重力式与碟形网箱的锚绳受力特性比较

针对常见的重力式、碟形和拟碟形网箱在不同下潜深度状态下的锚绳受力特性进行了试验研究.试验共设模型4组,分别在纯流、纯波以及波流联合条件下进行.测力通过系缚于锚绳底端的4个拉力传感器获得.试验结果表明水流作用力的大小在很大程度上受网箱结构形式的影响,而在波浪条件下其影响相对较小.重力式网箱的配重形式及下潜形式对网箱的受力具有重要影响.另外,网箱在波流组合条件下的受力并不是纯流及纯波单独作用下的简单叠加.最后,在综合比较网箱价格和性能的前提下,对网箱结构形式的选择进行了一些讨论,并提出若干建议.     

三锚系大型浮标运动响应特性数值研究

以三锚系浮标系统为研究对象,基于AQWA与OrcaFlex软件开展了三锚系大型浮标系统运动响应特性数值模拟研究。对直径10 m的浮标结构在波浪荷载下的水动力特性进行研究,校核了浮标的初稳性和大倾角稳性特征,计算分析了浮标的附加质量、辐射阻尼、运动响应幅值算子RAO等水动力参数,阐明了不同风、浪、流工况下三锚系浮标与辅助浮筒的运动响应特性,揭示了浮标三锚链导缆孔处锚泊张力随入射角度、波高和周期等的变化规律。研究结果表明：该浮标稳性和随波性能较好。与无浮筒三锚系浮标相比,带辅助浮筒的三锚系浮标系统的运动响应和锚泊张力减小,随着波高和周期增大,三锚系浮标系泊锚链的极端张力值逐渐增大,尤其是在极端海况下,迎浪向锚链极端张力急剧增大。     

渤海湾风浪场的数值模拟

采用SWAN模型对渤海湾在定常风和非定常风作用下的波浪场进行了模拟,并利用黄骅港附近波浪统计资料对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明：SWAN模型较好地模拟了渤海湾在定常风和非定常风作用下风浪成长和传播过程。此外,还应用ADCIRC潮流模型,初步探讨了潮流对波浪要素的影响：(1)无流存在时,波高的成长和波周期的变化是一条光滑的曲线,但当有流加入时,由于其流速和水位在一个潮周期内随时间的变化足不均匀的,其对波浪成长产生影响,使波高和周期呈不规则变化;(2)波浪成长初期,流对波高增长的影响并不明显,但当波高增大到一定程度时,流的存在对波高的影响是很明显的。     

波浪周期性作用对海床基回收的影响研究

针对海床基回收过程中波浪对回收绳索的冲击响应问题,通过对回收船—回收绳体系的运动响应进行数值模拟仿真,模拟回收绳索的松弛—张紧动态响应过程,分析波浪周期性作用对回收绳索冲击张力的影响。研究结果表明,冲击张力与波高成线性关系且不同周期条件下冲击张力随波高增加量差异较大,冲击张力对波浪周期的响应极为敏感,长周期波浪冲击响应较小,而短周期波浪冲击响应较大,易超出回收绳索的极限负荷,特别是当波长达到船长两倍左右时冲击张力达到最大;随着水深增加,冲击张力呈指数衰减,因此在浅水区波浪周期性作用对海床基的回收影响更大。     

近岸沿岸流及污染物运动的数值模拟

基于双曲型缓坡方程和近岸浅水方程对近岸波浪斜向入射破碎所生成的沿岸流及污染物在沿岸波流作用下的运动进行了数值模拟,并对数值模拟结果进行了验证分析。数值模拟结果表明,在相近工况参数下,随着入射波高的增大,沿岸流流速和平均水面升高值均明显增大;随着岸坡坡度的增加,沿岸流流速和平均水面升高值明显增大;随着入射波浪周期的增大,平均水面升高值明显增大。在沿岸缓坡区域,由斜向入射波浪破碎所产生的沿岸流对污染物的运动起着不可忽略的影响。     

HDPE深水网箱抗风浪流性能的海区验证试验

对HDPE深水网箱2000～2004年间的抗风浪流性能进行了海区验证试验.通过对HDPE深水网箱扶栏、框架、网具以及固泊系统受损率的统计,根据扶栏、框架、网具以及固泊系统在整个深水网系统中的重要程度,分别给予一定的权重统计出深水网箱的整体受损率,能比较客观地反映深水网箱的抗风浪流性能.海区验证试验结果表明,HDPE深水网箱抗风力达35 m/s、抗浪高6 m、抗流速1.0 m/s,与其设计参数基本相同.同时,为了增加HDPE深水网箱的抗风浪流性能,建议扶手管从110 mm改为125 mm、主浮管从250 mm改为300 mm、扶栏高度从1 m降低为0.8 m或0.6 m.风力主要影响扶栏系统,流速主要影响网具系统,而波浪对HDPE圆形浮式深水网箱的框架、网具、固泊系统以及网箱整体结构均有明显影响.     

