An Observational Study on the Local Climate Effect of the Shangyi Wind Farm in Hebei Province

Zhangjiakou is an important wind power base in Hebei Province, China. The impact of its wind farms on the local climate is controversial. Based on long-term meteorological data from 1981 to 2018, we investigated the effects of the Shangyi Wind Farm (SWF) in Zhangjiakou on air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and precipitation using the anomaly or ratio method between the impacted weather station and the non-impacted background weather station. The influence of the SWF on land surface temperature (LST) and evapotranspiration (ET) using MODIS satellite data from 2003 to 2018 was also explored. The results showed that the SWF had an atmospheric warming effect at night especially in summer and autumn (up to 0.95°C). The daytime air temperature changes were marginal, and their signs were varying depending on the season. The annual mean wind speed decreased by 6％, mainly noted in spring and winter (up to 14％). The precipitation and relative humidity were not affected by the SWF. There was no increase in LST in the SWF perhaps due to the increased vegetation coverage unrelated to the wind farms, which canceled out the wind farm-induced land surface warming and also resulted in an increase in ET. The results showed that the impact of wind farms on the local climate was significant, while their impact on the regional climate was slight.     

Adaptive Wind Gust and Associated Gust-factor Model for the Gust-producing Weather over the Northern South China Sea

Wind gusts are common environmental hazards that can damage buildings, bridges, aircraft, and cruise ships and interrupt electric power distribution, air traffic, waterway transport and port operations. Accurately predicting peak wind gusts in numerical models is essential for saving lives and preventing economic losses. This study investigates the climatology of peak wind gusts and their associated gust factors(GFs) using observations in the coastal and open ocean of the northern South China Se...     

大连地区阵风系数特征分析

利用2015年5月至2020年4月辽宁省大连地区9个国家气象站、2017年165个区域气象站逐10 min测风资料,从风向、风级、月际变化、日变化、空间分布和天气影响系统等对大连地区最大、平均、最小阵风系数进行统计分析。结果表明：1—12月平均阵风系数的变化范围为1.66～1.77,秋末冬初平均阵风系数偏大,春夏季节偏小;与冷空气相对应风向的平均阵风系数大于与暖空气相对应的风向;随着风级的增大,最大、最小阵风系数向平均阵风系数收敛;不同风级下阵风系数的频率分布均呈单峰型分布,风级越大,分布范围越窄。除西南风外,其他风向的阵风系数均表现出白天大、夜间小的特点。大连地区阵风系数具有明显的地域特点,东南和西北部沿海区域的阵风系数比内陆和西南沿海偏小,风向基本不影响阵风系数的空间分布。大连的大风过程多受海上气旋和高压前部双系统共同影响,气旋、台风以及雷暴大风的平均阵风系数大于同风级的平均值。     

Numerical weather prediction over the Eastern Caribbean using Florida State University (FSU) global and regional spectral models and multi-model/multi-analysis super-ensemble

Summary A month-long short-range numerical weather prediction experiment using the Florida State University’s (FSU) global and regional models and the multi-model/multi-analysis super-ensemble over the Eastern Caribbean domain is presented in this paper. The paper also investigates weather prediction capabilities of FSU global and regional models by examining the root mean square errors (RMSE) for the wind and precipitation fields. Super-ensemble forecasting, a new statistical approach to weather forecasting, is used over this domain. Here, forecasts from a number of numerical models provide the input and statistical combinations of these forecasts produce the super-ensemble forecast. A similar approach is used for the precipitation field where one model using different rain rate algorithms is used to generate different model outputs. The results show that the super-ensemble method produces forecasts that are superior to those obtained from the ensemble members. Received May 29, 2000/Revised February 15, 2001     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF AN EXTREME RAINSTORM OVER THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION ON 7 MAY 2017 BASED ON WRF-ENKF

An ensemble Kalman filter based on the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-EnKF) is used to explore the effectiveness of the assimilation of surface observation data in an extreme local rainstorm over the Pearl River Delta region on 7 May 2017. Before the occurrence of rainstorm, the signals of weather forecasts in this case are too weak to be predicted by numerical weather model, but the surface temperature over the urban area are high. The results of this study show that the wind field, temperature, and water vapor are obviously adjusted by assimilating surface data of 10-m wind, 2-m temperature, and 2-m water vapor mixing ratio at 2300 BST 6 May, especially below the height of 2 km. The southerly wind over the Pearl River Delta region is enhanced, and the convergence of wind over the northern Guangzhou city is also enhanced. Additionally, temperature, water vapor mixing ratio and pseudoequivalent potential temperature are obviously increased over the urban region, providing favorable conditions for the occurrence of heavy precipitation. After assimilation, the predictions of 12-h rainfall amount, temperature, and relative humidity are significantly improved, and the rainfall intensity and distribution in this case can be successfully reproduced. Moreover, sensitivity tests suggest that the assimilation of 2-m temperature is the key to predict this extreme rainfall and just assimilating data of surface wind or water vapor is not workable, implying that urban heat island effect may be an important factor in this extreme rainstorm.     

