城市环境地球化学研究综述

近年来地球科学越来越多地面向城市,城市环境受到人类活动的广泛影响,自然及人类活动引起的城市地球化学问题日益受到人们的重视。城市环境地球化学是应用地球化学的原理和方法研究城市生态环境问题,主要研究城市土壤、沉积物、尘埃、地表水、地下水、生物、空气等介质中化学元素及同位素的分布、演化、环境作用及健康效应,重点解决城市地球化学环境质量变化的原理及由此产生的生态环境效应及人体健康效应。城市环境地球化学的主要研究对象是传统工业城市、典型矿业城市及国际化的大都市。在城市地球化学概念出现之后短短的10余年时间内,很多国家开展了城市环境地球化学调查和研究工作,取得了重要的成果和进展,并发展成为环境地球化学与城市环境的重要方向,但仍存在着一定的问题,需要深入研究。目前,城市环境系统的地球化学填图、城市地球化学与环境污染研究、城市地球化学与生态风险研究、城市地球化学与人体健康研究、城市地球化学系统的调控与环境规划等领域是国际城市环境地球化学的热点和前沿。     

从第32届国际地质大会看地球化学的现状与未来

对2004年8月在意大利弗罗伦萨召开的第32届国际地质大会有关生命起源、地质灾害监测、壳幔相互作用、人类采矿与生产活动、水-岩相互作用、地表过程、古气候与古环境等方面的地球化学研究及稳定同位素、地球化学动力学、有机地球化学、地球化学分析技术等方面的内容进行了较为系统的总结,并对地球化学的未来发展进行了展望。     

世界环境问题和中国减灾工作研究进展

环境和灾害是威胁人类生存的两大挑战性问题。由人类活动导致的自然环境破坏和恶化是一个长期累积的过程,类似于人体所患的慢性疾病,对其认识和解决不仅依靠多种条件,也需要很长时间的持久努力。自然灾害的发生一般是短时间内的突然事件,类似人体的急性疾病。为最大限度地减轻自然灾害给人类社会造成的损失,需要实施事先预防、灾前预警、灾时应急和灾后重建的系统工程,其中地球科学家的责任之一是找出有效的宣传演练,使社会各界充分认识灾害的危险性,做好必要的防灾准备。最近20 a来中国的减灾实践经验还说明,为进一步提高减灾的效益,要用科学观念指导各领域的减灾工作,在国家一级层次上要实行多部门协调、多学科合作的综合管理,并注重对灾害发生的规律性研究。例如对群发性灾害链过程及其潜在影响的估计,这对制定区域性可持续发展规划具有重要意义。     

环境地球化学的新起点——非线性环境地球化学过程的研究

文章综述了我国环境地球化学发展的历程、环境地球化学在科学领域和环境科学中的位置以及学科的综合性和边缘性。作者系统阐述非线性环境地球化学出现的必然性,指出研究目标、内容和入门的途径,以及研究的方法和程序。从元索地球化学分布的静态数学模型到地质历史演化过程的动态数学模型,以及元素地球化学循环耦合作用模型,作者认为非线性是环境地球化学过程最本质的特征。     

从系统点论环境地质学的研究方法

环境地球化学是地球化学与环境科学结合衍生的一门新兴的边缘学科。文章概括论述了学科的性质，提出环境地球化学发展的主要领域：全球环境变化的环境地球化学研究、地球化学环境与人体健康、地球化学环境与农业、环境污染的地球化学，并对各个领域研究的现状作了概述与分析，进一步提出了研究的具体方向。     

Predictive geochemical mapping using environmental correlation

The distribution of chemical elements at and near the Earth's surface, the so-called critical zone, is complex and reflects the geochemistry and mineralogy of the original substrate modified by environmental factors that include physical, chemical and biological processes over time.Geochemical data typically is illustrated in the form of plan view maps or vertical cross-sections, where the composition of regolith, soil, bedrock or any other material is represented. These are primarily point observations that frequently are interpolated to produce rasters of element distributions. Here we propose the application of environmental or covariate regression modelling to predict and better understand the controls on major and trace element geochemistry within the regolith. Available environmental covariate datasets (raster or vector) representing factors influencing regolith or soil composition are intersected with the geochemical point data in a spatial statistical correlation model to develop a system of multiple linear correlations. The spatial resolution of the environmental covariates, which typically is much finer (e.g. ∼90 m pixel) than that of geochemical surveys (e.g. 1 sample per 10-10,000 km²), carries over to the predictions. Therefore the derived predictive models of element concentrations take the form of continuous geochemical landscape representations that are potentially much more informative than geostatistical interpolations.Environmental correlation is applied to the Sir Samuel 1:250,000 scale map sheet in Western Australia to produce distribution models of individual elements describing the geochemical composition of the regolith and exposed bedrock. As an example we model the distribution of two elements – chromium and sodium. We show that the environmental correlation approach generates high resolution predictive maps that are statistically more accurate and effective than ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighting interpolation methods. Furthermore, insights can be gained into the landscape processes controlling element concentration, distribution and mobility from analysis of the covariates used in the model. This modelling approach can be extended to groups of elements (indices), element ratios, isotopes or mineralogy over a range of scales and in a variety of environments.     

