火山型共轭边缘的调查,揭示了典型的向海倾斜反射层（SDRS）的特征,反映了岩浆活动在边缘形成中的主导作用。为了进一步了解大陆从张裂到破裂到洋底扩张过程的一系列学术问题,需要在IODP阶段继续对共轭被动边缘以及包括冲绳海槽和南海在内的典型地区,通过钻探、采样和观测进行更深入的研究。     

张裂型褶皱下中和面顺层张裂区:一类有利储层发育区——兼谈塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩溶蚀储层的发育特征

背斜上中和面和向斜下中和面(斜坡部位)是有利储层的发育区,进一步的分析认为,张裂型褶皱下中和面发育的顺层张裂区也可以是有利的储层发育区,尤其是碳酸盐岩(潜山)背斜。碳酸盐岩张裂型褶皱上中和面的扇形张裂区一般发育表层岩溶带和渗流岩溶带,发育溶蚀洞、孔,多表现为杂乱反射;下中和面的顺层张裂区一般发育渗流岩溶带和潜流岩溶带,发育溶蚀孔、缝,常表现为"串珠"状反射。塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩中发育同生期岩溶、风化壳岩溶(表生期)、埋藏岩溶三种不同类型的古岩溶。张裂型褶皱的扇形张裂区发育地表岩溶带、垂直渗流岩溶带,均有利于储层发育;顺层张裂区既发育风化壳岩溶(水平潜流带)又发育埋藏岩溶,其中的埋藏岩溶非常有利于储层发育。塔里木盆地寒武系和奥陶系碳酸盐岩在扇形张裂区和顺层张裂区多形成同生期岩溶储层和埋藏期岩溶储层,石炭系碳酸盐岩CⅡ油组在顺层张裂区主要形成埋藏期岩溶储层。     

南海北部陆缘东、西部新生代沉积盆地基底特征对比分析

本文通过对南海北部大陆边缘东、西部新生代沉积盆地基底岩性特征、基底构造格局、地壳结构和基底沉降结构等方面的论述,分析了北部陆缘东西部的地质差异,探讨了这些差异产生的原因。认为南海北部陆缘东西部新生代沉积盆地发育于不同的构造单元上,在形成演化过程中,基底具有不同的沉降结构和构造活动性,而地壳结构的明显差异,揭示了东、西部沉积盆地形成内因的差异,东部盆地发育于拉张减薄的陆壳之上,并伴有地幔隆起与地壳的上拱作用,西部盆地则主要以地壳的裂陷作用为主。     

“海南陆缘弧”体系的构建与“特提斯南海”的识别:一个关于“古南海”演化新模式的探讨

应用近期在琼南、广东、湘南和越南芽庄、大叻等地的研究成果,综合区域地质资料,从岩浆岩性质、组合与地化特征、沉积序列特征和碎屑岩组分、年代学和地层学等方面进行分析,构建起以海南岛中南部的岩浆-沉积组合为典型标志、以东西向延伸为基本特征、演化过程与浙闽活动陆缘带明显有别的海南陆缘弧体系。该陆缘弧晚中生代处于华南大陆的南端,在构造地理格局上从属于特提斯域。笔者主张向北俯冲于海南陆缘弧下的"古南海"应正名为"特提斯南海",它是特提斯多岛洋北部的边缘海,西段可能与缅、马等地的海域沟通,东段则与太平洋域相接。海南陆缘弧具有广阔的弧后区,各弧后盆地的演化进程可以对比。该弧最初似发育于晚侏罗世,早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世初期岩浆弧与俯冲造山活动达到高峰,晚白垩世发生弧后拉张,但近弧地带挤压条件下的岩浆-沉积作用一直延续至晚白垩世后期(约70 Ma)。海南陆缘弧的活动时间表实际上是特提斯南海消减过程的真实反映。由于消减过程及随后发生的中南半岛在早新生代的挤出逃逸运动和现代南海的扩张作用,特提斯南海的地质记录受到极其严重的破坏,恢复特提斯南海的原貌仍是一项有待开展的艰巨工作。     

新疆哈巴河县白哈巴村一带火山岩地质特征及构造意义

该区火山岩分为南北两带,二者既有一定的成因联系,也有一定的个体差异.据岩石化学成果估算出南带火山岩岩浆房顶部的近似深度为3.97km,而北带火山岩岩浆房顶部的近似深度为1.65km.表明岩浆房是向南倾斜的.该区基底属过渡壳海盆基底性质,火山活动具有类双峰特征,但又不是陆内裂谷.岩石建造及微量、稀土、同位素等地球化学特征反映具有活动陆缘特征.流纹岩Sr初始比值87Sr0/86Sr0=0.711130±0.00083,据"不同成因类型花岗岩类的(87Sr/86Sr)年龄和岩浆源区的关系图解",投入下部壳源型区,表明岩浆可能主要来自下部地壳.     

