微拟球藻Ⅰ型脂酰辅酶A:二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶编码基因NoDGAT1A的功能分析

从微拟球藻高产油藻株IMET1的cDNA中,克隆出一个I型脂酰辅酶A:二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶的编码基因NoDGAT1A,该基因共编码437个氨基酸,与拟南芥I型DGAT的氨基酸序列相似度为38%,且含有至少9段高疏水区。随后,NoDGAT1A被转化入营养缺陷型酿酒酵母三脂酰甘油合成突变株H1246中进行诱导表达。结果表明,在外加二十碳五烯酸(EPA)时,表达No DGAT1A的H1246能够产生三脂酰甘油(TAG),针对其TAG的分析表明,与酵母DGAT相比,表达NoDGAT1A的H1246产生的TAG中含有更多的EPA,说明NoDGAT1A具有更强的合成含EPA的TAG之能力。此外,16:0(63.82%)和18:0(27.98%)是其TAG中主要的脂肪酸链成分,说明NoDGAT1A合成的TAG侧链仍以长链饱和脂肪酸为主。NoDGAT1A对微拟球藻中TAG的合成具有重要作用,也为以微拟球藻为模式的产油微藻TAG和EPA代谢网络提供参考。     

绿潮浒苔具有广泛底物特异性的二酰基甘油酰基转移酶1的功能研究

三酰基甘油(甘油三酯)是生物体内主要的碳和能量储存形式,也是细胞膜和信号分子的重要组成部分,它们在多种生理过程和环境胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。酰基辅酶A:二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)催化真核生物甘油三酯合成途径中最后一步和唯一的酰基化步骤。本研究从绿潮浒苔中鉴定并获得了一个新的二酰基甘油酰基转移酶UpDGAT1基因,并在酿酒酵母甘油三酯缺失合成四重突变体中通过异源表达验证了该基因的功能。薄层色谱和BODIPY染色结果表明,浒苔UpDGAT1基因能够恢复酵母中甘油三酯的合成和脂质体的形成。酵母细胞的脂肪酸组成分析显示,浒苔UpDGAT1具有广泛的底物特异性,可接受饱和、单不饱和和多不饱和酰基辅酶A作为底物。高盐度和高温胁迫增加了浒苔UpDGAT1基因的表达和浒苔甘油三酯的积累。本研究为进一步解析UpDGAT1在浒苔甘油三酯积累和胁迫响应中的作用提供了基础。     

不同温度和N,Fe3+质量浓度对微拟球藻脂肪酸组成及SCD基因表达的影响

为了研究不同温度和N、Fe3+质量浓度对微拟球藻脂肪酸组成的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪,测定了不同处理条件下微拟球藻脂肪酸的组成。并利用荧光定量PCR技术,监测了在不同处理条件下微拟球藻硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)基因的表达差异。结果表明:在缺N的条件下,微拟球藻中的不饱和脂肪酸的比例如C18∶2、C18∶1和C20∶4明显降低;在富N条件下C18∶2、C20∶4和C20∶5等不饱和脂肪酸的比例明显提高;在高温处理下,微拟球藻中C16∶1和C18∶1等单不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例有显著提高,而C20∶4和C20∶5等多不饱和脂肪酸则有明显的降低趋势;在低温处理组中,多不饱和脂肪酸如C18∶2和C20∶4在微拟球藻总脂中的比例明显提高;在富Fe条件下,多不饱和脂肪酸尤其是C20∶4和C20∶5发生积累;在缺Fe条件下,不饱和脂肪酸如C18∶1、C20∶5等占总脂肪酸的比例明显下降。与此同时,在富N、低温、高温和富Fe的条件下,SCD基因的表达量有显著的提高;在缺N和缺Fe的条件下,SCD基因的表达量下降。这揭示了SCD基因在不饱和脂肪酸形成途径中所起的重要作用,同时也证明了基因的表达与产物的合成有着密切的联系。     

Impact of the brine from a desalination plant on a shallow seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow

Although seawater desalination has increased significantly over recent decades, little attention has been paid to the impact of the main by-product (hypersaline water: brine) on ecosystems. In the Mediterranean, potentially the most affected ecosystems are meadows of the endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica. We studied the effect of brine on a shallow P. oceanica meadow exposed to reverse osmosis brine discharge for more than 6 years. P. oceanica proved to be very sensitive to both eutrophication and high salinities derived from the brine discharge. Affected plants showed high epiphyte load and nitrogen content in the leaves, high frequencies of necrosis marks, low total non-structural carbohydrates and low glutamine synthetase activity, compared to control plants. However, there was no indication of extensive decline of the affected meadow. This is probably due to its very shallow situation, which results in high incident radiation as well as fast dilution and dispersion of the brine plume.     