我国城市地球化学热点领域研究进展及展望

城市地球化学主要研究城市化进程中的生态环境地质问题,运用地球化学的原理和方法,通过研究城市及城市群的地下水、地表水、土壤、大气及其降尘、生物等环境体系中化学元素和部分有机物的分布、演化、环境作用及健康效应,区分污染源,对未来环境演变趋势作出预警并给出治理方案。我国城市地球化学研究的热点和前沿主要集中在城市生态环境多目标地球化学调查评价、城市环境污染及生态风险评价（估）、城市生态环境对人体的健康效应、城市隐伏活动断层的地球化学探测、城市地球化学系统的调控等领域,并取得了一定进展,但仍存在着一定的问题,需要深入研究。     

勘查地球化学主要新进展与今后的重要发展领域

对国内外勘查地球化学一些最新进展进行了综述,认为矿体-成矿系列地球化学异常模式、矿区化探和隐伏矿体定位预测依然是今后的重要领域.同时提出急需建立新的生态环境地球化学理论体系,认为固体矿山受损生态系统的地球化学恢复前景广阔,值得重视的地方病生态环境地球化学预防-预警体系仍需加强.需要开拓研究的新领域有：污染土壤和水体植物地球化学修复理论和新技术、特殊地质环境与综合生态农林业开发的应用地球化学;国外特殊景观地球化学勘查新方法试验和应用研究.     

Developing the scientific framework for urban geochemistry

Urban geochemistry is a unique discipline that is distinguished from general geochemistry by the complex infrastructure and intense human activities associated with concentrated population centers. As stated by Thornton (1991) “This subject is concerned with the complex interactions and relationships between chemical elements and their compounds in the urban environment, the influence of past and present human and industrial activities on these, and the impacts or effects of geochemical parameters in urban areas on plant, animal and human health.” Urban areas present special challenges to geochemists attempting to understand geochemical states and fluxes. On the 5–6 of August, 2014, the first meeting of the reorganized Urban Geochemistry Working Group of the International Association of GeoChemistry (IAGC) was held in Columbus, Ohio, United States. Two goals of the meeting were to develop the overall scope, and a general definition of urban geochemistry. Five grand themes were developed: 1) recognizing the urban geochemical signature; 2) recognizing the legacy of altered hydrologic and geochemical cycles in urban environments; 3) measuring the urban geochemical signature; 4) understanding the urban influence on geochemical cycles from the continuous development and erosion of physical infrastructure and episodic perturbations; and 5) relating urban geochemistry to human and environmental health and policy. After synthesizing the discussion of these themes we offer the following perspective on the science of urban geochemistry building on the work of Thornton (1991): Urban geochemistry as a scientific discipline provides valuable information on the chemical composition of environments that support large populations and are critical to human health and well-being. Research into urban geochemistry seeks to 1) elucidate and quantify the sources, transport, transformations, and fate of chemicals in the urban environment, 2) recognize the spatial and temporal (including legacies) variability in these processes, and 3) integrate urban studies into global perspectives on climate change, biogeochemical cycles, and human and ecosystem health. We hope that this discussion will encourage other geochemists to engage in challenges unique to urban systems, as well as provide a framework for the future of urban geochemistry research.     