柴达木盆地南缘活动陆缘金及多金属成矿系统

将柴达木盆地南缘东昆仑和北巴颜喀拉地区活动陆缘金及多金属矿床按成矿系统观点划分为活动陆缘弧岩浆成矿系统和陆缘弧前增生带沉积-改造成矿系统,总结了两类成矿系统的特征并探讨了它们之间的成生联系,认为早期活动陆缘弧岩浆成矿系统产物的剥蚀为后期活动陆缘弧前增生带沉积-改造成矿系统提供了初始矿源.     

南海西北陆缘深水沉积体系内部构成特征

深水沉积是近年来我国海域油气勘探重点之一,利用高精度二维和三维地震剖面的精细解剖,揭示了南海西北陆缘区深水沉积体系类型及其内部构成特征.这些深水地区除堆积正常深海-半深海泥岩外,还发育大量深水重力流沉积,包括块体流沉积、深水峡谷、沉积物波等大型沉积体.研究表明,南海西北陆缘区发育4类陆坡, 即进积型、滑塌型、水道化型、宽缓渐变型陆坡.不同陆坡类型具有不同地貌形态,发育不同的沉积体类型.大型块体流沉积主要发育于滑塌型和水道化型陆坡,沉积物波主要发育于宽缓渐变型陆坡下部及深海中央峡谷长昌段的周缘地区.由于南海西北陆缘自晚中新世以来形成向东开口的喇叭形变深的地貌形态,导致在盆地中央形成了独特的与陆坡走向一致的深海峡谷体系——中央峡谷.该峡谷的沉积充填不仅包括来自于西部峡谷头部的浊积水道沉积,还包括来自于北部陆坡的块体流沉积,特别是来自于滑塌型陆坡的块体流沉积.中央峡谷体系构成了西北陆缘区多源汇聚的深水沉积物输送系统,同时也是南海西北陆缘深水区重要的油气储层发育层系.      

南海大陆边缘动力学:从陆缘破裂到海底扩张

边缘海如何形成是地球科学的基本问题.本研究通过对南海区域深反射地震数据及钻井数据的综合解释,聚焦地壳深部结构和三维全变形机制,在南海陆缘张裂-海盆扩张的构造动力学研究中取得重要进展:(1)"大陆破裂非均一":拉张过程垂向上分层非均一,受拆离断层系统控制;裂离过程横向上高度变化,中-东侧受岩浆作用主导,西侧受构造作用主导...     

New models for evolution of magma-poor rifted margins based on a review of data and concepts from West Iberia and the Alps

Direct observation and extensive sampling in ancient margins exposed in the Alps, combined with drill-hole and geophysical data from the present-day Iberia margin, result in new concepts for the strain evolution and near-surface response to lithospheric rupturing at magma-poor rifted margins. This paper reviews data and tectonic concepts derived from these two margins and proposes that extension, leading to thinning and final rupturing of the continental lithosphere, is accommodated by three fault systems, each of them characterized by a specific temporal and spatial evolution during rifting of the margin, by its fault geometry, and its surface response. The data presented in this paper suggest that margin architecture and distribution of rift structures within the future margin are controlled first by inherited heterogeneities within the lithosphere leading to a contrasting behaviour of the future distal and proximal margins during an initial stage of rifting. The place of final break-up appears to be determined early in the evolution of the margin and occurs where the crust has been thinned during a first stage to less than 10 kilometres. During final break-up, the rheology of the extending lithosphere is controlled by the thermal structure related to the rise of the asthenosphere and by serpentinization and magmatic processes.Dedicated to Daniel Bernoulli who taught me to compare the geological record of oceans and orogens     

Seismic reflectivity of detachment faults of the Iberian and Tethyan distal continental margins based on geological and petrophysical data

