混合PRB介质处理渗滤液污染地下水的可行性研究

反应介质的选择是可渗透反应墙(PRB)系统原位处理污染地下水的一个关键问题。本实验采用两种混合介质A(陶粒与活性炭的混合物)和B(沸石与活性炭的混合物),对修复被渗滤液污染的地下水的可行性进行了研究。结果表明,混合介质A和B对CODCr的平均去除率分别达到了71.8%和63.4%;对NH4 的平均去除率分别为13.5%和58.7%;对重金属的去除,反应介质B则优于A。因此,PRB反应介质的选择要根据污染物的性质而定。     

污染地下水原位处理PRB技术研究进展

系统介绍了一种新型地下水污染治理技术,PRB（可渗透反应墙）技术。阐述了PRB的类型、活性材料的选取、反应机理、PRB的构建、应用实例以及存在问题等。并展望了其今后还需深入研究的方向。认为其是一种非常有发展前景的环境污染修复技术。这将为在我国开展该方法的研究和应用打下基础。     

柴油污染地下水修复生物反应墙中功能微生物数量及群落多样性

利用功能微生物、泥炭和含水层介质构建生物反应墙原位修复柴油污染地下水,系统经调试稳定后运行80 d,目标污染物去除率为83.60%~99.85%。运行期结束,采用荧光素-最大或然数和Biolog方法研究了生物墙内不同位置处功能微生物的数量及群落多样性。结果表明：墙体内各处均能保持较高的功能微生物数量,且微生物群落的物种数、丰富度、均一性、碳源利用性以及代谢特征均相似;但随着生物墙深度的增加,功能微生物比例有所下降,微生物群落略显丰富,但均一性略差,碳源利用倾向略微不同。生物反应墙原位修复地下水时,功能微生物能够长期保持较高的数量、较好的降解性能和稳定的群落多样性;但随着墙体深度的增加,营养结构发生了改变,导致微生物群落结构略显不同。     

产电生物可渗透活性反应栅法（ePRB）地下水有机污染物修复研究

产电生物可渗透活性反应栅(ePRB)地下水有机污染物修复的技术原理是在地下水流横截面上以可渗透活性反应栅(PRB)的形式设置阳极性生物载体反应单元,其上附着具有生物产电呼吸功能的生物膜,并在接近地表的位置设置阴极氧还原反应单元;阳极上的微生物通过将有机物等污染物质的电子转移至阳极使有机污染物氧化降解,电子再通过外电路传递至阴极并为阴极上发生的氧气还原反应所接受.通过这一过程,可以通过远距离的曝气使被有机物等污染的地下水得到修复.     

中试尺度下可渗透反应墙位置优化模拟——以铬污染地下水场地为例

可渗透反应墙（PRB）是一种高效的地下水污染原位修复技术。不同水文地质条件下,污染场地墙体位置布设合理性影响其修复效果,而利用地下水数值模拟可实现墙体位置优化。文章以某Cr6+污染地下水场地为例,基于Visual Modflow建立了研究区平面二维稳定流数值模型,并通过模型检验。根据墙体的设计尺寸（长20 m×宽2 m×深12 m）及填充材料的渗透系数（80 m/d）,利用所建模型分别计算了4种布设方案（墙体尺寸大小和填充材料渗透系数相同,布设位置不同）下墙体的捕获区宽度、粒子滞留时间和通过墙体的Cr6+通量。结果表明:4种布设方案模拟的滞留时间和捕获区宽度取值差异性不大,变异系数小于2%;Cr6+通量差别较大,变异系数高达76.32%,主要由地下水中Cr6+浓度空间分布不均引起。对比分析4种方案的各评价指标,方案2求得的捕获区宽度为21.9 m,粒子滞留时间为4.1 d,Cr6+去除量可达127.7 mg/d,可作为最佳布设方案。本研究建立的地下水流数值模型符合场地实际情况,可有效评估PRB截获污染羽的范围和去除目标污染物的能力,为铬渣类污染场地PRB原位修复工程设计与实施提供技术支撑和参考依据。     