By design: The architecture of microbial redox cycling

The authors’ work on mine systems, combines field and laboratory integrated microbial geochemical investigation with high-resolution techniques enabling characterization and visualization at the bacterium scale (i.e. STXM). The results indicate a repeated motif of socially organized microbial cooperation occurring within microbial consortial macrostructures (pods). The pod structure directly enables the specific geochemical processes linked to the metabolic function of the consortial members. These microbially linked geochemical processes have important ramifications for bulk system geochemistry that were previously unknown. Results from two examples: (1) microbial metal interactions within AMD biofilms and (2) sulfur redox cycling by a novel consortia within mine waters, illustrate how the ecology of the pod consortia is linked to pod biogeochemical macrostructure as well as to the resulting geochemistry associated with pod metabolism. In both instances the pod structures enabled the associated consortia to carry out reactions not predicted by classic geochemical understanding of these systems. Investigation of AMD biofilm biogeochemical architecture capturing the micro-scale linkages amongst geochemical gradients, metal dynamics and depth resolved micro-organism community structure, illustrated a novel biomineralization process driven by biofilm associated pods controlling biofilm metal capture. Similarly, the groups’ recent discovery of an environmental S redox cycling, pod-forming, consortium revealed ecologically driven S cycling with previously unknown implications for both AMD mitigation and AMD carbon flux modeling. These results highlight how microbes cooperatively orchestrate their geochemical environment, underscoring the need to consider syntrophic community activity in environmental processes and the requirement for integrated, high-resolution techniques spanning geochemistry, molecular microbiology and imaging to reveal the biogeochemistry involved.     

大数据科学从信息化、模式化到智能化:现代地球化学应用研究的新范式

地球科学领域处在信息科学与信息化社会时代,基于大数据战略驱动的现代地球科学正在蓬勃兴起.诞生于近代的地球化学具有天然的结构化信息科学属性.提出建立从信息化、模式化到智能化的地球化学大数据信息科学应用研究总体思路,即基于地球化学大数据首先建立信息化系统,运用地球系统科学方法理论建立成矿地球化学分带富集模式与生态地球化学累...     

Exploratory and spatial data analysis (EDA–SDA) for determining regional background levels and anomalies of potentially toxic elements in soils from Catorce–Matehuala, Mexico

The threshold between geochemical background and anomalies can be influenced by the methodology selected for its estimation. Environmental evaluations, particularly those conducted in mineralized areas, must consider this when trying to determinate the natural geochemical status of a study area, quantifying human impacts, or establishing soil restoration values for contaminated sites. Some methods in environmental geochemistry incorporate the premise that anomalies (natural or anthropogenic) and background data are characterized by their own probabilistic distributions. One of these methods uses exploratory data analysis (EDA) on regional geochemical data sets coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) to spatially understand the processes that influence the geochemical landscape in a technique that can be called a spatial data analysis (SDA). This EDA–SDA methodology was used to establish the regional background range from the area of Catorce–Matehuala in north-central Mexico. Probability plots of the data, particularly for those areas affected by human activities, show that the regional geochemical background population is composed of smaller subpopulations associated with factors such as soil type and parent material. This paper demonstrates that the EDA–SDA method offers more certainty in defining thresholds between geochemical background and anomaly than a numeric technique, making it a useful tool for regional geochemical landscape analysis and environmental geochemistry studies.     

基于MAPGIS的永吉县地质灾害易发性评价

本文根据野外实际调查成果,描述了永吉县地质灾害发育的特点,分析了地质灾害发育的控制因素和影响因素,利用层次-模糊评价法结合MAPGIS对永吉县地质灾害的易发性进行评价,并进行了灾害易发区划分,其结果可对当地制定相应的应急预案,采取相应的防范措施提供依据。     

资源开发-环境灾害-地球化学——以贵州阿哈湖铁、锰污染为例

资源利用与环境改变、资源再生与环境净化互为因果。因资源开发所触发的环境灾害已成为环境地质学与地球化学的研究热点。贵州阿哈湖汇水区煤炭资源的不合理开采导致铁、锰在沉积物中蓄积并产生湖水季节性二次污染。文中以此为例 ,并依据地球化学过程是认识污染机理的关键、地球化学原理是污染控制技术的科学基础 ,讨论环境物质释放、运移、转化和界面作用与环境质量变异的关系。     

