陨石原始型惰性气体的研究进展——Q气及其携带物特征

陨石中的原始型惰性气体是在陨石形成前或陨石形成期间,组成陨石的物质通过吸附、溶解等方式将原始太阳星云中的惰性气体保留在陨石中形成的。实验研究发现,球粒陨石中的原始型惰性气体浓集中一种称为Q相的物质中,因此在原始型惰性气体中占绝对优势的组分被称为Q气或P1气。介绍了陨石原型惰性气体概念的由来、Q相的发现经过、Q相的成分和在球粒陨石中的存在部位以及Q气的元素丰度和同位素组成。并根据不同类型损石中Q气的分配情况,对其成因意义进行了讨论。     

开拓我国同位素地质研究新方向：评矿物岩石惰性气体同位素地球化学进展

我国对天然气和个别火山热泉气中He,Ar同位素研究已有7-8年历史。但对矿物岩石中全族惰性气体同位素的研究仍然空白。而近10年中,在国外应用惰性气体同位素在研究地球和太阳系的形成和演化、地幔-地壳-大气圈之间的元素转移与物质循环运动等方面取得了许多进展。本文拟对这一学科的研究动向趋势进行介绍和分析,引起学者们的重视。     

锂同位素地球化学在大陆地热体系研究中的应用

盐湖富锂(Li)卤水是世界锂产品的主要原材料,而大陆高盐度地热流体常含有较高浓度的Li。大陆地热体系是地热形成机理研究的重点,由于岩石的复杂性较少受到关注,且该领域Li同位素应用研究尚未得到较为系统的认识。论述了近年来Li同位素地球化学在大陆地热研究中的最新应用和进展,提出了该领域研究存在的问题,并展望了未来的研究方法与方向。大陆地热流体研究应高度重视Li-B-Sr-U多同位素方法的应用,同时也应结合不同温度条件下的水岩反应实验研究。并且,未来大陆地热体系研究更应重视各类沉积物/岩石Li同位素组成及其时空分布特征、储层岩石矿物学以及水岩反应过程中次生矿物形成时的Li同位素行为研究,以期揭示地热体系中复杂的流体演化机制,为该体系内Li资源的勘查、开发和利用提供科学的参考。     

渭河盆地水溶性天然气层类型研究

选择位于不同构造单位,不同完井深度的地热水井为载体,利用排水取气法采集水溶气样品,分析其组分特征、平面及纵向分布特征,并进行水溶气类型划分。研究表明,渭河盆地水溶气中最具有工业价值的组分为甲烷和氦,最高含量分为98.37%和4.14%;碳同位素分析结果显示,水溶气中的甲烷成因类型多样,既有无机成因气,也存在有机成因气,有机成因气中从未成熟的生物气到过成熟的裂解气均有所出现;氦同位素分析结果表明水溶气中的氦以壳源氦为主。通过系统研究水溶气的分类方案,结合渭河盆地水溶气成分、成因及分布特点,采用类比、对比等方法,初步判定富氦水溶气的赋存层位,改进前人按深度分类的方案,建议以地层（张家坡组）为界将渭河盆地水溶气分为浅层可燃水溶气和深层富氦水溶气两类。      

康定-老榆林地热系统氢氧同位素迁移数值模拟分析

以康定老榆林地区地热系统为研究对象,利用TOUGH-Isotope程序进行水-热-同位素耦合数值模拟,并鉴于研究区大气降水氢氧同位素季节性明显、地震活动活跃,探讨了补给水同位素特征、热储层渗透性变化对地热系统氢氧同位素迁移过程的影响.研究结果表明氢氧同位素模拟值与研究区ZK3钻孔流出水测试值基本拟合,高温地热系统的对流-弥散作用对氢氧同位素迁移过程影响明显;研究区地热水循环条件较好,水-岩作用程度较低,导致氧同位素重化现象不明显;补给水同位素特征、热储层渗透性两个因素对地热水循环过程中的氢氧同位素分布具有明显的影响.开展地热系统流体氢氧同位素迁移过程研究,有助于提高对地热系统动态演化的定量化认识,为地热开发提供支持.      