考虑淤泥层弹性储水的滨海承压含水层中海潮引起的地下水头波动

综合考虑了海底淤泥层的弹性储水系数、海潮荷载效应和渗透性,对海底露头处具有淤泥层的滨海承压含水层系统中海潮引起的水头波动进行分析,给出了相应的数学模型,并推导出其解析解,讨论了淤泥层弹性储水对于水头波动的影响.分析表明,当淤泥层的厚度或弹性储水系数较小时,或者其渗透性较好时,可以忽略其弹性储水效应,从而把整个淤泥层简化为第三类边界条件来处理.文章还考虑了承压含水层和淤泥层中可能存在的垂向流动,对垂向剖面二维地下水流动方程进行了数值模拟,将二维数值解与忽略垂向流动的一维解析解进行了比较,结果表明该含水层系统的垂向流动是可以被忽略的.     

铬污染土壤和地下水的修复技术研究进展

上海20世纪70年代含铬废水排放量大,其中六价铬毒性大、溶解度高、迁移性强,极易随水淋溶污染地下水系统。开展高效、经济的土壤和地下水中铬污染修复方法的研究,具有重要的现实意义。本文系统地综述了铬污染场地修复技术现状,包括还原稳定、渗透反应墙、电动修复、生物修复等,重点探讨了上海地区污染深度大于4m的低渗透性的铬污染场地电动反应墙联合修复技术的发展趋势。     

PRB技术在地下水污染修复中的研究进展

在综合分析可渗透反应墙（PRB）修复污染技术基础上,提出了存在问题及发展趋势,进而理出需通过深入研究,提高修复系统性能及其可行途径。预计在不远的将来,PRB处理工艺的持续性也同样会有大幅度改进和发展。     

可降解的地表水污染物随机游走改进模式

针对随机游走水质模型仅考虑污染物对流输移、扩散效应而忽略污染物降解作用的缺陷,基于可降解污染物的一级反应动力学假设,对现有的随机游走水质模式进行了改进,建立了考虑自净作用的二维随机游走水质模型.作为模型检验,构造典型案例,将改进的随机游走模型计算结果与二维对流分散方程的解析解进行了对比分析,模拟结果表明改进的随机游走水质模式与解析解具有一致性.改进的随机游走模型具有既可考虑水污染物的降解特性,又能够形象直观地描述污染物迁移特征的优点.     

地下水有机污染处理的渗透性反应墙技术

系统介绍了一种新的地下水污染原位治理方法(渗透性反应墙),具体包括渗透性反应墙的布置形式、介质选取、反应机理、应用现状以及存在问题等.在工程实践中,根据现场的水文地质条件和地下水中有机污染物的特点,可以通过改变反应墙的布置形式来有效地截获羽状体.与传统的抽出-处理系统相比,渗透性反应墙具有处理费用低、使用寿命长等特点,特别对高密度非水溶相液体(DNAPLs)形成的污染羽状体有较好的处理效果.     

某Cr(Ⅵ)污染场地修复的PRB反应材料及结构设计研究

渗透反应格栅(permeable reactive barrier,PRB)在国外被广泛应用于场地尺度的地下水污染修复,因其无须外源动力、不占地面空间、运行成本低等优势在国内受到广泛关注。不同场地水文地质条件、污染物类型、污染羽分布具有差异性,前期场地调查、反应材料的筛选、反应墙尺寸结构的设计对于PRB的有效运行至关重要。本文以PRB修复河南某Cr(Ⅵ)污染场地为例,详细阐述场地调查、材料筛选、材料反应参数确定、PRB结构优化等方面的研究过程及成果,可为后续PRB修复技术的应用提供参考。研究结果表明:PRB修复技术适用于该场地,铸铁与活性炭混合材料为最佳修复材料;反应门长40 m(反应材料厚2 m,上下游分别为2 m厚砾石层),东西两侧隔水墙长为60 m的U型漏斗-门系统型PRB,可有效捕获并修复污染羽,工程成本远低于连续反应墙式PRB,为该场地修复最优PRB结构类型。     

Optimization of a PRB structure with modified chitosan restoring Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater

