青岛城区土壤重金属环境地球化学研究

为研究青岛城区土壤的环境地球化学特征,对青岛市南区、市北区、四方区、李沧区、崂山区5区进行了广泛的土壤地质调查。在每1km2一个样品的取样密度下取得表层土样(0～10cm深度)319个,经前期处理后,利用多种仪器如X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)和等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等分析测得所有样品的72种元素的含量,本文探讨了重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn及类金属元素As的含量分布。结果表明,人类活动导致表层土壤中元素Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量的增加,而元素As、Cr和Ni主要是地质起源,但也会受到人类活动的影响。其中Zn的含量值变化较大,Zn元素含量值增高的地区是工业、交通密集处等人类活动频繁的地区。     

粤北大宝山矿酸性排水中铅元素环境地球化学

粤北大宝山铁多金属矿床的开发给环境带来了严重的危害。采选冶产生的酸性排水及固体废弃物堆积的淋滤酸水,携带浸滤出的大量重金属离子流入下游河道,严重影响矿区及酸水流域的生态环境。结果表明,河流水中高Pb含量直接源于尾砂,并受水体pH值的显著影响。河流底泥能够大量聚集水体中的Pb,在水体pH值降低时,相对稳定存在的Pb会被再次从河流底泥中释放出来,形成河流二次污染。土壤中Pb含量受土壤pH值和土壤粒度的影响,食用蔬菜中Pb的高含量由土壤Pb高含量决定,并受土壤pH值的影响,通过改善农业灌溉水质,提高土壤pH值,可以降低蔬菜重金属Pb含量。     

Environmental geohydrochemistry and health of the high altitude population in Ladakh

Background： Radiographic signs of Pneumoconiosis found in farming Ladakhi despite absences of mines and industries were believed to be due to exposure to frequent dust storms and domestic fire pollutions. Seasonal Koilonychia （spoon nail） occurring predominantly in farming women in absences of iron deficiency anaemia was thought to arise from exposure to water made alkaline by weathering of hornblende minerals. The relation of these health conditions to environmental geohydrochemistry is postulated as the source of irrigation water in the affected population originates from glaciers in trans-Himalaya range of sedimentary geology and steep landscape favouring flushing of silica/silicate containing silts. Methods and results： Survey in two central Ladakh villages revealed radiographic evidence of silicosis in all middle aged women and half in middle aged men. In a large-scale study of 3105 subjects aged over 30 years from three villages; 101 （22.5%） of the 449 radiographed showed signs of pneumoconiosis （ILO 1980 criteria） including eggshell calcification of hilar gland and progressive massive fibrosis. Indoor dust analyzed using Philips 400T electron microscope with energy dispersive analysis system attached showed SiO2 levels upto 53.27% with particle size of 0.5 to 5.0 microns and the concentration during cooking period in the worst affected area was 7.495 mg/m^3. Microscopy and histopathology from the subject was characteristic of pneumoconiosis. Analysis of the inorganic dust in the lung showed 40.2% muscovite, 37.3% quartz with the extracted dust wt 147.9 mg/gm of dry tissue. Prevalence of chronic cough with chronic phlegm and percentage of villagers with FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 65% rose with age. Of 70 subjects studied 19 women and 2 men had Koilonychia with incidence being highest in summer. Absence of seasonal Koilonychia in villages fed by water derived from northern mountain range glaciers with mainly igneous geology supports our hypothesis.     

Environmental geochemistry of high arsenic groundwater at western Hetao plain, Inner Mongolia

Environmental geochemistry of high arsenic groundwater at Hetao plain was studied on the basis of geochemical survey of the groundwater and a core sediment. Arsenic concentration in groundwater samples varies from 76 to 1093 μg/L. The high arsenic groundwater mostly appears to be weakly alkaline. The concentrations of NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ are relatively low, while the concentrations of DOC, NH₄⁺, dissolved Fe and sulfide are relatively great. Analysis of arsenic speciation in 21 samples shows that arsenic is present in the solution predominantly as As(III), while particulate arsenic constitutes about 10% of the total arsenic. Methane is detected in five samples with the greatest content being 5107 μg/L. The shallow aquifer in Hangjinhouqi of western Hetao plain is of strongly reducing condition. The arsenic content in 23 core sediment samples varies from 7.7 to 34.6 mg/kg, with great value in clay and mild clay layer. The obvious positive relationship in content between Fe₂O₃, Mn, Sb, B, V and As indicates that the distribution of arsenic in the sediments may be related to Fe and Mn oxides, and the mobilization of Sb, B and V may be affected by similar geochemical processes as that of As.     