冬季高海拔复杂地形下GRAPES Meso要素预报的检验评估

利用GRAPES(Globe/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)对2010年温哥华奥运会6个场馆气温、相对湿度、风及降水量的预报结果,采用预报准确率、平均误差、平均绝对误差、Alpha Index、TS和ETS评分等统计量对其进行了较详细的评估。结果表明:GRAPESMeso预报相对湿度的准确率最高,且随预报时效的增加,其变化趋于稳定。起初模式对相对湿度的预报偏干,之后逐渐变为预报偏湿;气温预报偏低;风速预报偏大。逐日各要素预报检验结果表明,气温的变化幅度最小;各级降水检验发现,晴雨预报的TS评分最高,且随降水增大,ETS评分逐渐接近TS。与其他模式预报结果对比发现,GRAPES-Meso对复杂地形下要素预报还存在一定的不足。本研究还发现,模式存在一定的系统误差,若能有效订正其误差,将有助于改进模式预报。     

超强台风“威马逊”（1409）强度和降水特征及其近海急剧加强原因

利用常规观测资料以及海南省中尺度自动站资料、海口多普勒雷达产品、FY系列卫星云图和NECP 1°×1°再分析资料,分析了2014年第9号超强台风＂威马逊＂（1409）在海南岛登陆前后其强度和降水特征及其近海急剧加强的原因。结果表明：＂威马逊＂登陆海南省文昌市翁田镇时强度维持或略有减弱,登陆前其中心附近极大风速超过74 m·s-1,最低海平面气压899.2 h Pa,为1949年建国以来登陆我国大陆最强台风;＂威马逊＂从7月18日10时到当日15时登陆文昌前的5 h内,其中心附近最大风速增大了5 m·s-1,最低气压下降了20 h Pa,其超强台风量级从18日11时开始维持时间达17 h;＂威马逊＂眼壁回波造成的海南北部地区强降水具有降水效率高、对流发展不够强盛的混合性降水特征,而其螺旋雨带＂列车效应＂造成的海南西部地区极值降水则具有典型的对流性降水特征;西太平洋副热带高压、低空急流、西风槽和南亚高压是＂威马逊＂近海持续加强的主要影响系统;低层辐合与高层辐散、弱的环境风垂直切变和适宜的海面温度、深厚的暖涡是＂威马逊＂近海急剧加强的原因。     

SVM方法在热带气旋风雨及温度预报中的应用

热带气旋的强弱和移动路径会直接影响到周围大气中气压、温度、露点等气象要素的变化.为更好地了解热带气旋对海口市的影响,通过收集影响海口市热带气旋关键因子,建立热带气旋风雨影响预报因子库,基于SVM方法对热带气旋在过程降水量、最大风速和平均温度进行趋势预报.结果表明,该方法对影响海口市热带气旋的过程降水量、最大风速和平均温度都有较好的预测效果,但对于超过15 m/s的最大风速和200 mm以上降水量级上存在一定的偏差,这可能与SVM模式中预报因子库中关键因子不全及模式的择中原理使结果趋于平均化相关.     

浙江省几种灾害性大风近地面阵风系数特征

阵风特性研究是大风预报和服务的基础。基于2011-2013年浙江省自动气象站逐日逐10 min测风资料,分析了浙江省陆地和近海海面冷空气、热带气旋和强对流大风的阵风系数特征。结果表明:冷空气和热带气旋大风阵风系数空间分布基本相同,大风主要发生在近海海面和沿海地区,海面阵风系数一般小于1.5,等值线平行于海岸线且自西向东逐渐减小,陆地阵风系数一般大于2.0,山区可超过3.0,表现出地形对阵风系数的增强作用。强对流大风阵风系数明显高于业务规范平均值,发生地点遍及浙江省各地,但发生概率超过10%的站点主要位于沿海地区和近海海面。风向基本不影响阵风系数空间分布。冷空气和热带气旋站点阵风系数与海拔高度有较高正相关性。模糊聚类分析发现:浙江省400 m以上山区站与70 m以下的低海拔站点在阵风系数特征上分属不同空间类型;基于逐步回归建立站点阵风系数预报模型,检验表明:模糊聚类可帮助提高模型阵风系数预报能力。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