深水半潜式平台张拉锚泊系统失效分析

针对深水半潜式平台在极端工况下张拉锚泊系统失效情况,基于板锚失效上拔过程中位移与承载力的关系曲线,提出在AQWA软件中用非线性锚缆模拟板锚走锚过程的方法,对深水半潜式平台张拉锚泊系统在百年一遇工况下断锚、走锚情况的平台响应、锚缆拉锚力及最大缆张力进行分析。研究表明:断锚时各锚链拉力瞬变,平台迅速发生大距离偏移;走锚时随着板锚的拔出各锚链上的拉力逐渐增大,平台位置逐渐偏移,最后达到平衡状态。单缆断锚时,迎浪向5号锚缆拉力最大;单缆断锚且单锚走锚时,3、6号锚缆拉锚力最大。失效缆超过一根时,平台偏移和单缆最大缆张力均超出规范要求,同时其它锚缆最大拉锚力极有可能出现超过板锚极限承载力的情况,最终造成整个锚泊系统破坏。     

深水网箱养殖的海浪灾害风险预警研究——以浙江省南麂岛地区为例

文章通过分析养殖网箱的受灾机理,根据浮架变形断裂、锚绳断缆脱锚和网箱容积损失过大3种损坏形式,开展深水网箱损坏等级和风险预警等级划分;针对南麂岛6家网箱养殖企业,计算不同情景下的网箱损坏等级,建立定量化数据库,简化风险预警系统输入项,确定风险预警等级对应的浪高阈值,利用精细化风暴潮-近岸浪耦合数值预报模型,制作网箱受灾风险预警产品;经过1808号“玛莉亚”台风和1909号“利奇马”台风的验证,预测结果与实际受损情况一致,可为今后当地网箱养殖企业应对海浪灾害提供技术支撑和服务。     

新型张力腿式储油处理平台的动力响应分析

针对目前小油田早期生产中存在的不足,提出一种适用于浅水海域的新型张力腿式储油处理平台,该平台主要由储油箱、浮箱、吸力桩、系泊链和甲板结构构成,具备原油处理和储存功能。应用非线性时域耦合分析法,研究了有义波高、平均波周期、水深对该平台的运动响应和系泊链张力的影响。计算结果表明,波高对平台动力响应有较大影响,有义波高每增加0.4 m,平台水平位移相应增加0.408 m,而系泊链力随有义波高的增加呈准线性增大;波周期对平台水平运动影响显著,平均波周期从6.5 s逐级变化至8.5 s时,最大水平位移自3.760 m渐增至5.467 m,而波周期对系泊链力影响较小,变化率一般小于10%;该新型平台对水深大于20 m的浅水海域有良好的动力特性,而对水深小于20 m的海域却表现异常。因此,该新型张力腿式平台能满足水深不小于20 m浅海区的油田早期生产需要。     

考虑内流作用的缓波形立管非线性静动力分析

考虑内流的作用,研究缓波形立管在海洋环境荷载作用下的非线性静动力力学性能。采用细长柔性杆理论,建立缓波形立管运动方程,利用有限元法进行离散,运用Newton-Raphson法和Newmark-β法分别对立管进行静动力分析,编制缓波形立管计算分析程序LWRNM,研究缓波形立管在海流、内流、浮体漂移与运动作用下的结构响应。结果表明:随着海流从x负向变成x正向和流速的增大,缓波形立管线形变缓,有效张力增大,弯曲曲率的极值减小;随着内流流速的增加,缓波形立管的固有频率下降;随着顶部浮体从近端向远端漂移,缓波形立管的有效张力增大,弯曲曲率的极值减小;纵荡和垂荡作用下,缓波形立管的顶部有效张力变化周期与浮体激励周期相同,横荡作用下,顶部有效张力变化周期为浮体激励周期的二分之一,垂荡作用下,缓波形立管顶部有效张力变化幅值最大,纵荡作用下次之,横荡作用下最小。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.