Environmental geochemistry and ecological risk of vanadium pollution in Panzhihua mining and smelting area, Sichuan, China

1 Introduction Vanadium (V) is a relatively abundant elemenwhich is widely distributed in nature; howeverworkable V deposits are very rare (World HealthOrganization, 2001). Vanadium is a trace elementwhich may be beneficial and possibly essential fohuman…     

世界环境问题和中国减灾工作研究进展

环境和灾害是威胁人类生存的两大挑战性问题。由人类活动导致的自然环境破坏和恶化是一个长期累积的过程,类似于人体所患的慢性疾病,对其认识和解决不仅依靠多种条件,也需要很长时间的持久努力。自然灾害的发生一般是短时间内的突然事件,类似人体的急性疾病。为最大限度地减轻自然灾害给人类社会造成的损失,需要实施事先预防、灾前预警、灾时应急和灾后重建的系统工程,其中地球科学家的责任之一是找出有效的宣传演练,使社会各界充分认识灾害的危险性,做好必要的防灾准备。最近20 a来中国的减灾实践经验还说明,为进一步提高减灾的效益,要用科学观念指导各领域的减灾工作,在国家一级层次上要实行多部门协调、多学科合作的综合管理,并注重对灾害发生的规律性研究。例如对群发性灾害链过程及其潜在影响的估计,这对制定区域性可持续发展规划具有重要意义。     

Environmental geochemistry and health of fluorine in Chinese coals

Fluorine is one of the potential hazardous trace elements in coal. Fluorine may be released into atmosphere mostly during coal combustion process. When the coal is burning indoors without any controlling methods (chimney), the fluorine will pollute the room and is absorbed by food fired (dried) over stoves. Now many people have suffered from fluorosis due to coal burning indoors in Southwest China. In this paper, the concentration, distribution, mode of occurrences and impact factors of fluorine in Chinese coals are analyzed. The environmental impacts and typical features of fluorosis are studied. It is concluded that the value of fluorine in Chinese coals ranges from 20 to 300 mg/kg, and with average value of 122 mg/kg from 5,603 coal samples. It is higher than the average value of the world coals (80 mg/kg). In provincial coalfields of the SW China, the content of F is highest and many people have been affected due to coal combustion indoors.     

湘中桃江锰矿废矿堆环境地球化学分析

对湘中桃江锰矿废矿堆的废石进行了主量元素、稀土元素、微量元素和重金属元素的地球化学分析。野外观察及分析结果表明:组成废矿堆的岩石主要是赋矿围岩中奥陶统黑色页岩和原生碳酸锰矿石。这些废石富含Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Tl、Sb、U等重金属元素。废石暴露地表而遭受风化分解,导致Sc、V、Cr、U、Cd、Th等重金属元素淋滤释出,在废石样品中均表现出不同程度的迁移特征,且以V、Cd、U的迁移性最为强烈。此外,黑色页岩中Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Tl、Sb也明显发生淋失。这些重金属元素如Cd、Tl等毒性极强,进入矿区周围不断积聚,便可能对环境造成严重的影响。故对区内分布的废矿堆作为重金属污染源应高度重视。     

武汉城市湖泊汞的环境地球化学评价

汞由于其在环境中的持久性、生物地球化学可循环性以及潜在的生态威胁性而受到格外关注。对武汉远郊、城乡结合部和市区三种环境中6个湖泊的水、沉积物和生物(鱼)中汞污染特征进行了调查采样,用原子荧光光谱仪进行了汞含量的测定。采用Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法直接评价了武汉湖泊汞的生态效应。结果表明,与国家食品卫生标准鱼肉中汞含量(≤300ng/g)相比,除梁子湖乌鱼(汞含量为676ng/g)外,6个湖泊3种鱼肉中汞含量均未超标,表明武汉城市湖泊汞元素尚未造成明显的生态效应;与国家Ⅲ类水质汞含量标准(0.1μg/L)相比,除金银湖水汞含量(0.137μg/L)略有超标外,其他湖水汞含量分布在0.048～0.081μg/L之间,均在合格标准线以下,武汉地区湖水中重金属汞污染不严重,不会构成严重的环境问题;应用Hakanson评价模型,据单个金属的潜在生态危害系数,排出所研究湖泊沉积物汞污染程度的序列为:东湖>墨水湖>金银湖>梁子湖>汤逊湖>鲁湖。     