Hexavalent chromium is a soluble, mobile, and highly toxic metal ion in groundwater. Adsorption by permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) with special sorbent is a common method to remove hexavalent chromium. A series of experiments have been performed to remove hexavalent chromium in groundwater under PRB with modified chitosan. Therefore, in this paper, the authors first estimated adsorption characteristics of the modified chitosan in a column test, and then calibrated the PRB adsorption parameters in a sandbox test, and finally designed an optimal width, length, and depth of the PRB with the same reactive media in a three-dimensional aquifer. The results showed that the modified chitosan might be a potential adsorption medium. The design schemes can meet the water quality standard of 0.1 mg/L Cr(VI). Heterogeneity of dispersion is a crucial factor when designing the PRB. Therefore, the design of the PRB structures can be appropriate and serve as reference for groundwater remediation.     

Analytical closed-form solutions for assessing pumping cycles,times, and costs required for NAPL remediation

An analytical solution is given to evaluate the number and duration of pumping cycles required for the remediation by pumping of contaminants, both single component and multi-component non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), when no free product is present in the system. The method can be applied in a homogenous medium if the contamination zones have been delineated and residual total NAPL concentrations assessed. Based on the principle of the NAPL partitioning in unsaturated or saturated porous media, analytical closed-form solutions are provided for both cases of remediation by pumping in saturated and unsaturated conditions: “pump-and-treat” and “soil vapor extraction”. In each case we determine the number of pumping cycles required to reach the residual required concentration of NAPL (for example, according to health-based standards), considering one or more chemicals simultaneously present in an aquifer. The method requires information on the aquifer saturation state and the properties of the chemicals of interest. Calculations are based on the assumption of equilibrium partitioning of chemicals between the pore water, the soil solids, and the soil gas (in the case of unsaturated conditions), and no presence of a NAPL phase.     

可渗透反应墙处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

文章以垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,分别用铁粉、改性膨润土、活性炭及其混合物为反应介质,设计4种不同介质配比的PRB反应器进行实验研究。结果表明,PRB对垃圾渗滤液有较好的处理效果,其中,以还原铁粉、改性膨润土为介质的反应器,对氨氮的去除效率最大为97.58%,以还原铁粉、活性炭为介质的反应器对COD的去除效率为84.87%,对总磷的去除效率最大为80%。     

Clamshell excavation of a permeable reactive barrier

Nowadays, permeable reactive barriers (PRB) are one of the most widespread techniques for the remediation of contaminated aquifers. Over the past 10 years, the use of iron-based PRBs has evolved from innovative to accepted standard practice for the treatment of a variety of groundwater contaminants (ITRC in: Permeable reactive barriers: lessons learned/new directions. The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council, Permeable Reactive Barriers Team 2005). Although, a variety of excavation methods have been developed, backhoe excavators are often used for the construction of PRBs. The aim of this study is to describe the emplacement of a full-scale PRB and the benefits deriving from the use of a crawler crane equipped with a hydraulic grab (also known as clamshell excavator) in the excavation phases. The studied PRB was designed to remediate a chlorinated hydrocarbons plume at an old industrial landfill site, in Avigliana, near the city of Torino, in Italy. The continuous reactive barrier was designed to be 120 m long, 13 m deep, and 0.6 m thick. The installation of the barrier was accomplished using a clamshell for the excavation of the trench and a guar-gum slurry to support the walls. The performance of this technique was outstanding and allowed the installation of the PRB in 7 days. The degree of precision of the excavation was very high because of the intrinsic characteristics of this excavation tool and of the use of a concrete curb to guide the hydraulic grab. Moreover, the adopted technique permitted a saving of bioslurry thus minimizing the amount of biocide required.     