Cloning, expression and characterization of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT)-like gene subunit (LCB2) from marine Emiliania huxleyi virus (Coccolithovirus)

The authors have isolated and characterized a novel serine palmitoyltransferase(SPT)-like gene in marine Emiliania huxleyi virus(EhV-99B1).The open-reading frame(ORF) of EhV99B1-SPT encoded a protein of 496 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 96 kDa and Ip 6.01.The results of sequence analysis showed that there was about 31%-45% identity in amino acid sequence with other organisms.The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree suggested that the EhV99B1-SPT gene possibly horizontally transferred from the eukaryote.Hydrophobic profiles of deduced amino acid sequences suggested a hydrophobic,globular and membrane-associated protein with five transmembrane domains(TMDs) motifs.Several potential N-linked glycosylation sites were presented in SPT.These results suggested that EhV99B1-SPT was an integral endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein.Despite lower sequence identity,the secondary and three-dimensional structures predicted showed that the "pocket" structure element composed of 2α-helices and 4βsheets was the catalytic center of this enzyme,with a typical conserved "TFTKSFG" active site in the N-terminal region and was very close to those of prokaryotic organisms.However,the N-terminal domain of EhV99B1-SPT most closely resembled the LCB2 catalysis subunit and the C-terminal domain most closely resembled the LCB1 regulatory subunit of other organisms which together formed a spherical molecule.This "chimera" was highly similar to the prokaryotic homologous SPT.For a functional identification,the EhV99B1-LCB2 subunit gene was expressed in Escherichia coli,which resulted in significant accumulation of new sphingolipid in E.coli cells.     

SsC1qDC基因在毛蚶免疫防御中的作用

含C1q结构域蛋白(C1qDCs)在无脊椎动物免疫应答中发挥重要作用,但目前有关毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)C1qDCs免疫功能的研究鲜有报道。本研究从毛蚶中鉴定出一个含有典型C1q结构域的基因(命名为SsC1qDC),并分析了其对主要病原感染的响应特征。SsC1qDC的cDNA全长序列为711bp,编码含有N端信号肽和199个氨基酸的蛋白,系统进化分析显示SsC1qDC与双壳贝类的C1qDCs聚在一起。SsC1qDC在毛蚶卵细胞到眼点幼虫时期的表达量随发育阶段显著增加,且该基因在成体毛蚶各组织中均有表达,其中在肝胰腺和闭壳肌中表达水平较高。副溶血弧菌刺激可显著诱导SsC1qDC基因高表达,敲降SsC1qDC基因表达后毛蚶死亡率和血细胞凋亡水平显著升高,且导致毛蚶血细胞总数和吞噬活力显著下降。同时,敲降SsC1qDC基因的表达可显著抑制母源免疫相关基因Vg、LSZ、Dscam、TEP和SsC1qDC-3的表达,而C3、PAF3、SsC1qDC-1和SsC1qDC-2等基因的表达显著上调。本研究结果表明, SsC1qDC在毛蚶抗弧菌响应中发挥重要作用,对贝类免疫学和抗...     

东印度洋5种缘毛类纤毛虫(钟虫属和聚缩虫)水平分布初次报道

腹壁纤毛虫是一种附着在浮游动物上的原生生物,尤其是附着在桡足类和甲壳类上的。而缘毛虫是可以以自由或寄生的形式在世界各沿海地区和港湾处被发现。本研究首次对东印度洋表层至200 m深海域的缘毛类纤毛虫以及其水平分布展开了研究。根据纤毛虫的形态、纤毛结构和茎的形态等的特征,在2014年4月10日至5月13日东印度洋航次的浮游生物拖网样品中鉴定出了五种富腹纤毛虫,海洋钟形虫Vorticella oceanica、交替聚缩虫Zoothamnium alternans、阿拉聚缩虫Zoothamnium alrasheidi、远洋聚缩虫Zoothamnium pelagicum和海洋聚缩虫Zoothamnium marinum。并通过光显微镜和扫描显微镜拍摄的照片,说明了其形态、尺寸和特征。研究结果表明,海洋钟形虫和远洋聚缩虫的分布与硅藻（如,密聚角毛藻Chaetoceros coarctatus）和桡足类（如,短角长腹剑水蚤Oithona brevicornis）等寄主有关,也包括甲藻（如,三角角藻Ceraitum tripose）周围的一些个体。这些附着纤毛虫的分布在东印度洋海域东南区以海洋钟形虫、远洋聚缩虫和海洋聚缩虫为主,而在孟加拉湾北部则有大量的阿拉聚缩虫。这种分布的变化可能是与寄主的分布有关,如桡足类（短角长腹剑水蚤）和硅藻（密聚角毛藻）的分布影响。     

Cloning of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) genes from the hermaphrodite fish Rivulus marmoratus and the Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes

To use two small fish Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae) and the Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes (Belloniformes) as testing models in molecular ecotoxicology, we have cloned the cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene after screening of both genomic DNA libraries, and sequenced 11,863 and 7,243 bp including all the exons and introns with promoter regions, respectively. The Rivulus and the medaka CYP1A gene consisted of seven exons (including non-coding exons) with high homology to mammals. In the promoter region, Rivulus CYP1A gene has seven xenobiotic response elements (XREs) and two metal response elements (MREs), while the Japanese medaka CYP1A gene has six XREs and four MREs. Interestingly, medaka CYP1A gene has a number of MREs at the promoter, which may affect its response on metal exposure. We describe here the gene structure of both fish CYP1A genes.     

