差分法计算地震动旋转分量

旋转地震学是一门研究由地震、爆破以及工程振动等引起的地球介质运动的新兴学科.旋转运动的研究由来已久,但是由于缺少高精度的旋转分量地震仪,所以旋转运动的研究大多仅限于理论方面.差分法作为利用平动分量获取旋转分量的一种计算方法,在理论研究方面较为成熟,但是缺乏实际数据的验证.通过在对旋转运动研究现状充分调研的基础上,利用模...     

利用爆炸震源资料获得三分量旋转地震动

三分量旋转地震动是目前地球物理研究重点之一.利用爆炸震源的平动地震仪观测资料,通过间接计算获得三分量旋转地震动.利用了3炮500 kg炸药的观测资料,3个爆炸点到观测台阵的距离分别是1.8、2.8和8.9 km,计算得到了台阵相对于这3个爆炸点的旋转地震动,其最大峰值旋转角速度分别是41.65、21.98和0.29 μrads/s,与国际同行的旋转地震动结果量级接近.地震动峰值随震中距的衰减是地震工程中关注的问题.提取出三分量的旋转角速度峰值,利用指数函数对三分量的峰值进行拟合,初步得到三分量的旋转地震动角速度峰值随震中距的衰减关系.衰减曲线的主要特征是,1~3 km旋转角速度能量迅速衰减,大于5 km以后衰减逐渐减慢,随着震中距增大曲线的变化越来越趋于平缓.      

如何从事地震科学研究

如何从事地震科学研究金星福建省地震局中国地震局工程力学研究所 2005年12月内容介绍一、引子二、如何提炼科技问题三、如何确定研究途径四、如何评估研究结果五、结论引子地震科学1．以观测技术为基础的科学观测系统：传感器、记录器、传输系统、 分析系统频带范围： “窄”→“宽” (数百秒到n Hz)动态氛围：“小”→“大”(120dB~160dB)高智能化：时间服务系统,计算机化2．理论基础是震源理论和地震波传播规律地震预报：研究地震的孕育过程应力积累过程——应力场、形变场震源理论：研究地震的破裂、发展、停止过程位错理论、动力学理论——表象定理地震波传播：研究地震波在各种介质条件下的传播规律走时——费尔马原理、因果律振幅——衰减、频散     

人工震源地下介质变化动态监测

成像地球内部介质结构及其动态变化是地球物理学家的主要任务.相对于对地球介质静态结构的认识,对于地下介质性质随时间变化的了解明显不足.近年来随着观测资料的增加,已经开始利用重复地震和噪声等震源研究地下介质变化.受到源位置和时间等因素制约,基于地震和噪声等被动震源的观测结果的时间和空间分辨率有限.利用人工震源主动向地下发射...     

岩石弹性各向异性研究和应用的新进展

地壳岩石是非均一的、不连续的、非线弹性的介质,大多具有某种程度的各向异性,介质弹性参数随方位而异就是这一特性的反映之一。根据弹性波(超声波、声波、地震波)在岩石中传播所测定的弹性各向异性可得到地壳不同深度和范围内的应力状态资料。本文介绍了国内外的研究现状及在各个领域中的应用。目前,弹性各向异性的研究正日益取得进展,横波分裂现象已成为固体地球物理学中的研究热点和前沿课题,垂直地震剖面技术和三分量数字化地震仪的应用,使得这项研究步入实用化。还出现了新的方法——斯通利波偏振法。这些新技术必将在能源及矿产资源开发,岩石工程设计施工,地震监测预报和地球动力学的研究中得到广泛应用。     

电算在微地震监测工作中的应用

本文讨论了多个微地震联合求解地震波速和震源位置的方法,并应用此方法编制了程序.通过对实际观测资料的处理,说明利用电算联合求解微地震能提高其定位精度.     

炸药震源激发近区介质的粘滞性分析

在我国陆地石油勘探中,炸药震源依然是地震勘探的主要震源,炸药爆炸后会产生不同的分区,包括空腔、过渡区和弹性区。如今对地震子波产生机理的分析主要是基于等效球腔模型,忽略了过渡区对波传播特征的影响。为了定性描述过渡区的岩石破碎和永久形变对地震波传播特征的影响,将模型简化为粘弹性介质。这里在Kelvin粘弹性模型基础上推导了地震波传播的相速度和品质因子Q的表达式,并对Kelvin粘弹性模型进行数值模拟,从振幅、相位及频率的角度,分析品质因子Q对地震波传播特征的影响。结果表明,地震波在粘弹性介质中传播时,振幅、频率及相位特征是有变化的,这为研究炸药震源激发产生地震子波的机理提供了理论方向,为实际介质中的地震记录特征分析提供了理论基础,同时对补偿粘滞性因素的影响、提高地震资料的品质具有重要的实际意义。     

