正断层与逆断层错动引起的上覆黏土变形特性离心试验

采用土工离心机试验,研究正断层和逆断层错动引起上覆饱和黏土层在20步连续断层错动作用下的变形特性以及裂缝扩展的规律。研究结果显示,正断层错动后地表呈现多条且平行断层面的张拉裂缝,随着错动量的增大,正断层破裂逐渐偏离基岩断层的错动方向,偏向上盘一侧,裂缝逐渐向上盘的方向开裂,裂缝主要发生在断层延长线附近;逆断层错动后地表裂缝均分布在上盘,而且离断层尖端延长线较远,产生的裂缝较细、数量较少,随着断层错动量的增大,地表位移增大,靠近断层下盘一侧的地表受断层错动影响较小,位于断层上盘一侧的地表则随着断层错动显著移动;随着断层错动量的增大,最大地表坡度随之增大,正断层引起的最大坡度的位置逐渐向上盘方向移动,逆断层引起的最大坡度的位置逐渐向下盘方向移动,逆断层的影响范围比正断层的影响范围更广。     

日本MW9.0级地震同震位移场和应力场的有限元模拟

根据同震位移GPS观测数据, 利用有限元法反演了2011年3月11日本MW9.0级地震的断层滑移模式。在此基础上, 计算了日本MW9.0级地震引起的同震位移场和应力场, 给出了位移和应力的分布, 分析了他们的变化规律并与实测结果进行了对比。计算结果表明: 日本MW9.0级地震的静态断层滑移量最大可达25 m。地震引起断层上盘向东位移, 最大位移在震中附近, 可达24.25 m, 日本东北地区向东位移最大可达6 m。震后地表隆起, 隆起幅度可达5.6 m, 隆起的最高点也在震中附近。日本东北地区东海岸附近有一下沉带, 下沉量可达0.8 m。同震地表位移的计算值与GPS测量结果基本一致。地震引起应力变化, 导致震后应力下降。应力变化是不均匀的, 在震中附近约为9.9 MPa, 在深处可达32 MPa, 在日本东北地区地表应力变化小于4.4 MPa。地震引起的应力变化主要是水平应力, 垂直应力基本不变。     

红透山铜矿区F8断层构造应力场的有限元数值模拟

针对断层对周围岩石地层影响的问题,本文提出了一种有限元算法计算模拟该断层对周围地层产生的应力场和位移场。首先,根据最大主应力、中间主应力和最小主应力来研究正断层、逆断层以及走滑断层的应力状态;其次,基于弹性力学相关理论研究应力—应变关系,采用线性四面体单元有限元分析方法进行算法实现;最后,在考虑到断层两侧岩体的物理性质(弹性模量和泊松比)、断层几何形态以及边界条件等情况下,应用有限元法模拟正断层、逆断层以及走滑断层在层状岩体中产生的应力场和位移场。以红透山铜矿区F₈断层为例,通过地质勘探获得的资料判别该断层性质及其周围地层属性,使用本文构建的有限元算法模拟了该断层对周围地层产生的应力场和位移场。     

地层错动引起的上覆饱和黏土层变形特性的离心试验研究

地震断层错动会引起上覆土层变形,从而造成断层附近的建筑结构、管线产生附加的变形和内力引起破坏。通过一个土工离心机试验分析上覆饱和黏土层在4步连续断层错动作用下的静力响应行为。着重分析断层错动引起的地层变形的范围、不均匀沉降区的分布特点、剪切裂缝在土层传播路径及地表开裂的位置等工程上重点关注的问题。得到以下几点认识：(1) 基岩断层错动引起的地层变形范围基本上不受基岩错动量大小的影响。(2) 断层错动引起地层的不均匀沉降区基本呈三角形分布,其地表宽度约为1倍左右的土层厚度。(3) 基岩错动引起的主剪切裂缝基本沿竖直方向向上传播,其传播距离取决于基岩错动量及土体的破坏应变。(4) 基岩断层错动在主剪区的下盘一侧边缘会产生张拉裂缝,且产生张拉裂缝所需基岩错动量远小于产生剪切裂缝所需的错动量。     

正断层破坏在砂土中传播规律试验模拟

断层错动不仅可以引起地震灾害,而且带来的地层永久性变形,对结构物特别是线性构造物,如地下管线,隧道等,造成很大影响,因此,研究断层破坏在上覆土层中传播规律是十分必要的。本文依据正断层砂箱模型试验,对断层在砂土中传播模式,断层在地表的露头位置,断层垂直位移与土体厚度关系等内容进行了分析,并认为:(1)砂土中正断层破裂面不唯一,出现分叉; (2)传至地表所需的断层垂直位移与倾角无关; (3)正断层传播形成三角剪切带,其宽度随断层倾角减小而增大。     

