华北平原固城站NO2对流层柱浓度变化特征

基于2008年9月—2010年9月河北固城生态与农业气象试验站多轴差分吸收光谱仪 (multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy, MAX-DOAS) 获得的太阳散射光谱观测,反演计算该地区NO₂对流层柱浓度,分析其季节、日变化特征以及不同来源输送的影响,并与同期NO₂地面观测资料和卫星产品进行对比分析。发现固城站NO₂对流层柱浓度冬高 (5.14×1016 cm-2) 夏低 (1.28×1016 cm-2);日变化形态在四季均呈现中午低、傍晚高的特征,且冬季最明显。与北京城市区域同期的观测相比,冬季固城站观测值略低,而在春、夏季则偏低较显著。地面风玫瑰图分析显示,来自SW, SSW, NE方向及ENE方向的污染输送对其贡献最大。与地面、卫星NO₂观测的对比表明,MAX-DOAS反演的NO₂柱浓度与地面观测浓度具有一致的季节和日变化特征,卫星反演的NO₂对流层柱浓度产品在华北平原农村地区存在系统性低估。     

大气NO2柱浓度多轴差分吸收光谱测量技术及应用

介绍了以太阳散射光为光源的多轴差分吸收光谱技术（Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy,简称MAX-DOAS）,以及MAX-DOAS仪器试验应用.试验中选取中午仪器测量的天顶散射光光谱为参考光谱即Fraunhofer参考光谱,并将测量光谱进行消噪、波长校准以及去除Fraunhofer结构处理.利用分子吸收光学厚度和Ring效应光学厚度对处理后的测量光谱进行最小二乘法拟合,反演出了大气NO2差分斜柱浓度（Differential Slant Column Densities,简称DSCD）.分析了天津武清NO2的差分斜柱浓度反演结果,用简单快捷的几何法将NO2差分斜柱浓度转化成对流层垂直柱浓度（Vertical Column Densities,简称VCD）.研究表明,MAX-DOAS可以有效地监测污染地区对流层NO2的垂直柱浓度.     

激光雷达反演边界层高度方法评估及在北京的应用

边界层高度是影响大气边界层发展和空气污染程度的重要因子,是环境和气候研究的重要参数。本文利用激光雷达对北京地区2011年5月至2012年4月的边界层高度进行探测分析,采用小波协方差方法反演边界层高度,评估了该方法的适用性。得到基于小波协方差方法自动判断边界层高度的最优参数组合,激光雷达与飞机探测结果对比一致性较好;与探空结果相关系数0.88,激光雷达反演的边界层高度略偏高。当激光雷达的垂直分辨率为30 m时,更加适合北京地区的步长和阈值分别为210 m和0.05;当激光雷达的垂直分辨率为15 m时,步长和阈值分别为135 m和0.05。分析期间,不同季节边界层高度日变化有明显的不同,夏季14:00（北京时）左右达到最高,较高的边界层高度可维持3~4 h,平均可达1.30 km;冬季较高边界层高度只能维持2 h左右,平均为1.08 km。有云与无云天气边界层日变化特征以及边界层高度存在显著的差异,云的存在减少了到达地面的直接辐射,抑制了湍流的发展,进一步抑制了边界层的发展;本文也将激光雷达反演边界层高度结果应用于观测时期边界层高度与地面污染的关系研究中,统计得到边界层高度与PM2.5浓度的相关系数为－0.340。     

BJ-RUC系统对北京夏季边界层的预报性能评估

以北京市观象台2010年8月、2011年8月每日3次 (08:00, 14:00, 20:00,北京时,下同) L波段探空秒间隔数据为实况,对BJ-RUC系统 (rapid updated cycle system for the Beijing area) 分析和预报边界层性能进行了初步评估。结果表明:BJ-RUC系统对北京地区夏季白天边界层的细致特征具有较好的预报能力,但也存在明显的系统性误差。08:00边界层偏冷; 14:00和20:00 1 km以下的边界层则显著偏暖, 边界层内明显偏湿。整体上模式对边界层内温度、湿度的预报误差均高于自由大气。该系统对北京地区边界层内早晨 (08:00) 从夜间山风向白天谷风环流过渡、午后 (14:00) 到日落后 (20:00)1500 m以下盛行西南偏南气流的日变化特征具有较强的预报能力。系统预报的14:00边界层顶高度与评估时段内实际对流边界层高度的变化趋势一致。但预报的对流边界层顶偏高,这与BJ-RUC系统采用YSU边界层参数化方案的垂直混合更强有关。     

Accurate Derivation of Total and Stratospheric Vertical Columns of NO2 from Ground-Based Zenith-Sky Measurements

A new method for retrieving the vertical profile of NO2 from ground-based measurements is applied to four months of measurements made at Aberdeen (57°N) during part of SESAME from November 1994 to April 1995. The retrieval method is shown to be an invaluable tool both for deriving the true NO2 vertical column and for removing the tropospheric contribution to the vertical column. This dramatically reduces the effects of tropospheric pollution in the observations and enables a more appropriate comparison with stratospheric 3-D model results. The comparison confirms the accuracy of the model's transport and its reactive nitrogen photochemistry, although there are some detailed discrepancies.     