降水时风廓线雷达风场反演效果评估

风廓线雷达（wind profile radar,WPR）因具有高时空分辨率特点,成为当前短时临近预报的重要参考工具。降水时WPR同时接收大气湍流回波和降水粒子散射回波,现有技术不能有效分离叠加在一起的湍流信号和降水信号,导致降水期间风廓线雷达反演的风场数据严重缺失或失真。根据风廓线雷达探测技术原理及降水天气的功率谱特点,提出了降水天气时风廓线雷达湍流信号提取方法（WPR-HW）,并选取2015—2018年天津10次降水过程对WPR-HW方法进行模式检验及个例效果评估。结果表明:WPR-HW方法对改善降水期间风廓线雷达风场数据缺失问题效果明显,在选取的10次降水过程中,目前通用的风廓线雷达风场反演方法（WIND）风场数据平均缺失率为25.4%,WPR-HW方法未出现风场数据缺失现象;WPR-HW方法较WIND方法反演风场数据可信度有显著提高,反演数据与再分析数据的风速均方根误差由WIND方法的2.3 m·s-1降至WPR-HW方法的1.6 m·s-1,风向均方根误差由WIND方法的45°降至WPR-HW方法的22°,从而验证WPR-HW方法在降水期间适用。     

“20110809”石家庄西部大暴雨分析

利用雷达、自动站和GPS可降水量等高时空分辨率加密观测资料,对石家庄一次局地大暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明：在高温高湿的大气环境下,弱切变线的西摆北伸是此次强对流天气过程出现的触发机制和预报难点,切变线位置是造成石家庄西部大暴雨的主要环流背景;强降水出现前大气水汽含量快速积累,GPS可降水量突升且存在着两个峰值,其中最大值刚好对应降水开始时间,次大值提前于降水出现时间16 h。强降水回波缘于主体回波、阵风锋以及新生回波的合并发展加强,CR、VIL和ET峰值分别达61 dBz、55 kg·m^-2和17 km。在高温高湿的大气环境下,新生发展的回波、阵风锋、速度图上辐合、气旋或逆风区等都可以预示强对流天气发展。     

2011~2013年中国冻雨、冻毛毛雨和冻雾的特征分析

研究冰冻天气的特征对于更好的认识冰冻天气,提高此类天气的预警预报能力,从而达到防灾减灾有重要意义。利用2011~2013年间中国民航机场的一小时或半小时一次的例行观测和特殊观测资料,分析了冻雨、冻毛毛雨和冻雾天气的时空分布、持续时间和气象条件等特征。研究结果表明:我国大部分地区均会发生冰冻天气。冻雨和冻毛毛雨的频发区与其持续时间较长区比较一致,而冻雾的少发区,其持续时间也可能较长。我国冰冻天气最容易在冬季(12~2月)发生,在1月出现的比例最高;在凌晨[00~07时(当地时间,下同)]出现频率相对较高,午后(13~14时)出现频率最低。一次冰冻天气的持续时间一般不超过2个小时。温度在-3~-1℃,露点温度在-4~-1℃,温度露点差在0~1℃时冰冻天气发生的频率最大。出现冰冻天气时的风向以东北风和北风为主,而平均风速在2~3.9 m s-1时冻雨和冻毛毛雨发生的频率最大。我国冻雨和冻毛毛雨发生时,同时常会有雾或轻雾;冻雾出现时,一般不会伴随其他天气。     

山西省沙尘天气的气候成因分析

文中的研究对象为山西省的沙尘日数,气象资料站点18个。对与沙尘事件关系较为密切的地面气象要素包括降水、温度、风、湿度、蒸发量作了详细的相关分析和对比分析,得出在温度偏高、湿度较大、风力偏弱、蒸发量不大的年份,少沙尘天气;风要素是影响沙尘天气最为直接、最优相关的因子。     

Organizational Modes and Environmental Conditions of the Severe Convective Weathers Produced by the Mesoscale Convective Systems in South China

Composite radar reflectivity data during April-September 2011-2015 are used to investigate and classify storms in south China(18-27°N; 105^-120°E). The storms appear most frequently in May. They are either linear; cellular or nonlinear systems, taking up 29.45%, 24.51% and 46.04%, respectively, in terms of morphology. Linear systems are subdivided into six morphologies: trailing stratiform precipitation(TS), bow echoes(BE), leading stratiform precipitation(LS), embedded line(EL), no st...     

北京"城市热岛"效应现状及特征

利用2002年北京自动气象站资料,对北京“城市热岛”效应现状进行了分析。为了与20世纪70年代的结果相比较,选择城区代表站为天安门广场站,城郊代表站为朝阳气象站站。与20世纪70年代相比,目前北京的“城市热岛”表现出一些新特点:1)利用城区与城郊日均温差表示的“城市热岛”强度的统计结果表明,现在北京的“城市热岛”效应在夏季最强,秋、冬季次之,春季最弱,2)除夏季“城市热岛”整天存在(午后的平均强度在2℃左右)以外,其他季节的午后,天安门广场地区经常出现“城市冷岛”现象。3)北京“城市热岛”消失的极限风速没有发生系统性变化,当风速>3级时,北京“城市热岛”基本上消失。作者还研究了北京“城市热岛”形成和消失的日变化特征,以及“城市热岛”强度对风速等气象要素变化的响应特征。值得指出的是,对强“城市热岛”的个案分析显示,冬季夜晚“城市热岛”强度经常表现出较大的波动性,与此相伴随,城郊地面风出现风向突变和风速的阵性现象。     