冷热混合作用下的岩溶地下热水形成机制新认识

岩溶型地热是地热系统的重要类型,岩溶介质的特殊性使得其形成过程中易与浅循环水系统发生更多的相互作用,而有别于其他介质地热系统.本文以四川盆地边缘的铜锣山背斜岩溶地下热水系统为研究对象,通过野外调查、水文地球化学、环境同位素等方法和手段,结合区内地热地质和岩溶地质条件,系统探讨了岩溶地热系统热水出露过程中的冷、热水混合作...     

浙江地热田的地球化学体系及其热能潜力评估

浙江位于中国东南活动大陆边缘,与粤闽高温地热带毗连。目前,浙江主要有武义、宁海及泰顺等三个地热田。为了评估热能潜力和开发前景,本文着重地它们进行了较系统的水化学和同位素示踪研究,应用ＳｉＯ２、Ｎａ／Ｋ及δ＾１８Ｏ（ＳＯ４／Ｈ２Ｏ）地热示,估算出热储温度大致８０－１００℃,热储深度大致８５０－９５０ｍ。此结果与地热田中微量张Ｓｒ同位素特征一致。地热水的Ｈ、Ｏ同位素示踪表明,它们的来源与在气降水有关,     

沉积型和火山型地热流体的同位素水文地球化学对比研究

地热资源按地质构造及成因的不同可划分为火山型及沉积盆地型两种类型。国内外许多学者对沉积型地热系统的同位素水文地球化学研究较多,而火山型地热系统研究不足,且沉积型和火山型地热流体的同位素水文地球化学对比研究还有待进一步深入。文章以关中盆地腹部沉积型地热系统及腾冲火山地热系统为代表,应用同位素水文地球化学方法对不同类型地热流体的地质构造、地热流体起源及成因、热储开放程度等进行系统对比研究,进而揭示其异同之处,为我国不同类型地热资源的可持续开发利用提供科学依据。关中盆地与腾冲热海地热系统在热储空间、构造条件、热源方面均存在较大差异,前者热储更为封闭,热储层更厚,后者热储通道更为畅通,热源更为丰富;腾冲热海地热系统热储温度高,埋藏更浅,热水循环更快,更易于开发利用。关中盆地与腾冲热海地热系统均存在比较明显的δ18O富集现象,关中盆地地热流体滞留时间更长是δ18O富集的主控因素,腾冲较高的热储温度是δ18O富集的主控因素;关中盆地腹部为沉积-半封闭型、封闭型,腾冲热海地热系统为火山-半封闭型;在漫长的地质历史时期,水岩反应的程度是决定热储流体水化学类型的主控因素。     

北京市延庆地热田成因模式

通过对地热流体水化学、同位素以及热储岩石热物性测试,分析了延庆地热田大地热流特征、地热流体补给来源、年龄、循环深度以及热储温度等,从源、通、储和盖四方面系统总结了地热田成因。结果显示:延庆地热田属于由正常大地热流加热的非火山型地热系统,热田内大地热流值为75.6m W/m~2,地热流体补给来源于延庆西北部山区的大气降水。热田内三个主要热储中的地热流体年龄和循环深度存在一定区别。燕山期花岗岩、白垩系砂岩和蓟县系白云岩热储中地热水年龄分别为15～21ka、28ka、48ka。花岗岩和砂岩热储中地热流体循环深度约2500m。白云岩热储中流体循环深度为2900～3600m,热储温度分布范围为80.5～98.3℃,平均热储温度90.6℃。     