基于微波辐射计和气溶胶激光雷达的边界层高度研究及应用

分别基于微波辐射计温湿度廓线资料的气块法、位温法和比湿法,地面气象资料的罗氏法及气溶胶激光雷达数据的梯度法,计算得出广州地区大气边界层高度,对比分析5种边界层高度结果及其与气象条件、空气质量之间的关系,结合典型大气污染过程分析边界层高度对PM_2.5、O₃浓度的影响。结果显示：(1)利用位温法、气块法、罗氏法、比湿法和梯度法计算得出广州地区平均边界层高度分别为2 207 m、1 239 m、901 m、717 m和660 m,位温法显著高估了广州地区的边界层高度;(2)利用气块法得出的混合层高度日变化能够较好地表征白天大气边界层演变特征,利用气块法和比湿法得出的白天混合层高度与近地面O₃浓度有显著的正相关关系,相关系数在0.5以上,在O₃污染防治中,应同时考虑边界层内垂直输送的影响;(3)利用梯度法得出的边界层高度在污染天气时与PM_2.5浓度的相关性较好,能较好地表现出大气污染情况,在PM_2.5污染天气过程分析中具有较好的应用价值。     

冷锋天气大气边界层内臭氧及 氮氧化物的观测研究

利用北京325 m气象塔作为高空平台,于1997年10月观测到一次冷锋过程大气边界层内O3及NOx体积分数的变化,研究了O3及NOx体积分数与气象要素之间的关系,着重讨论了冷锋过境前后O3及NOx的体积分数变化及其与输送过程的关系。研究表明:北京大气边界层中下层存在明显的O3体积分数垂直梯度,O3的垂直输送与风速及温度梯度密切相关。冷锋过程有利于高层O3向低层输送,使O3体积分数垂直梯度明显减小,并使NOx体积分数显著降低。     

Atmospheric Aerosol Characterization Over Naples During 2000–2003 EARLINET Project: Planetary Boundary-Layer Evolution and Layering

The evolution of the planetary boundary layer and the influence of local circulation phenomena over Naples (southern Italy, 40.838° N, 14.183° E, 118 m above sea level) have been studied by systematic lidar measurements of aerosol optical properties and vertical distributions carried out from May 2000 to August 2003, in the course of the EARLINET project. In particular, our data show the development of aerosol layers typically located in the range between 1,000 and 2,300 m, with variable thickness. The optical properties of the observed layers have been determined. In order to analyse the evolution of the planetary boundary layer, detailed observations of complete diurnal cycles have also been performed. The analysis of lidar measurements of vertical profiles of wind speed and wind direction and air mass back-trajectories allowed us to characterize the sea-breeze circulation influence on both the planetary boundary-layer evolution and the observed aerosol vertical distribution.     

Comparing mixing-length models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain

Models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain for the entire atmospheric boundary layer are developed using mixing-length theory and are compared to wind speed observations up to 300 m at the National Test Station for Wind Turbines at Høvsøre, Denmark. The measurements are performed within a wide range of atmospheric stability conditions, which allows a comparison of the models with the average wind profile computed in seven stability classes, showing a better agreement than compared to the traditional surface-layer wind profile. The wind profile is measured by combining cup anemometer and lidar observations, showing good agreement at the overlapping heights. The height of the boundary layer, a parameter required for the wind profile models, is estimated under neutral and stable conditions using surface-layer turbulence measurements, and under unstable conditions based on the aerosol backscatter profile from ceilometer observations.     