An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered system and its applications

An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered media is derived regarding the change of the concentration of contaminants at the top boundary with time. The model accounts for the arbitrary initial conditions and the conditions of zero concentration and zero mass flux on the bottom boundary. The average degree of diffusion of the layered system is introduced on the basis of the solution. The results obtained by the presented analytical solutions agree well with those obtained by the numerical methods presented in the literature papers. The application of the analytical solution to the problem of landfill liner design is illustrated by considering a composite liner consisting of geomembrane and compacted clay liner. The results show that the 100-year mass flux of benzene at the bottom of the composite liner is 45 times higher than that of acetone for the same composite liner. The half-life of the contaminant has a great influence on the solute flux of benzene diffused into the underlying aquifer. Results also indicates that an additional 2.9–5.0 m of the conventional (untreated) compacted clay liner under the geomembrane is required to achieve the same level of protection as provided by 0.60 m of the Hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-treated compacted clay liners in conjunction with the geomembrane. Applications of the solution are also presented in the context of a contaminated two-layered media to demonstrate that different boundary and initial conditions can greatly affect the decontamination rate of the problem. The method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for performing equivalency analysis of landfill liners, preliminary design of groundwater remediation system, evaluating experimental results, and verifying more complex numerical models.     

Heat extraction from aquifer geothermal systems

This study aims to model temperature distributions in an aquifer thermal extraction (ATE) system that contains a single extraction well in a thin confined aquifer. The aquifer is bounded by hot dry rocks with different thermomechanical properties and thicknesses. Based on the heat convection–conduction equation, a mathematical model is developed to describe the spatial and temporal temperature distributions of the ATE systems. The mechanisms of heat transfer in the model involve horizontal convection and thermal conduction in the aquifer, and vertical thermal conduction in both rocks. A semi‐analytical solution in dimensionless form is developed using the Laplace transform technique and its corresponding time‐domain result is computed by the modified Crump method. In addition, the steady‐state solution is obtained by applying the final value theorem. The simulation results from the semi‐analytical solution indicate that the aquifer temperature distributions are affected by aquifer thickness, the thermomechanical properties of the aquifer and rocks, geothermal gradient, outer boundary temperatures of the rocks, extraction rate, and operating time. The present solution can be used as a preliminary tool for assessing heat extraction efficiency in ATE systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Permeable Reactive Barrier for Groundwater Pollution Remediation: An Review

As an in situ, simple and passive technology, Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) is becoming widely used in groundwater remediation. Based on its definition and development process, the development of PRB can be divided into two stages: The traditional zero-valent iron PRB before 2000 and the PRB composed of novel mixed media after 2000. With the rapid worsening of groundwater pollution, the increasing application of PRB and the rapid development of materials science, the development of PRB technology in future will be mainly focused on the investigation of mixed and novel media, the design of mixed PRBs, the combination of PRB technology with other remediation technology, and the long term monitoring and management of PRB projects.     

A generalized solution for groundwater head fluctuation in a tidal leaky aquifer system

A new analytical solution is developed for describing groundwater level fluctuations in a coupled leaky confined aquifer system which consists of an unconfined aquifer, confined aquifer, and an aquitard in between. The aquifer system has a tidal boundary at the seashore, a no flow boundary at remote inland side, and a confined aquifer extending under the sea and terminated with an outlet-capping. This new solution has shown to be a generalisation of most existing analytical solutions for a tidal aquifer system which includes single confined and leaky confined aquifers. In addition, the solution is used to explore the influences of the dimensionless leakance of the outlet-capping, the dimensionless hydraulic diffusivities, and the leakages of the inland and offshore aquitards on the head responses in the leaky confined aquifer.     

Determination of the parameter pattern and values for a one-dimensional multi-zone unconfined aquifer

In an aquifer, heterogeneity plays an important role in governing groundwater flow. Hence, aquifer characterization should involve both the pattern and values of the hydrogeological parameters. A new analytical solution describing the one-dimensional groundwater flow in a multi-zone unconfined aquifer is presented, and a methodology developed from the analytical solution and a heuristic approach for determining the pattern and values of the aquifer parameters are proposed. The analytical solution demonstrates that the hydraulic head varies spatially and is influenced by aquifer heterogeneity. Simulated annealing, a heuristic approach, is incorporated with the solution to simultaneously identify the pattern and values of the hydraulic conductivity for a horizontal multi-zone unconfined aquifer. This approach may be used to give an approximate result for a two-dimensional problem by dividing the model area into a number of transects along the transverse direction, identifying the parameter values along the longitudinal direction for each transect, and then smoothing the identified results.