湖泊沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学

概要地回顾了近年来国内外湖泊沉积物中重金属环境污染方面的研究成果,介绍了湖相沉积物重金属研究的主要内容、方法和可能的发展方向。认为就重金属成因方面应加强区分其主要来源是岩石和矿物风化的碎屑产物、大气降尘、人类活动等的研究;重金属污染方面更应重视污染物质的生物有效性、迁移转化机理和重金属“二次污染”的研究;研究手段上,注重运用同位素示踪与定年技术来研究重金属的来源和污染历史,应用高分辨率沉积物钻心研究环境的变迁。最后提出加强多学科的综合研究,建立中国湖泊基准数据库,为探讨湖泊湿地的可持续发展提供依据。     

卧龙泉河流域水环境地球化学

卧龙泉河流域金矿开发在一定程度上对卧龙泉河水及该区的地下产生影响。在近金矿开采区，水的pH、CODCr（化学需氧量）、κ（电导率）、TH（硬度值）、SO4^2-和CN^-明显升高，Eh和DO（溶解氧）明显降低；其中局部河水的pH、CODCr、DO超出国家地表水的三类标准，局部地下水的CN^-含量分别超出国家生活饮用水水质标准（GB5749-85）和世界卫生组织的生活饮用水水质标准（1971）的15倍和80倍；水的重金属含量也明显偏高。局部地下水水质类型由远离金矿开发区的Ca-HCO3^-型变为Na-SO4^2-型。水文地球化学和水系沉积物研究表明，水环境污染主要与金矿开发过程中的人为活动有关，部分与区域水岩交换反应有关。污染源主要为金矿的尾矿渗水和乱弃的尾矿物质。     

多元校正分析在水环境地球化学领域中的应用

多元校正分析法应用于水环境地球化学研究,可对复杂的分析数据进行处理和解析,反映水质状况与污染之间的各种关系,建立水质评价和预测模型,从而科学地服务于治理水污染。评述了多元分析方法如主成分分析、偏最小二乘法、人工神经网络等在水环境地球化学研究中的应用、进展和前景。     

多元校正分析在水环境地球化学领域中的应用

多元校正分析法应用于水环境地球化学研究,可对复杂的分析数据进行处理和解析,反映水质状况与污染之间的各种关系,建立水质评价和预测模型,从而科学地服务于治理水污染。评述了多元分析方法如主成分分析、偏最小二乘法、人工神经网络等在水环境地球化学研究中的应用、进展和前景。     

重大环境工程地质问题及其典型实例环境保护,减灾对策和灾害损失评价

本文对环境工程地质这的理论问题，重大环境工程地质问题及典型实例，环境保护，减灾对策和灾害损失评价等方面进行了系统的分析，总结，最后，对环境工程地质学的发展提出了４点建议。     

Environmental Geochemistry of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Soil and Stream Sediment in Panzhihua Mining and Smelting Area,Southwestern China

Mining and smelting activities are the main causes for the increasing pollution of heavy metals in soil, Water body and stream sediment. An environmental geochemical investiga-tion was carried out in and around the Panzhihua mining and smelting area to determine the ex-tent of chemical contamination in soil and sediment. The main objective of this study was to in-vestigate the environmental geochemistry of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn and As in soil andsediment and to assess the degree of pollution in the study area. The data of heavy metal con-centrations reveal that soils and sediments in the area have been slightly contaminated. Geo-chemical maps of Igeo of each heavy metal show that the contaminated sites are located in V-Ti-magnetite sloping and smelting, gangues dam. The pollution sources of the selected elementscome mainly from dusts resultant from mining activities and other three-waste-effluents. The areaneeds to be monitored regularly for trace metal, especially heavy metal enrichment.     

雅鲁藏布江大峡谷地区环境地球化学与地方病

雅鲁藏布江大峡谷地区地方性群发性骨骼生育疾病严重影响区域居民健康和经济社会发展。中国地质调查局在雅鲁藏布江大峡谷腹地部署了波密幅墨脱县幅区域地球化学调查．成果表明．大峡谷地区环境地球化学特征是生命元素Fe、P、Ca、Mg、Mn、Co、Zn偏低，Cu、Mo、Cr、V、Ni明显偏低，毒性元素Ba、Be、Sr、Li偏高，U、Th明显偏高．P／F、Sr／Ca、Ba／Ca比例失调。地方病的发生与环境地球化学质量低下有密切关系。大峡谷地区板块运动造成的大规模物质交换和特殊的地球化学景观是环境地球化学质量低下和地方病产生的深层次原因。     