陡倾断层上下盘开挖引起地表变形的数值模拟分析

考虑地下开挖区与断层相对位置关系,采用简化数值模型对陡倾断层上下盘开挖引起的地表变形特征进行了数值模拟。结果表明,当断层位于地下开挖引起地表变形的压缩区且开挖区位于下盘时,地表出现不连续变形的可能性小;当断层位于地下开挖引起地表变形的压缩区且开挖区位于上盘时,随下向开挖进行地表断层处裂缝有减小趋势;而当断层位于地下开挖引起的地表变形拉张区时,断层出露处水平拉张明显,表现为拉张裂缝,随下向开挖深度增加、规模增大,不论开挖区位于上盘还是下盘,极可能导致地表出现正断层式的错动．     

铲式断层空间特征研究进展综述

受地震资料解释多解性和局限性的影响,沉积盆地中深部地震资料解释品质差,靠地震解释来反映地下断层信息并不能揭露断层空间本质发育特征。鉴于此问题,笔者以脆塑性断裂发育特征、断层折射机理为基础,从断层空间位移量关系、倾斜角剪切法模型、断层面空间联合应力分布等方面对铲式断层空间特征进行研究。综合研究表明:铲式断层面上盘和下盘构成的空间并非楔形模式,而是局部构造紧闭区和局部伸展剥离区交替形态;由断层空间各位移量关系图解可知,铲式断层走向位移量和倾伏向位移量之间的夹角θ越小,走向应力作用越大,引起地层牵引程度就越高,形成的有利储油构造储集厚度就越大;利用倾斜剪切法模型可预测铲式断层实际滑脱深度,加强对中深层构造特征的认识;当铲式断层面折射裂缝被矿脉等充填时具有封堵性,当铲式断层面空间联合应力大于或等于其作用处岩石的抗压强度时,造成断层面处裂隙闭合或断面物质压紧,有利于封堵油气。     

隐伏裂缝对互层胶结土中正断层扩展影响研究

基岩断层错动引起上覆土体变形,互层胶结土体中断层破裂机制认识不足,隐伏裂缝影响规律掌握不明确。基于4个离心机试验,针对黏土与砂土构成的9层互层土,对比土体胶结特性和隐伏裂缝上断点埋深影响。试验结果表明,正断层错动影响下,互层非胶结土体受剪切作用发生变形破坏,在断层上方形成一倒梯形分布的不均匀沉降区,并形成集中剪切带。当不均匀沉降传至地表时,顶层非饱和黏土层形成地表张拉破裂。而互层胶结土则观测到受弯变形破坏,从而产生剪切破裂和张拉破裂。其中,地表张拉破裂的深度远大于互层非胶结土体的观测结果。互层胶结土中,随着隐伏裂缝上断点埋深的增加,由上断点扩展形成破裂的倾角随之增加,地表破裂向上盘一侧偏移。     

正断层错动诱发上覆黏土中隧道变形破坏数值模拟研究

针对隐伏正断层活动引发上覆黏土中的隧道位错破坏研究相对不足,基于不排水条件的总应力分析方法,展开隧道破坏的有限元计算。数值计算结果与试验数据表明,正断层错动影响下,上覆黏土变形由下盘一侧向上盘一侧可划分为静止区、剪切区和刚体位移区。上覆土体中产生的不均匀沉降区域随埋深逐渐减小,使得地下结构物的影响范围随埋深而减小,但破坏程度则逐渐增加。当隧道与周边土体可近似为绑定接触时,基岩断层投影附近区域以受弯变形破坏为主,而远离基岩断层投影的两侧区域则呈现受拉破坏。隧道拱顶衬砌在基岩下盘一侧受拉,在基岩上盘一侧则为受压。拱底与拱顶的轴向应变分量呈反对称分布。     

基岩逆断层错动引起的上覆土体变形预测

基岩逆断层错动引起上覆土体变形会导致地表及地下建筑的破坏,相应的变形预测模型仍较为缺乏,相关因素的影响规律尚未掌握。本文通过补余误差方程来表征逆断层错动引起的上覆土体变形,建立可预测不排水条件下上覆土体的变形理论计算模型,并通过离心机实验数据、数值模拟数据加以验证。对比分析结果表明,补余误差方程能表征基岩逆断层错动所引起的地表及地表以下土体变形。参数分析结果表明:基岩错动量的幅值对地表不均匀隆起区域范围的影响并不显著;形状参数的增加会使得地表不均匀隆起区域趋向集中;断层倾角的增加会使得地表不均匀隆起区域向断层上盘一侧偏移。     

Analysis of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake’s Co-seismic Stress and Displacement Change by Using the Finite Element Method

The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms.     