井下地震监测的钻井技术

采用井下地震仪可监测到许多地面地震台未记录到的微弱地震波,可减小地面噪声干扰,大大提高震源定位精度。介绍了武汉甚宽频带数字地震监测1井的设计以及钻井和固井的关键技术。在项目实施过程中采用合理的钻井工艺和专门设计的单向注浆装置等技术满足了地震监测井的特殊技术要求。     

龙门山断层破裂的频率非平稳特性

为研究地震过程中的频率非平稳特性,对近年来龙门山断层发生的两次大地震:汶川大地震和芦山大地震的近断层地震记录进行频谱分析。结果表明:相对于芦山地震有较大走向滑动分量的汶川地震,大多数位于汶川地震断层滑动前方的台站接收到更高的频率成分,位于断层滑动后方的台站接收到的地震波频率较低;尽管芦山地震断层相对汶川地震有较小的走向滑动分量,但仍然可以得出与汶川地震相同的结论,不同的是虽然芦山地震沿断层面向上方向分量大,但是其同一台站东西、南北、竖直三方向分量记录幅值相当。把芦山地震三分量记录变换到走向和沿断层面向上方向,证实了沿断层面向上方向高频成分更丰富。在断层滑动前方接收到的地震波频率较高,在断层滑动后方接收到的频率较低,这正是多普勒效应影响的结果。由于多普勒效应的客观存在,其对频率非平稳特性的影响与震源、传播路径和场地效应一样具有普遍性;所以,工程场地接收到的地震波的频率不仅取决于震源、传播路径、场地效应,还取决于断层滑动速度(多普勒效应)。     

近期强震危险区应力场的动态分析与预测强震的判据和指标

为了探索与提取近期(1～3年)预测强震的应力场判据与指标,本文拟根据地震波与地应力-应变等方面的观测资料,采用环境应力法、震源机制解法和地应力-应变法,研究现今构造应力场和附加应力场的方向与强度及其随时空变化特征同地震的关系,由此归纳和总结出一些预测强震三要素的应力场判据与指标,为强震危险性的综合预测提供应力场的依据。一、研究方法概述 1.环境应力法无论是何种等级的地震,从其震源发出的地震波均携带了震源的各种信息。虽然大地     

地震超剪切破裂研究现状

地震断层的破裂速度是地球物理学和地震学研究中重要的一个参数,以往的相关研究多是基于或者关注于断层破裂速度小于或接近于剪切波速时的情况,但是随着宽频带地震学的发展,在实际地震中已经观测到了一些超剪切波破裂速度的地震.为了解地震超剪切破裂相关研究的现状和发展趋势,基于大量相关研究文献,从地震超剪切破裂的概念、断层的极限破裂...     

Recent Advances in Prediction and Processing of Strong Ground Motions

We present an overview of our recent results on utilizing small earthquakes in the earthquake engineering practice. Site-specific ground motion time-histories of large earthquakes can be successfully simulated using recordings of small earthquakes which are often referred to as 'empirical Green's functions' in seismology. Another important practical problem is whether and how these observations can be used in seismic risk studies which are based on empirical attenuation relations for ground motion parameters. We study a possibility of extrapolating attenuation relations for small earthquakes, to larger magnitudes using the data from the Garner Valley downhole array in Southern California. Finally we introduce efficient ground motion processing techniques in frequency- and time-domains and apply them to site response estimation.     

Numerical and analytical investigation of compressional wave propagation in saturated soils

In geotechnical earthquake engineering, wave propagation plays a fundamental role in engineering applications related to the dynamic response of geotechnical structures and to site response analysis. However, current engineering practice is primarily concentrated on the investigation of shear wave propagation and the corresponding site response only to the horizontal components of the ground motion. Due to the repeated recent observations of strong vertical ground motions and compressional damage of engineering structures, there is an increasing need to carry out a comprehensive investigation of vertical site response and the associated compressional wave propagation, particularly when performing the seismic design for critical structures (e.g. nuclear power plants and high dams). Therefore, in this paper, the compressional wave propagation mechanism in saturated soils is investigated by employing hydro-mechanically (HM) coupled analytical and numerical methods. A HM analytical solution for compressional wave propagation is first studied based on Biot’s theory, which shows the existence of two types of compressional waves (fast and slow waves) and indicates that their characteristics (i.e. wave dispersion and attenuation) are highly dependent on some key geotechnical and seismic parameters (i.e. the permeability, soil stiffness and loading frequency). The subsequent HM Finite Element (FE) study reproduces the duality of compressional waves and identifies the dominant permeability ranges for the existence of the two waves. In particular the existence of the slow compression wave is observed for a range of permeability and loading frequency that is relevant for geotechnical earthquake engineering applications. In order to account for the effects of soil permeability on compressional dynamic soil behaviour and soil properties (i.e. P-wave velocities and damping ratios), the coupled consolidation analysis is therefore recommended as the only tool capable of accurately simulating the dynamic response of geotechnical structures to vertical ground motion at intermediate transient states between undrained and drained conditions.     

