日长年际变化,ElNino／南方涛动和大气准两年振荡的小波分析

本文采用1964-1993年期间日长变化序列、海平面气压和纬向风速资料，通过小波变换等技术研究分析日长年际变化与ElNino／南方涛动、大气准两年振荡之间的关系．结果表明，日长年际变化与ElNino／南方涛动存在着相似的谱结构，而且ElNino／南方涛动叠加上大气准两年振荡后，与日长变化序列的小波变换时频谱更趋于一致．本文研究结果证实，ElNino／南方涛动和大气准两年振荡的贡献基本能够解释地球自转的年际变化．     

华盛顿海军天文台天顶筒纬度观测残差与厄尼诺,南方涛动现象的相关性

厄尼诺、南方涛动是地球大气、海洋系统年际变化中最为显著的一种地球动力学运动。现在通常采用Ｔａｈｉｔｉ（１４８°Ｗ，１８°Ｓ）和Ｄａｒｗｉｎ（１３１°Ｅ，１２°Ｓ）两地海平面气压之差这一定量指标来刻划这一种大气、海洋系统的运动，简称为南方涛动指数ＳＯＩ。本文分析华盛顿海军天文台天顶筒１９３２－１９９１年间纬度观测的残差，证实它与ＳＯＩ在年际变化的频段内显著相关：最大相关系数达到０．６－０．７以上，但纬度残差的变化要滞后ＳＯＩ约２年时间。这很可能是一个证据，说明陆地部分的铬垂线变化与大气、海洋系统的大规模运动有关联。     

估算有中子星作伴星的黑洞质量

在本文中，我们讨论了由中子星和黑洞构成的密近双星系统的引力效应。首先，我们清楚地解释了引力辐射存在引起的轨道圆化，并估算了圆化的时间尺度。求解了围绕史瓦西黑洞作圆轨道运动的矢量进动方程，得到了一个精确解。由进动周期和中心黑洞的质量的关系，我们得到了估算中子星伴随的黑洞质量的方法。随后我们讨论了以中子星脉冲信号随自旋进动变化来寻找黑洞的方法。     

估算有中子星作伴星的黑洞质量

在本文中，我们讨论了由中子星和黑洞构成的密近双星系统的引力效应，首先，我们清楚地解释了引力辐射存在引起的轨道圆化，并估算了圆化的时间尺度，求解了围绕史瓦西黑洞作圆轨道运动的矢量进动方程，得到了一个精确解，由进动周期和中心黑洞的质量的关系，我们得到了估算中子星伴随的黑洞质量的方法，随后我们讨论了以中子星脉冲信号随自旋进动变化来寻找黑洞的方法。     

关于1949—1976年的地极运动

利用国内外四十一个台站的纬度观测资料,分别就地极的长期和周期分量进行研究。建立了以1968.0年平北极为原点的地极坐标系统,用极原点三字的汉语拼音缩写JYD(1968.0)表示。并给出了1949.0—1976.9年的地极坐标。     

地极周年运动的多年变化与大气环流多年振动的关系

本文讨论了地极周年运动多年变化与大气环流多年振动的关系,得到以下主要结果:(1)周年极运动多年变化与大气环流多年振动有关,(2)在太阳活动11年的偶周期内,周年极运动振幅和位相基本呈现单周期变化;而在奇周期内,似乎出现双周期变化现象;(3)太阳活动可能是引起周年极运动多年变化的扰动因子.     

武昌时辰站1975—1980年纬度观测资料的初步分析

本文主要利用武昌时辰站1975—1980年六年纬度观测资料,分析了Z项对地极坐标的影响,提出今后计算地极坐标时,应尽量采用靠近观测年份的Z项表达式。并对相应于t_(23)及t_(12)时间求得的地极坐标进行了比较,认为今后在处理长期资料时,采用中间内插(即t_(12))计算地极坐标较为适宜。     

1953—1961年期间以FK5为参考的中国地极坐标系统

1984年开始，天计算中采用FK5基本星表和新天常数，这些变动直接影响了经典光学仪器观测确定的地极坐标。本论述基本星表和天常数变动后，对1953－1961年期间中国地极坐标系统的影响，结果表明星表系统差对地极坐标最大影响约0.″02，章动系列变动的最大影响约为0.″02，光行差常数变动的最大影响为0.″1。     

H37地极坐标序列的低频变化及其与POLE95相应结果的比较

利用依巴谷暂定星表（H37）为统一参考架解算出的地极坐标序列的POLE95序列，分析了地极价值的长期变化、Markowitz变化和其它低频变化。从两个序列得到地极移动长期漂移速度的平均值为3.86mas/yr，方向为西经82°.7；对Markowitz波动的分析表明，其周期约为25－30年，周期和振幅的变化程度分别为10％和40％。     

极移服务的改进

用单站法计算地极坐标,其精度在很大程度上受各仪器Z项稳定性的影响。本文提出用滤波预测方法来提供Z项的采用值,并把变化的极移周年项用于单站法计算地极坐标,获得较好的结果。     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...