硼及硼同位素地球化学在地热研究中的应用

硼稳定同位素常被用于示踪地热系统内硼的物源来源,判别热水与围岩相互作用,研究热流体汽-液分离过程,以及示踪热尾水排放引起的水环境污染。研究综合论述了近年来硼及硼同位素地球化学在地热研究中最新进展、所取得的成果及研究中存在的问题,以促进硼同位素地球化学在我国地热研究中的进一步发展。     

Upwelling of Mantle-derived Material in Southeast China: Evidence from Noble Gas Isotopes

Shallow groundwater collected in Chaozhou,Huizhou,and Guangzhou allowed testing of concentrations and the isotope ratios of noble gases.Based on the calculated noble gas temperature(NGT)and the ratio of noble gas isotopes,the recharge temperature,recharge source,and residence time of groundwater can be calculated.In addition,the contribution of noble gas components from different sources to the sample components can be assessed.In the Huizhou area,according to the 1/Xe vs.Ne/Xe and NGT data,the shallow sandstone-confined water samples in the Shiba area and the unconfined water samples of the Huangshadong are in different temperature ranges,indicating that they have different recharge sources,both in time or space.The He components in the samples are calculated to obtain the content of radiogenic ⁴He in the crust and to simulate the groundwater ages.The noble gas isotope ratios show the addition of mantle components into the basalt aquifers and sandstone aquifers in Chaozhou and Huizhou.Except for atmospheric and crustal sources,there is a certain proportion of mantle-derived components in the shallow underground cold water in Huizhou and Chaozhou.The noble gases in the Chaozhou groundwater have an obvious mantle signature,allowing speculation that there is a deep fluid carrying mantle characteristics.This upwelling of mantle-derived material might be caused by the India-Eurasia collision or that between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate.     

Catalog of Enhanced Geothermal Systems based on Heat Sources

It is common sense that a deeper well implies higher temperature in the exploration of deep geothermal resources, especially with hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resources, which are generally exploited in terms of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). However, temperature is always different even at the same depth in the upper crust due to different heat sources. This paper summarizes the heat sources and classifies them into two types and five sub-types: crust-origin (partial melting, non-magma-generated tectonic events and radiogenic heat production), and mantle-origin (magma and heat conducted from the mantle). A review of global EGS sites is presented related to the five sub-types of heat sources. According to our new catalog, 71% of EGS sites host mantle-origin heat sources. The temperature logging curves indicate that EGS sites which host mantle-origin magma heat sources have the highest temperature. Therefore, high heat flow (>100 mW/m2) regions with mantle-origin magma heat sources should be highlighted for the future exploration of EGS. The principle to identify the heat source is elucidated by applying geophysical and geochemical methods including noble gas isotope geochemistry and lithospheric thermal structure analysis. This analytical work will be helpful for the future exploration and assessment of HDR geothermal resources.     

The measurement of soil gases and shallow temperature for determination of active faults in a geothermal area: a case study from Ömer–Gecek,Afyonkarahisar (West Anatolia)

Afyonkarahisar is a very important geothermal province of western Anatolia and has low and medium enthalpy geothermal areas. This study has been carried out for the preparation of distribution maps of soil gases (radon and carbon dioxide) and shallow soil temperature and the exploration of permeable tectonic regions associated with geothermal systems and reveal the origins of radon and carbon dioxide gases. The western district of the study area is characterized by the high radon concentration (168.30 kBq/m³), carbon dioxide ratio (0.30%), and soil temperature (21.0 °C) values. Fethibey and Demirçevre faults, which allow the circulation of geothermal fluids, have been detected in the distribution maps of radon, carbon dioxide, and shallow depth temperature and the directions of the curves in these maps correspond to the strikes of Demirçevre faults. The effect of the fault plays an important role in the change of carbon dioxide concentration along the W-E directional geological section prepared to determine the change of soil gas and shallow depth temperature values depending on lithological differences, fault existence, and geothermal reservoir depth. On the other hand, it was determined that Rn²²² concentration and soil temperature changed as a function of geothermal reservoir depth or lithological difference. Tuffs in Köprülü volcano-sedimentary units are the main source of radon due to their higher uranium contents. Besides, the carbon dioxide in Ömer–Gecek soils has geothermal origin because of the highest carbon dioxide content (99.3%) in non-condense gas. The similarities in patterns of soil temperature, radon, and carbon dioxide indicate that the variation in soil temperatures is related to radon and carbon dioxide emissions. It is concluded that soil gas and temperature measurements can be used to determine the active faults in the initial stage of geothermal exploration successfully.     