基于地应力实测数据分析郯庐断裂带中段滑动趋势

郯庐断裂带潜在滑动趋势对于区域地壳稳定性评价具有重要的意义。对郯庐断裂带中段(新沂至渤海段)附近12个钻孔共65条实测地应力数据分析,得出该区段最大和最小水平主应力与垂直应力之比Kmax和Kmin的范围,结果表明郯庐断裂带中段主要表现为逆断层的应力状态,局部地区呈现出有利于走滑断层的特征。研究区内应力比K值由西向东逐渐增大,并在东北部达到最大。通过计算得出断层面上的剪应力与有效正应力比值小于Byerlee准则所定义的摩擦系数,说明目前郯庐断裂带中段处于相对稳定状态;同时发现北西向断裂面上的剪应力与有效正应力比值比北东向断裂的大。区内应力积累指标μm的计算结果和地震的分布特征表明,郯庐断裂带中段北西向断裂上地震活动频繁,应力积累程度低;而北东向断层上应力积累程度高,特别是处于郯庐断裂带中段东北部的北东向断层,在应力集中的区域出现地震空白区,推测为断层的锁固段。最终认为在现今应力场下郯庐断裂带中段更易沿北西向的断裂滑动。     

山东省临邑县临盘镇地裂冒喷水油灾害初步分析

1998年7月临邑县临盘镇西十二里村发生地裂冒喷水油灾害：对此次灾害研究认为，灾害发生前地应力已有明显改变，这种改变应是自然因素造成的，油田开发难以直接引发断层的活动。因此，地裂冒喷水、油灾害是因活动性断昙——临邑断层在局部薄弱部位活动而引起的，断层活动使地下流体顺断层涌出地表，是自然地质灾害。灾害的诱发因素是多方面的，其中地面不均衡沉降耦合使得地下应力布不均习，导致在断层的薄弱部位产生应力集中，并引发灾害发生。灾害发生已使得地下不均衡应力得以释放，近期内再次发生灾害的可能性不大。     

酒泉盆地南缘老君庙构造带应力场数值模拟

老君庙构造带处于酒泉盆地南缘新生代前陆冲断带上,纵向上,叠置于早白垩世断陷盆地的南部隆起和石大凹陷之上。利用构造应力场数值模拟计算,分别对酒泉盆地南缘山前冲断带的老君庙构造带新生代平面断裂系统及老君庙构造带西段北东向地质剖面进行应力场分析。通过与油气分布区域的对比,得出了以下结论:应力场数值模拟X方向位移场显示构造带西侧的断层具有左行走滑性质,构造带中部以逆冲为主,东部断层位移具有右行走滑的性质;Y方向位移场显示断层位移具有左行走滑性质。老君庙构造带上高应力区中所圈闭的低应力区是油气聚集最有利的区域,应该把这些应力圈闭区域作为油气勘探的重点,如庙西背斜、老君庙推覆体中盘、下盘以及老君庙背斜翼部等低应力圈闭区。     

Effects of cohesive zones on small faults and implications for secondary fracturing and fault trace geometry

Fracture mechanics theory and field observations together indicate that the shear stress on many faults is non-uniform when they slip. If the shear stress were uniform, then: (a) a physically implausible singular stress concentration theoretically would develop at a fault end; and (b) a single curved ‘tail fracture’ should open up at the end of every fault trace, intersecting the fault at approximately 70 °. Tail fractures along many small faults instead range in number, commonly form behind fault trace ends, have nearly straight traces and intersect a fault at angles less than 50 °. A ‘cohesive zone’, in which the shear stress is elevated near the fault end, can eliminate the stress singularity and can account for the observed orientation, shape, and distribution of tail fractures. Cohesive zones also should cause a fault to bend. If the cohesive zone shear stress were uniform, then the distance from the fault end to the bend gives the cohesive zone length. The nearly straight traces of the tail fractures and the small bends observed near some fault ends implies that the faults slipped with low stress drops, less than 10% of the ambient fault-parallel shear stress.     