Expressed sequence tag analysis and cloning of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene from marine alga Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta)

A high quality cDNA library was constructed from the brown alga Laminaria japonica,with the titer of 1.2×10 5 pfu/ml.The average insert size of the cDNA library is about 1.6 kb.From the cDNA library,591 cDNA clones were randomly selected and sequenced.As a result,574 EST(expressed sequence tag) sequences were generated.All of the 574 ESTs were submitted to the dbEST database section of GenBank with the accession numbers from CX942625 to CX943198.The cDNA library was screened with a α-32 p labeled 453 bp T P S gene probe,which is a partial sequence yielded from Porphyra yezoensis.Four positive cDNA clones were screened and the sequencing data showed that these four cDNA clones covered majority of L.japonica TPS cDNA sequence.After PCR amplification,sequencing and assembling,the entire ORF(open reading frame) sequence of the T P S gene was obtained,which was named LjTPS.LjTPS encodes a protein containing 908 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 101 674 Daltons.The LjTPS gene was successfully expressed in E.coli and rice.The LjTPS gene has potential application both in plant breeding to stress tolerance and in deciphering the T P S gene function and mechanism to stress tolerance.     

缢蛏天然抗性相关巨噬蛋白2(Sc-Nramp2)基因克隆及其在副溶血弧菌刺激下的表达分析

克隆得到缢蛏天然抗性相关巨噬蛋白2（Sc-Nramp2）基因的cDNA全长序列3 681 bp,该基因的开放阅读框有1 776 bp,编码591个氨基酸,预测分子量为65.86 kDa;其结构具有Slc11蛋白家族的典型特征,包括有10个典型的跨膜结构和2个糖基化位点。Sc-Nramp2基因3'-UTR有2个类似于脊椎动物Nramp2中铁反应控制蛋白结合位点;同源性分析表明,Sc-Nramp2和太平洋牡蛎Nramp2-like的同源性最高为71.6%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,Sc-Nramp2基因在闭壳肌、外套膜、肝胰腺、斧足、水管和鳃6个组织中均有表达,其中肝胰腺中的表达量最高,其次是鳃,与其他组织均有极显著性差异（P<0.01）;注射副溶血弧菌后,肝胰腺中Sc-Nramp2基因的表达量较对照组显著上调（P<0.01）,且表达量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在12 h时达到最大表达量,推测Sc-Nramp2基因参与了缢蛏非特异性免疫应答反应。     

牙鲆dmrt1 基因的克隆及其与P450arom 基因的组织表达分析

通过基因组步移和3’RACE获得了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)dmrt1的cDNA全序列,该基因开放阅读框全长909bp,其编码的蛋白具有高度保守的DM结构域,5’UTR区含有性别相关转录因子Sox9和Sox5的结合位点。牙鲆dmrt1基因只在牙鲆的性腺中表达,且在精巢中的表达明显高于卵巢,表明牙鲆的dmrt1可能是一种性别相关基因。同时,对牙鲆的另一性别相关基因P450arom在成体各组织的表达分析结果表明,该基因除在牙鲆的性腺中有表达外,在肾脏、脾脏、鳃和脑等其他组织中也有不同程度的表达。牙鲆P450arom基因在性腺中的表达也存在两性差异,其表达模式与dmrt1的正好相反,在卵巢中的表达量明显高于精巢。     

中国尖缘螺属一新种记述(柄眼目, 琥珀螺科)

作者利用形态解剖和扫描电镜方法对采自新疆五家渠市琥珀螺科(Succineidae)一未知种类进行了研究。结果如下:该种贝壳长卵圆形,黄棕色,壳质薄,半透明,中等大小,壳高12.56~15.10 mm,壳宽6.48~7.72 mm,有2.8~3.1个螺层;软体密布色素点,整体黑褐色;阴茎较短,绝大多数个体阴茎一侧扩展呈片状沿纵向与囊状的另一侧相折叠;阴茎附属物片状,长度约为阴茎长度的1/4;阴茎基背板长,在阴茎鞘中折叠6~7次;阴茎内部具数条纵褶,阴茎内表面密布微小乳状突。结果显示该种属于尖缘螺属(Oxyloma),与该属已报道的相近种差异明显,为一新种,即五家渠尖缘螺(Oxyloma wujiaquensis sp.nov.)。模式标本保存于新疆大学生命科学与技术学院。