重庆南山老龙洞地下河表层沉积物重金属环境地球化学特征及生态风险评价

2013年12月采集了重庆南山老龙洞地下河表层沉积物样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICPMS)、电感耦合等离子体发光质谱仪(ICP-OES)分析样品中Mn、Pb、Cu、As和Cr的含量,并用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的生态风险进行评估。结果表明:地下河表层沉积物存在重金属富集现象,富集程度依次为CrCuMnPbAs,其中UGR0处重金属污染相对较严重;地下河表层沉积物重金属含量主要受总有机碳(TOC)控制,与沉积物pH、粒径无显著相关性,TOC也控制着重金属稳定度,影响着重金属的迁移性,进而影响上覆水水质;地累积指数法评价显示地下河表层沉积物重金属整体上处于轻度污染状态,潜在生态风险指数法评价表明老龙洞地下河表层沉积物重金属含量水平引发有害生物效应的可能性不大。     

Environmental geochemistry of arsenic in sediment-water interface of Poyang Lake, China

Environmental pollution is one of the vertical problems faced in the 21 century. There are numbers of lakes located in China. Poyang Lake, which is the largest freshwater lake in China, is the famous representation. The environmental geochemistry of trace and ultra-trace element As in the sediment-water interface （SWI） of Poyang Lake was investigated in detail. Solutions presented in the project can be summarized as follows： it is the first time to discover that the ：nasking agent of 8-hydroxyquinoline was found to be an efficient agent to eliminate the interference of transition metals in the determination of arsenic species, especially to eliminate As （Ⅴ） emission with high selection in the matrix of As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ） coexisting solution. A sensitive and interference-free procedure has been successfully established for the arsenic speciation on As （Ⅲ）, As （Ⅴ）, Asorg in pore water samples using flowing injection hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry （FI-HG-AFS）. It was observed that the concentrations of arsenic species in porewaters were relatively high. With the variation of the redox in sediments, it is easy to cause the second pollution in overlying waters for their upward diffusion. Arsenic is mainly absorbed onto iron and manganese oxyhydroxides in controlling the behavior of As. The effect factors of the transfer, cycle of arsenic are the redox condition at SWI, disturbance, and microbial action, etc.     

Environmental geology problems caused by mining activities in Panzhihua iron mine

The Panzhihua iron mine, a famous V-Ti magnetite mine in our country, is composed of the Jianshan, Lanjiahuoshan and Zhujiabaobao ore areas. It has caused many ecological problems in the Panzhihua iron mine after nearly 40 years of mining, which has severe impact on safe mining and has brought huge economic losses. This paper begins with the environmental geological problems caused by unloading （mining） and loading （mine dump） that is then resulted from mining activities. The paper then analyses and studies the cause and development of every environmental geological problem as well as the formation of geological disasters （landslip, coast and landslide） from two aspects： geological disasters and environmental geological problems caused by mining activities. Meanwhile, the paper puts forward suggestions about prevention and management of mine. It is found that material unloading in the Panzhihua iron mine has made the originally stable geological body be less stable, and has formed much disastrous slope. The resulted geological disasters include landslip, landslip, etc. Material loading, i.e. mine dump, has caused a huge artificial loose stack piled up in valleys. The steep slopes can easily result in geological disasters, such as landslip, landslide, debris flow, etc. Till now, there have been over10 times geological disasters caused by material unloading, and over 20 times caused by material loading. The economic loss has been over 0.1 billion yuan RMB. It is also found that the major impact of mining on environment is the pollution of soil and water caused by heavy metals. Besides this, powder is also another source of pollution.     

Environmental geochemistry of Zarshuran Au-As deposit, NW Iran

Zarshuran deposit is the most famous and important As-Au mine in Iran. However, there is no information on the impact of mining activity on the surrounding environment, especially on water systems. This paper attempts to document the concentration of arsenic and associated elements in waters and sediments resulting from the mining history of Zarshuran, a period covering hundreds of years. Water and sediment samples collected from Zarshuran Stream indicate high content of some potentially toxic elements, especially of As which ranges from 0.028 to 40 ng/l in water and 182 to 36,000 mg/kg in sediment samples. Mining activity, exposure of a large volume of mining wastes to weathering, and the anomalously high background of trace metals in the mining area are considered to be the main sources of heavy metal pollution.