阵风因子与大气边界层要素的关系及预报试验

利用2008—2016年舟山4个海岛气象站大风资料和欧洲中心的ERA-interim再分析资料,分析了阵风因子随平均风速、风向、小时、月份等分布的气候特征,统计阵风因子与边界层的大气稳定度、250～1000m风速与10m风速的比值、6h变温等要素的相关后,选取最佳预报因子,利用BP人工神经网络方法,根据不同因子组合对阵风进行循环试报。结果表明:①平均风速较小时阵风因子波动范围大;靠近大陆站点的阵风因子及来自陆地方向气流的阵风因子偏大。②白天11:00—16:00受太阳辐射影响大气湍流相对较强,阵风因子偏大。7—9月沿海受台风影响频繁,其阵风因子要大些,而11—12月阵风因子偏大则与来流方向的地表粗糙度较大有关。③阵风因子和边界层不同高度的风速与10m风速比值,及气温具有明显正相关,与边界层大气稳定度参数具有负相关,相关结果印证了阵风主要物理成因与动量的垂直湍流输送有关。④阵风循环试报表明最佳组模型试报的绝对误差及方差均比对比组模型减少约11%～25%,具有较好的预报效果。     

Low-Level Wind Forecast over the La Plata River Region with a Mesoscale Boundary-Layer Model Forced by Regional Operational Forecasts

A mesoscale boundary-layer model (BLM) is used for running 12-h low-level wind forecasts for the La Plata River region. Several experiments are performed with different boundary conditions that include operational forecasts of the Eta/CPTEC model, local observations, as well as a combination of both. The BLM wind forecasts are compared to the surface wind observations of five weather stations during the period November 2003–April 2004. Two accuracy measures are used: the hit rate or percentage of cases with agreement in the wind direction sector, and the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of the horizontal wind components. The BLM surface wind forecasts are always more accurate, since its averaged hit rate is three times greater and its averaged RMSE is one half smaller than the Eta forecasts. Despite the large errors in the surface winds displayed by the Eta forecasts, its 850 hPa winds and surface temperature forecasts are able to drive the BLM model to obtain surface winds forecasts with smaller errors than the Eta model. An additional experiment demonstrates that the advantage of using the BLM model for forecasting low-level winds over the La Plata River region is the result of a more appropriate definition of the land–river surface temperature contrast. The particular formulation that the BLM model has for the geometry of the river coasts is fundamental for resolving the smaller scale details of the low-level local circulation. The main conclusion of the study is that operational low-level wind forecasts for the La Plata River region can be improved by running the BLM model forced by the Eta operational forecasts. L. Sraibman and G. J. Berri—Members of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) of Argentina. An erratum to this article can be found at     

西南季风潮与2004年5月我国南方暴雨

以2004年5月初及5月中旬我国华南等地两次较大暴雨过程为例, 分析了西南季风潮与我国前汛期降水的关系。初步结论指出:西南季风潮的爆发与我国华南降水, 特别是大暴雨的形成关系极为密切, 而这次西南季风潮的爆发又与来自南半球的越赤道气流直接有关。同时指出, 这次西南季风潮的爆发主要与来自85°~95°E孟加拉湾地区所在经度的越赤道气流有关, 它们是印度洋“半球间宏观系统”的一个部分。而南海季风潮仅仅是西南季风潮的一种特例, 在这两次重大降水过程中没有南海季风潮的爆发和影响。     

2009年“莫拉克”台风登陆过程阵风特征分析

利用上海台风研究所移动观测车获取的“莫拉克”台风登陆过程中超声风、温等观测资料对地面阵风特性进行了诊断分析.结果表明,在风速时间序列中叠加有周期为3-7 min的阵风扰动,显现出明显的相干结构,即沿顺风方向阵风风速峰期有下沉运动,谷期有上升运动;阵风扰动的各向异性特征明显,沿顺风方向的阵风扰动能量最大,其次是沿侧向和垂直方向的扰动能量;沿顺风方向的阵风垂直动量通量向下传播,而沿侧风方向阵风扰动动量垂直通量总体贡献接近于0.阵风扰动沿顺风方向的积分空间尺度和时间尺度最大,沿侧风方向和垂直方向其次,均明显大于湍流的积分空间和时间尺度.此外,阵风扰动的其他特征还包括:感热垂直通量极小;当平均风速较大时阵风风向变化幅度较小,而风速较小时阵风风向变化幅度则较大;动力学分析表明,阵风扰动主要表现出重力内波的一些特性.