Tropospheric NO2 Columns over Northeastern North America： Comparison of CMAQ Model Simulations with GOME Satellite Measurements

We present comparisons of the NO2 regional Chemical Transport Model （CTM） simulations over North-eastern North America during the time period from May to September, 1998 with hourly surface NO2 observations and the NO2 columns retrieved from the GOME （Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment） satellite instrument. The model calculations were performed using the Mesoscale Meteorological Model 5 （MM5）, Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissions （SMOKE）, and Community Multiscale Air Quality （CMAQ） modeling systems, using the emission data from the National Emissions Inventory （NEI） databases of 1996 （U.S.） and 1995 （Canada）. The major objectives were to assess the performance of the CMAQ model and the accuracy of the emissions inventories as they affected the simulations of this important short-lived atmospheric species. The modeled （NcMAQ） and measured （NGOME） NO2 column amounts, as well as their temporal variations, agreed reasonably well. The absolute differences （NcMAQ-NGOME） across the domain were between ±3.0×10^15 molecules cm^-2, but they were less than ±1.0×10^15 molecules cm^-2 over the majority （80%） of the domain studied. The overall correlation coefficient between the measurements and the simulations was 0.75. The differences were mainly ascribed to a combination of inaccurate emission data for the CTM and the uncertainties in the GOME retrievals. Of these, the former were the more easily identifiable.     

Turbulent diffusivity and diurnal variations in the atmospheric boundary layer

Diurnal variations of the vertical profiles of wind and temperature have been surveyed, and the diffusivity and the dimensionless gradient function in the atmospheric boundary layer have been estimated. Even in the middle of the atmospheric boundary layer (e.g., below a height of 442 m), the vertical wind profile normalized by the surface friction velocity has approximately a universal profile function different from that in the surface boundary layer. Under strong stability conditions, the dimensionless gradient function has a value of about 9.     

Aircraft study of aerosol vertical distributions over Beijing and their optical properties

A set of 152 vertical profiles of aerosol number concentration and size distribution with diameter ranging from 0.12 to 3.0 μm observed by the airborne optical spectrometer probe in Beijing, China, between February 2005 and September 2006 is analysed and discussed. The statistic of aerosol number concentration ( N _a) reveals a high aerosol number density in this region with average surface level number concentration ( N ₀) of about 6600 cm⁻³ (0.12–3.0 μm). The average vertical profile of N _a approximately satisfies an exponential decline function with a scale height of 1419 m. The N _a profiles are influenced by the structures of planetary boundary layer (PBL) significantly and two typical types of N _a profile under different conditions of PBL are presented and parametrized in this study. The observations of aerosol size distribution show that, in most cases the aerosol size distributions are not very sensitive to altitude, with effective radii ranging from 0.16 to 0.28 μm. Comparison between aircraft-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-derived AOD shows good agreement. The Mie model calculations suggest that the surface level number concentration, the PBL height and the structure of PBL can influence the AOD significantly.     

北京地区低空风、温度层结对大气污染物垂直分布影响初探

2001年1月5～12日,2月21日～3月1日两次在北京方庄居住小区内进行了大气污染物(二氧化硫、氮氧化物)与气象要素垂直探测,历时16天.共获取了83次(一天8次)边界层垂直温、压、湿、风连续的探空资料以及不同高度(地面、100m、500m)逐时大气污染物浓度监测数据306个.该文分析了低空风日变化规律、时空分布规律、边界层气象条件对污染物垂直分布影响等等;并对1月12日、2月27日两天高浓度污染目的天气特征、温度层结和低空风以及2月25～26日出现100m浓度值高于地面现象都进行了详细分析.观测结果对于了解和研究北京地区冬季低层空气中环境化学污染物质在空中的垂直分布情况及随时间变化规律具有重要的参考价值.     

北京冬季低层大气O3垂直分布观测结果的研究

给出了2001年2月26～28日在北京市方庄小区用系留气艇观测大气边界层O3垂直分布的结果.结合相关资料,对边界层O3的变化机制进行了初步分析.研究表明,冬季边界层O3主要受边界层气象条件、尤其是逆温层的影响比较大.在逆温层以下O3都维持极低值分布,超过仪器所能观测的最低极限.在逆温层向自由大气过渡的高度区域,O3浓度明显的梯度变化与风速垂直切变有关.观测还表明冬季城市市区大量排放的氮氧化物、水汽参与的化学反应是影响边界层O3变化的重要因素.     