Low-angle detachment faults are key to our understanding of the tectonic evolution of magma-poor rifted continental margins. In seismic images of present-day rifted margins the identification and interpretation of such features is, however, notoriously difficult and ambiguous. We address this problem by studying the structure and seismic response of such faults through a synoptic interpretation of petrophysical data and geological evidence from the distal segments of the present-day West Iberian and the ancient Tethyan margins. On the basis of the geologically well-constrained remnants of the Tethyan margins, which are spectacularly preserved and exposed in the Alps of Eastern Switzerland, vertical profiles at four key geological settings of a typical magma-poor rifted margin are constructed and their synthetic seismic responses are compared to the observed seismic data from corresponding locations in the present-day Iberian margin. The seismic structure of these profiles is considered as the sum of deterministic large-scale and the stochastic small-scale components. Both components are analyzed for all pertinent lithologies. The large-scale structures are derived from laboratory measurements on samples from both, the West Iberian and Tethyan margins, whereas the small-scale fluctuations are constrained predominantly on the basis of well-log data from the Iberian margin. Different realizations of the simulated stochastic small-scale velocity fluctuations illustrate the potential variability of impedance contrasts and its impact on the seismic response from lithological interfaces and fault structures. Our results indicate that the nature of the seismic response from low-angle detachment faults is largely determined through the fracture-healing behavior of the surrounding rocks. Geological evidence from the exposed fragments of the Tethyan margins indicate that fracture-healing is generally well developed in crustal lithologies, but largely absent in mantle lithologies. It is for this reason that low-angle, intra-crustal detachment faults tend to be seismically undetectable. Conversely, crust–mantle detachments have a complex and variable seismic response, depending on the nature of the damaged zone and on the frequency content of the seismic data. These model-based inferences are consistent with the available evidence from the present-day Iberian passive margin and thus open new perspectives for the interpretation of the corresponding seismic images.     

南海后扩张期大陆边缘闭合过程及成因机制

南海是西太平洋海域最大的边缘海,然而南海扩张终结后动力学过程研究仍较为薄弱.通过构造变革界面识别、褶皱冲断带沉积记录等方面的系统研究,揭示南海南部和东部陆缘在南海后扩张期的演化历程.研究表明南海南部和东部边缘经历了多个微板块从俯冲到碰撞的演变历程,形成了陆-陆碰撞、弧-陆碰撞、洋-弧俯冲等多个特征迥异的板块边界.南海南部陆缘属于古南海俯冲拖曳构造区,婆罗洲西北沙捞越-曾母地块率先碰撞,随后经历了婆罗洲东北沙巴-南沙地块碰撞、西南巴拉望-卡加延岛弧碰撞.南部多个微板块碰撞导致古南海呈剪刀式从西向东逐渐关闭和消亡,总体形成了以微地块碰撞、深海槽发育和造山带前缘巨厚沉积充填为特色的碰撞陆缘.东部陆缘属于菲律宾海俯冲-碰撞构造区,南海东部洋壳自中新世开始向菲律宾海板块俯冲,弧-陆碰撞仅局限于东部陆缘南北两端.澳洲-印度板块、菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块相互作用控制了南海边缘海闭合过程,南海正在进行的关闭过程主要集中在东缘和南缘,东缘呈现了以南海洋壳消亡为特征的闭合过程,而南缘则呈现以微陆块碰撞为特征的古南海闭合过程.显然,南部后扩张期陆缘演变可为边缘海闭合过程研究提供极佳的范例,同时对我国海洋权益保护和南海大陆边缘动力学研究具有重要意义.      

The structure,depositional style and accumulation characteristics of continental margin with diachronous breakup in the northern South China Sea

ABSTRACT

A typical diachronous breakup developed in the South China Sea (SCS); the breakup has been unequivocally identified, and gradually decreases in age from NE to SW. To illustrate the influence of a diachronous breakup on hydrocarbon accumulation, we used seismic profiles from CNOOC, and analysed crustal extension characteristics, sedimentary style and source rock accumulation. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Because of the diachronous breakup in the SCS, various tectonic units developed in different positions on the northern continental margin with different degrees of extension. The Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) is closer to the central sea basin of the SCS and has been affected by regional tension stress for a longer time. Tectonic units of proximal domain, necking zone, and distal margin types developed, and the crust structure thinned from the land towards the sea. The Qiongdongnan Basin (QB) is closer to the Southwest Sub-basin. There are symmetrical proximal domains on the southern and northern sides of the QB, with a necking zone in the central part. It presents as an abandoned passive continental margin. (2) The PRMB exhibited rifted cells first, followed by canyon type extensional faulting and horizontal axial transportation, and then by a longitudinal shelf-slope sedimentary style. But the QB has only rifted cells and canyon type faulting stages, no longitudinal shelf-slope sedimentary stage. The major source rocks in the northern SCS become younger from east to west, and the sedimentary facies change from lacustrine facies to marine-continental transitional facies. (3) The diachronous breakup process ultimately affecting oil and gas migration and accumulation process. The PRMB is dominated by deep-water shelf break accumulation with deep-water fan reservoir bodies. The QB is dominated by canyon type accumulation with channels.     