Deep groundwater circulation and associated methane leakage in the northern Canadian Rocky Mountains

Concern over potential impact of shale gas development on shallow groundwater systems requires greater understanding of crustal scale fluid movement. We examined natural deeply circulating groundwater systems in northeastern British Columbia adjacent to a region of shale gas development, in order to elucidate origin of waters, depths of circulation, and controls on fluid flow. These systems are expressed as thermal springs that occur in the deformed sedimentary rocks of the Liard Basin. Stable isotope data from these springs show that they originate as meteoric water. Although there are no thermal anomalies in the region, outlet temperatures range from 30 to 56 °C, reflecting depth of circulation. Based on aqueous geothermometry and geothermal gradients, circulation depths up to 3.8 km are estimated, demonstrating connection of deep groundwater systems to the surface. Springs are also characterised by leakage of thermogenic gas from deep strata that is partly attenuated by methanotrophic microbial communities in the spring waters. Springs are restricted to anomalous structural features, cross cutting faults, and crests of fault-cored anticlines. On a regional scale they are aligned with the major tectonic features of the Liard Line and Larsen Fault. This suggests that while connection of surface to deep reservoirs is possible, it is rare and restricted to highly deformed geologic units that produce permeable pathways from depth through otherwise thick intervening shale units. Results allow a better understanding of potential for communication between deep shale gas units and shallow aquifer systems.     

矿物流体包裹体中稀有气体的保存能力初探

查明流体包裹体中稀有气体的保存能力,对于判断其初始组分特征是否因后生作用而发生改变具有重要意义.文章以Ar为例,从扩散动力学角度对稀有气体地球化学研究中常用的矿物中流体包裹体稀有气体的保存能力进行了定量分析和系统比较,计算了Ar在这些矿物中的封闭温度以及不同温度条件下的保存时间,得出相同条件下各矿物对Ar、He等保存能...     

Source identification of methane in groundwater in shale gas development areas: A critical review of the state of the art,prospects, and future challenges

Shale gas exploration and development carry the risk of causing groundwater contamination and enhancing the greenhouse effect through methane leakage. Identifying the source of abnormal methane in groundwater of shale gas development areas is becoming a research hotspot in the fields of groundwater and climate change. This paper reviews the traditional methodology in identifying sources of methane and its deficiency in groundwater application. Then potential and advantages of using noble gases were discussed on how to overcome these limitations of the traditional method. Finally, based on noble gas, the current application status and future challenges of methane source identification in groundwater were analyzed. It can be summarized as:(1) due to chemical and/or microbial processes in the aquifer system, the traditional methodology for methane source identification, which utilizes molecular and isotopic compositions of hydrocarbon gas, has multiple interpretationsand large uncertainties;(2) the non-reactive nature and well-characterized isotopic compositions of noble gases in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and crust, make noble gases ideal indicators of the sources of methane in groundwater. Moreover, the mechanism of formation and release of crustal noble gas prevent shale gas signatures from being interfered with by natural gas;(3) the key scientific tasks surrounding the use of noble gases for methane source identification include quantitatively separating the components of atmosphere-derived, mantle-derived, and crust-derived noble gases from the bulk noble gases in groundwater. It quantifies the solubility fractionation of noble gases induced by water-gas interaction during methane migration to the aquifer. The application of noble gases can bring a new perspective to tracing the source of methane in groundwater and is of great significance to the protection of groundwater quality in shale gas development areas and mitigation of climate change.     