温江站夏季大气边界层垂直结构特征

利用温江观测站边界层塔和探空获取的观测资料,从地表物理量的日变化、边界层的垂直结构及逐日变化这些方面分析该站夏季边界层特征,得到以下结论:(1)地表各物理量都具有明显的日变化特征,呈现一峰一谷的演变状态,其中地表热通量、动量通量、气温以及风速的峰值皆出现在午后,谷值出现在凌晨,湿度与气温日变化是反位相的。(2)近地层低层大气气温在早晚时段,随高度的增加而上升,呈逆温状态;午间时段随高度的增加而下降。9 m以下大气在午后的比湿梯度最大。风速值随着高度的增高而增大,风切变随着高度的增高而减小。(3)探空观测的边界层垂直结构显示:夏季温江站早晚边界层大气层结稳定,而午后表现为典型的混合边界层特征。大气温/湿度差异随高度增长而降低,各个时次温/湿度的差异都主要集中边界层低层,越靠近地面大气温/湿度差异越突出。8:00的温度最低,14:00最高。14:00的大气比湿最小,2:00和20:00较大。近地层风速随高度增长较快,在离地2~300 m左右高度达到一个极值,4个时次的风速差异不大。(4)地表温度、短波辐射、感热通量对边界层的高度和降水都有一定的影响。     

基于风廓线雷达的广东登陆台风边界层高度特征研究

针对8个登陆广东省的热带气旋,利用经过数据质量控制的风廓线雷达连续、高时空分辨率的风场观测数据,对热带气旋边界层特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:热带气旋边界层中切向风速大值区垂直范围越大、风速越强、持续时间越久,则热带气旋强度越大、登陆后强度维持时间越久。眼区外入流层厚度越大,入流层气流越强,热带气旋登陆后强度维持时间则越久。风廓线雷达信噪比垂直梯度对大气湍流信息有一定的指示作用,对于入流层高度在2000 m以下的热带气旋,其入流层顶所在高度与信噪比梯度最大值所在高度相近,对于入流层较为深厚的热带气旋,用信噪比垂直梯度确定的边界层高度虽接近入流层顶高,但仍有一定差距。不同特点的热带气旋其边界层高度并不相同,对于登陆后强度迅速减弱的热带气旋边界层高度在500~1000 m;登陆后强度持续时间短的热带气旋,其边界层高度约1000~2000 m;登陆后强度持续时间长的热带气旋,其边界层高度在2000 m之上,最高可达5000~7000 m。这些结果加深了对登陆台风边界层高度演变特征的认识。     

偏离度法确定济南夏季对流边界层高度研究

利用济南站边界层风廓线雷达（简称WPR）观测资料,对大气折射率结构常数（简称C_n²）确定对流边界层高度（简称CBLH）的技术难点进行了研究,通过对实测C_n²数据廓线进行求导变换突出其变量特征,提出了一种确定CBLH的方法,即e指数拟合曲线的偏离度法。结果表明：经案例分析和与实测对比,证实其判断的结果与L探空实测虚位温梯度法、湿度梯度法等的判断结果总体一致,平均值分别与后两者结果相差+10.4 m、-21.8 m,最小值差-70 m、-120 m,最大值差+50 m、+80 m,与后两者的相关系数分别达0.988、0.980。不同方法对比表明,31组样本中有7组的极大值法判断结果与偏离度法、虚位温梯度法存在较大差异,在CBLH判别时偏离度法总体优于极大值法。偏离度法能够将夏季CBLH确定结果的绝对误差降至近似WPR垂直分辨率水平。     

峨眉山地区近地层微气象特征研究

基于2019年12月至2020年11月峨眉山站梯度塔资料、辐射观测资料和地表通量资料,采用涡动相关法对峨眉山地区近地层的地表通量和蒸散发量的变化进行分析,并估算了零平面位移、空气动力粗糙度、空气热力粗糙度、动量通量输送系数和感热通量输送系数等重要的空气动力学和热力学参数.研究表明:近地面风速呈现高层高、低层低的特征,且...     

Incorporation of planetary boundary layer dynamics in a numerical model of long-range air-pollutant transport

In this paper, measurements of the first 150 m of the atmospheric boundary layer obtained by a high-frequency acoustic mini-sounder are compared with measurements obtained by a full complement of instruments including sonic anemometers mounted on the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory tower. The acoustic mini-sounder, starting as low as 6 m from the ground, measures in the monostatic mode the profiles of the vertical wind speed, w, and of the temperature structure parameter, C _T ² with enhanced height resolution of the order of 1 m and time resolution of the order of 30 s. The results of the comparison show that the high-frequency mini-sounder is an effective atmospheric boundary-layer profiler that is also portable and relatively inexpensive. Measurements of the spectrum of C _T ² are presented that provide information on the local isotropy of the temperature field. Statistics of the variability of C _T ² in both stable and unstable conditions are also given. The sounder's capabilities are further demonstrated by some detailed observations of the structure and time evolution of a thermal plume root at noon and of a nocturnal, stably stratified layer in which a dynamic instability develops. The plume starts at a height of less than 5 m, possesses substantial internal structure, and includes vertical velocities in excess of 2 m s^-1.