Lithospheric structure of the Southwest South China Sea: implications for rifting and extension

ABSTRACT

The South China Sea (SCS) is an excellent site for studying the process of conjugate margin rifting, and the origin and evolution of oceanic basins. Compared with the well-defined northern margin of the SCS, the western and southern segments of the SCS margin have not been researched in significant detail. To investigate the regional structure of the southwestern SCS, a gravity model is constructed, along with the lithospheric thermal structure along a wide-angle seismic profile. The profile extends across the conjugate margins of the Southwest Sub-Basin (SWSB) of the SCS and is based on the latest multiple geophysical measurements (including heat flow and thermo-physical parameters). The results show that the average thicknesses of the crust and thermal lithosphere along the profile are about 15 km and 57 km, respectively. The overall amount of extension of continental crust and lithosphere is more than 200 km. Thermal structure of the lithosphere shows that the continental margins are in a warm thermal state. The southwest SCS is characterized by ultra-wide, thinned continental crust and lithosphere, high Moho heat flow, early syn-rift faulted basins, undeformed late syn-rifting, and high seismic velocities in the lower crust. These various pieces of evidence suggest that the break-up of the mantle lithosphere occurred before that of the continental crust favouring a depth-dependent extension of the southwestern SCS margin.     

The final rifting evolution at deep magma-poor passive margins from Iberia-Newfoundland: a new point of view

In classical rift models, deformation is either uniformly distributed leading to symmetric fault bounded basins overlying stretched ductile lower crust (e.g. pure shear McKenzie model) or asymmetric and controlled by large scale detachment faulting (simple shear Wernicke model). In both cases rifting is considered as a mono-phase process and breakup is instantaneous resulting in the juxtaposition of continental and oceanic crust. The contact between these two types of crusts is often assumed to be sharp and marked by a first magnetic anomaly; and breakup is considered to be recorded as a major, basin wide unconformity, also referred to as breakup unconformity. These classical models, are currently challenged by new data from deep rifted margins that ask for a revision of these concepts. In this paper, we review the pertinent observations made along the Iberia-Newfoundland conjugate margins, which bear the most complete data set available from deep magma-poor margins. We reevaluate and discuss the polyphase nature of continental rifting, discuss the nature and significance of the different margin domains and show how they document extreme crustal thinning, retardation of subsidence and a complex transition into seafloor spreading. Although our study is limited to the Iberia-Newfoundland margins, comparisons with other margins suggest that the described evolution is probably more common and applicable for a large number of rifted margins. These new results have major implications for plate kinematic reconstructions and invite to rethink the terminology, the processes, and the concepts that have been used to describe continental rifting and breakup of the lithosphere.     

SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of a metagabbro and eclogites from western Dabieshan (Hong''an Block), China, and its tectonic implications

The Tyrrhenian Sea is a Neogene back-arc basin formed by continental extension at the rear of the eastward migrating Apennine subduction system. Its central part, generated from Tortonian to Pliocene, includes the Sardinia rifted margin to the west, an area with large volcanoes in the deep central sector, and the Campania rifted margin to the east. A reprocessing of some 2000 km of MCS lines, a new swath bathymetric map, and a review of previous geological and geophysical data allow to analyse the nature and distribution of continental vs. oceanic crust in this area, which evolved in a short time span.The central portion of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea is characterized by MOHO at about 10 km depth. North of Magnghi and Vavilov Smts, this thinned crustal domain include a wide continent–ocean transition, with the occurrence of extensional allochthons and of serpenitinzed sub-continental mantle, recalling other well known rifted margins, as the Iberia one. Sectors floored by oceanic crust should occur, mainly in the southern part of the study area, but they do not appear related to discrete spreading ridges. The continent–ocean boundary cannot be drawn unequivocally in the area, due also to the occurrence of widespread and huge magmatic manifestations not related to oceanic spreading. These portions of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea represents therefore a complex oceanic back-arc basin surrounded by magma-rich rifted continental margins.The abundant igneous manifestations and the very high stretching rates observed in the area may be related to the fact that the present Tyrrhenian area was occupied by an orogenic domain affected by shortening until middle Miocene times, which is just before the Late Miocene onset of back-arc extension. The lithosphere in the region had then to be rheologically weak. Abundant generation and ascent of magmas, mostly of Ocean Island Basalt type, was favoured by the large lithospheric permeability induced by strong extensional deformations.