临汾区块地应力三维数值模拟研究

在地质构造分析和岩石力学性质测试的基础上,进行了临汾区块的地应力有限元三维数值模拟研究,探讨了地应力在区域和层域上的分布规律及其对区内煤层气成藏的影响。研究表明,应力强度总体上随深度递增,断层对应力强度分布具有明显的影响;断层附近应力强度的最大值分布在断层与断层的交叉点、断层与底部硬质岩层界面附近,应力性质在断层夹块内和支断层一侧发生转变出现拉应力区,断层与地表的交点附近也呈现局部拉应力区;煤层软弱带呈现应力降低。研究区的地应力分布特征有利于煤层气从深部向浅部运移,并在背斜轴部相对富集。     

Active Faulting Pattern,Present‐day Tectonic Stress Field and Block Kinematics in the East Tibetan Plateau

Abstract: This paper examines major active faults and the present-day tectonic stress field in the East Tibetan Plateau by integrating available data from published literature and proposes a block kinematics model of the region. It shows that the East Tibetan Plateau is dominated by strike-slip and reverse faulting stress regimes and that the maximum horizontal stress is roughly consistent with the contemporary velocity field, except for the west Qinling range where it parallels the striking of the major strike-slip faults. Active tectonics in the East Tibetan Plateau is characterized by three faulting systems. The left-slip Kunlun-Qinling faulting system combines the east Kunlun fault zone, sinistral oblique reverse faults along the Minshan range and two major NEE-striking faults cutting the west Qinling range, which accommodates eastward motion, at 10–14 mm/a, of the Chuan-Qing block. The left-slip Xianshuihe faulting system accommodated clockwise rotation of the Chuan-Dian block. The Longmenshan thrust faulting system forms the eastern margin of the East Tibetan Plateau and has been propagated to the SW of the Sichuan basin. Crustal shortening across the Longmenshan range seems low (2–4 mm/a) and absorbed only a small part of the eastward motion of the Chuan-Qing block. Most of this eastward motion has been transmitted to South China, which is moving SEE-ward at 7–9 mm/a. It is suggested from geophysical data interpretation that the crust and lithosphere of the East Tibetan Plateau is considerably thickened and rheologically layered. The upper crust seems to be decoupled from the lower crust through a décollement zone at a depth of 15–20 km, which involved the Longmenshan fault belt and propagated eastward to the SW of the Sichuan basin. The Wenchuan earthquake was just formed at the bifurcated point of this décollement system. A rheological boundary should exist beneath the Longmenshan fault belt where the lower crust of the East Tibetan Plateau and the lithospheric mantle of the Yangze block are juxtaposed.     

Elastic modeling of the Alto Tiberina normal fault (central Italy): geometry and lithological stratification influences on the local stress field

Two-dimensional, elastic, plane-strain, finite element models (FEMs) are generated to study the state of stress and failure induced by a low-angle normal fault, the Alto Tiberina Fault of the Northern Apennines (central Italy): it is beyond the scope of the present work to show that slip can occur on such a fault. The numerical study was performed to evaluate the influences on the local stress field of the litho-mechanical stratification of formations surrounding the fault, and those induced by the geometry of the fault. The performed models have shown the important role played by evaporites and basement formations of the Umbria-Marche succession as seismogenetic layers. The model results have also underlined that the flat-ramp geometry of the fault induces high relative concentration of stresses in correspondence with the low-angle, east-dipping, synthetic normal faults observed today in shallow depth near the Alto Tiberina surface trace. The stress regime predicted by the final model, in which the behavior of the Alto Tiberina together with the antithetic normal fault of Gubbio was simulated, reconciles available geological and geophysical observable to a greater extent. The numerical results can assist interpretation of the tectonic evolution of the region.     

Stress triggering of normal aftershocks due to strike slip earthquakes in compressive regime

A few cases of occurrence of normal aftershocks after strike slip earthquakes in compressive regime have been reported in the literature. Occurrence of such aftershocks is intriguing as they occurred despite the apparent stabilizing influence of compressive plate tectonic stresses on the normal faults. To investigate the occurrence processes of such earthquakes, we calculate change in static stress on optimally oriented normal and reverse faults in the dilational and compressional step over zones, respectively, due to slip on a vertical strike slip fault under compressive regime. We find that change in static stress is much more pronounced on normal faults as compared to that on reverse faults, for all values of fault friction. Change in static stress on reverse fault is marginally positive only when the fault friction is low, whereas for normal faults it is positive for all values of fault friction, and is maximum for high fault friction. We suggest that strike slip faulting in compressive regime creates a localized tensile environment in the dilational step over zone, which causes normal faulting in that region. The aftershocks on such normal faults are considered to have occurred as an almost instantaneous response of stress transfer due to strike slip motion.     

构造应力场、地震泵和油气运移

本文从中国含油气盆地中断层发育区孔隙流体压力分布和构造应力场特征出发，以莫尔国及岩石破裂包络线理论深入探讨了不同条件下造成岩石破裂的机理，指出构造应力是油气运移的动力之一，地震泵在断裂发育区是油气沿断层作垂向运移的重要作用过程。