黑色页岩与大洋缺氧事件的Re-Os同位素示踪与定年研究

地质历史中发育多次大规模的大洋缺氧事件并伴随有巨量的黑色页岩沉积, 对这些大洋缺氧事件发生时限及成因机制的研究已成为当前国际古海洋学研究的一个前沿领域。开展对大洋缺氧事件的研究,有助于了解古海洋演化、地球系统变化和地球其他圈层对生物圈的影响,以及金属成矿、油气形成及生烃环境。因此近年来人们从古海洋、古气候、古地理、古生物、大地构造和地质地球化学等学科,积极开展对大洋缺氧事件的研究。对大洋缺氧事件进行准确定年则是研究工作开展的首要任务之一;而如果用于定年的同位素体系能同时提供相关的环境变迁信息,则更加有利于我们对缺氧事件成因机制的认识。Re Os同位素作为近年来发展起来的一种新的同位素技术方法,恰好适用于对富有机质沉积岩和黑色页岩的定年,可以获得精确的地层沉积年龄,同时利用这些海洋沉积物的Os同位素比值还可获得古海水的Os同位素组成及随时间的演化规律。在中国华南地区新元古代—早古生代发育有多幕次的大洋缺氧事件和黑色页岩的巨厚沉积和广泛分布,利用Re Os同位素研究,不但可以精确厘定这些事件发生的时限,而且可以有效示踪当时的古海洋环境。     

地球化学若干领域的回顾与展望

对地球化学的某些领域，如元素的丰度和起源；地球与太阳系的化学演化；资源的勘察、利用与成因研究；元素的循环与示踪；环境地球化学；天体化学；分析与实验地球化学等在20世纪所取得的进展作了简短回顾。并对地球化学的某些领域，如全球变化研究与生态环境保护、新的洁净能源与矿产资源、防灾减灾和保障人群健康、征服太阳系并使之为人类社会的可持续发展服务等方面的发展前景作了简要论述。     

Environmental geochemistry of calcium isotopes： Applications of a new stable isotope approach

1IntroductionIn nature, calcium has six naturally occurring sta-ble isotopes with atomic mass units (amu) and the a-bundances of40Ca (96.941%),42Ca (0.647%),43Ca (0.135%),44Ca (2.086%),46Ca (0.004%)and48Ca (0.187%) are presented in this paper.These analyt…     

环境地球化学与人体健康及农业生产的关系

在桐柏-信阳一带区域地球化学调查中，获得40多种元素的地球化学成果资料，较全面深入地总结了区内这些元素的分布特征和规律，对环境地球化学与人体健康及农业生产关系进行了研究。     

进入21世纪的勘查地球化学:对生态地球化学的展望

通过对国内外地球化学填图进展的简要回顾 ,认为生态地球化学是地球化学填图的必然产物。根据中国多目标地球化学调查项目的工作部署和研究需求 ,初步提出了生态地球化学研究的基本内容和任务 ,同时指出 ,生态地球化学研究将成为中国勘查地球化学发展的主流之一     

Interplay between geochemistry and magma dynamics during magma interaction: An example from the Sithonia Plutonic Complex (NE Greece)

Orogenic granitoids often display mineralogical and geochemical features suggesting that open-system magmatic processes played a key role in their evolution. This is testified by the presence of enclaves of more mafic magmas dispersed into the granitoid mass, the occurrence of strong disequilibrium textures in mineralogical phases, and/or extreme geochemical and isotopic variability.

In this contribution, intrusive rocks constituting the Sithonia Plutonic Complex (Northern Greece) are studied on the basis of mineral chemistry, whole-rock major, trace element geochemistry, and Sr and Nd isotopic composition. Sithonia rocks can be divided into a basic group bearing macroscopic (mafic enclaves), microscopic (disequilibrium textures), geochemical, and isotopic evidence of magma interaction, and an acid group in which most geochemical and isotopic features are consistent with a magma mixing process, but macroscopic and microscopic features are lacking.

A two-step Mixing plus Fractional Crystallization (MFC) process is considered responsible for the evolution of the basic group. The first step explains the chemical variation in the mafic enclave group: a basic magma, represented by the least evolved enclaves, interacted with an acid magma, represented by the most evolved granitoid rocks, to give the most evolved enclaves. The second step explains the geochemical variations of the remaining rocks of the basic group: most evolved enclaves interacted with the same acid magma to give the spectrum of rock compositions with intermediate geochemical signatures. A convection–diffusion process is envisaged to explain the geochemical and isotopic variability and the lack of macroscopic and petrographic evidence of magma interaction in the acid group.

The mafic magma is presumably the result of melting of a mantle, repeatedly metasomatized and enriched in LILE due to subduction events, whereas the acid magma is considered the product of partial melting of lower crustal rocks of intermediate to basaltic composition.

It is shown that Sithonia Plutonic Complex offers the opportunity to investigate in detail the complex interplay between geochemistry and magma dynamics during magma interaction processes between mantle and crustal derived magmas.