Origin of ore fluids in the Muruntau gold system: Constraints from noble gas, carbon isotope and halogen data

Hydrothermal vein minerals directly associated with native gold mineralization in the Muruntau vein system (Uzbekistan) have been studied for noble gas, carbon isotope and halogen chemistry of the trapped ore-related fluids. Helium trapped in early arsenopyrite 1, which has preserved the original fluid signature better than associated scheelite and quartz, indicates a small input from a mantle source (?5% of total He). However, the overwhelming majority of the He in the fluid (∼95%) is from crustal sources. The noble gases Ne, Kr and Xe in the sample fluids are dominated by gases of atmospheric origin. The carbon isotope (δ¹³C: −2.1‰ to −5.3‰) and halogen characteristics of the fluids (log Br/Cl: −2.64 to −3.23) lend further support for the activity of juvenile fluids during the main ore stage. The high proportion of crustal components in the ore-forming fluids may be explained by intense fluid-rock interaction and is also supported by previous Nd and Sr isotope studies. The involvement of a juvenile fluid component during the main stage of hydrothermal activity at Muruntau (∼275 Ma) can be linked to the emplacement of lamprophyric dikes at Muruntau, due to apparently overlapping ages for high-temperature alteration, related ore vein formation and intrusion of the dikes. The input of mantle-derived fluids, possibly related to the Hercynian collisional event in the western Tien Shan, stimulated intense fluid-rock interaction in the crust. In this context, the mantle-derived fluid should be considered as one possible carrier of metals. Significant amounts of external meteoric fluids circulating in fracture systems are interpreted to have modified the noble gas signature of fluid in quartz, mostly during late, low temperature fluid circulation.     

Exploration of geothermal activity using time series analysis of subsurface gases data from Bakreswar hot springs area,eastern India

Geothermal power seems to be a potential source of green energy in India. But these renewable energy resources are still ignored in India even after having a lot of potential sources as seen in more than 300 hot springs scattered throughout different geothermal areas of the country. Many of them could be utilized for power generation using the earth’s internal heat. More hours are needed to explore these geothermal areas using geochemical, geophysical techniques, and statistical analysis to qualitatively estimate power harnessing capabilities and sustainability of the areas for generation of geothermal power. In the present paper, attention has been focused to investigate Bakreswar geothermal field of India by continuous (24*7) and online monitoring of terrestrial gases such as He and radioactive gases (²²²Rn) in hot spring emanations of the geothermal area for more than 5 years along with discrete measurement of some other geochemical and geophysical parameters. The discrete measures imply that the seven hot spring vents at the study area are linked to the aquifer through different ways covering non-uniform rock assemblies and ascertain the presence of high amount of radioactive minerals at the underneath terrains. Stable activities with a high-out flux of ²²²Rn and He for a prolonged time period is expected within the reservoir present at the study area as consequence of analysis of the temporal variations and statistical measures of the continuous data sets. Seasonal variation of time series data also recommends that the high amount of radioactive sources present at the crust of the reservoir is able to produce enough quantity of heat irrespective of meteorological effects. The investigation on the power spectra interferes that the geothermal system is still in quite active phase on the influence of tectonic activities. Therefore, the geothermal reservoir present at the Bakreswar geothermal area may be utilized as a constant and continuous heat source for a long time period to run a geothermal power plant.     

苏北盆地典型地区中低温地热流体地球化学特征研究

苏北盆地作为江苏省地热地质条件最优的地区,发育丰富的中低温地热资源.文章选择存在已探明的中温地热井及干热岩验证孔所在的盆地区作为研究区,利用地热流体携带的地球化学信息,了解深部地热储层基本特征及不同深度地热资源的成生关系.结果表明:研究区地热流体中优势阳离子为Na+,阴离子呈复合离子型,以Cl-为主,Na+、TDS与C...