Structural damages of the May 19, 2011, Kütahya–Simav earthquake in Turkey

Reconnaissance observations are presented on the building damage caused by the May 19, 2011, Kütahya–Simav earthquake in Western Turkey as well as an overview of strong ground motion data recorded during the earthquake is given. According to Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey, the magnitude of the earthquake is 5.7 in local magnitude scale. Although the earthquake can be regarded as a moderate event when considering its magnitude and strong motion recordings, it caused excessive structural damage to buildings in Simav district and several villages in the near vicinity. During the field investigation, different types of structural damage were observed mainly in the reinforced concrete frame buildings with infill walls and masonry buildings with various types of construction materials. Observed damage resulted from several deficiencies in structural and non-structural components of the buildings. Poor construction materials and workmanship, non-conforming earthquake-resistant design and construction techniques and non-ductile detailing are the main reasons for such an extensive damage, as observed in many past earthquakes in Turkey.     

Relationships between InSAR Seismic Deformation and Fault Motion Sense, Fault Strike, and Ascending/Descending Modes

Based on the working principle of satellite radars, the earthquake deformation field measured by interferometric synthetic aperture (InSAR) is the projection of ground displacement associated with the seismogenic fault in the line of sight (LOS) of the satellite. However, LOS projections are complex, and are not only related to the ascending/descending modes and incidence angles of SAR data, but also related to the strike and motion senses of the fault. Even for the same earthquake, the LOS deformation derived from different ascending/descending data can be almost identical in one case, but quite different in another case, which makes the interpretation of InSAR seismic deformation and its comparison with field observations difficult. In this study, we undertook a quantitative analysis of the relationships between LOS observation sensitivity of InSAR and fault strike, fault motion sense, and ascending/descending modes, as well as 3D deformation fields. We studied the features and differences of the LOS deformation fields in different types of earthquakes using ascending/descending modes, with a particularly detailed analysis of the relations for a strike-slip type of earthquake. We also summarized the characteristics of LOS deformation fields of faults with different strikes and optimal observational data modes. Taking the strike-slip Yushu earthquake and the normal Gaize event as examples, we used SAR data of the ascending/descending modes to verify the results of quantitative calculations. These analyses will not only provide a more reasonable interpretation of InSAR seismic deformation fields and but also help understand the differences of seismic deformation fields revealed by data with different observational modes, therefore promoting the application of InSAR technology in seismology.     

大连开发区场地地震设计参数

根据工作区潜在震源区划分、潜在震源区地震活动性参数和地震动衰减关系, 进行场地地震危险性分析, 得到不同概率水平下场区相应地震烈度和基岩水平加速度峰值及其反应谱。根据场地工程地震条件划分不同地质单元及相应的场地类别, 进行不同概率水平的地震反应分析计算, 确定地震动设计参数。     

基于 GIS 的智能辅助矿产预测系统研究

本文是在“中大比例尺矿床统计预测智能辅助系统（MILASP系统）”的研制中完成的。其中对GIS 与Internet的关系作了论述‚推导并应用了“扩展证据加权模型”‚对陕西省勉略宁地区进行了实例应用 研究‚初步实现了矿床统计预测工作的计算机化和自动化‚加强了智能辅助支持功能的开发‚集GIS、 RS、ES3种功能为一体‚代表了专用型GIS软件开发的最新方向。     

福建及台湾海峡地震预警工程架构探索

福建及台湾海峡是海陆板块碰撞到板内地震活动过渡带 ,东侧毗邻台湾板缘地震带 ,西侧为福建内陆板内地震活动区。这是得天独厚的观测研究大陆边缘地震构造带强震活动及板块动力学的良好地域。当前 ,我国进入全面建设小康社会历史时期 ,为防御地震造成社会灾害 ,实现以人为本 ,防患于未然 ,势必需要建构一个实用化的地震预警工程及其机制。本文即是在对福建及台湾海峡近 30多年以来观测研究的基础上 ,提出应用现代空间技术、数字地震、计算机网络等技术架构地震预警工程与机制的一种设想。