重庆矿区矸石山滑坡成因分析

重庆东林煤矿矸石山曾发生两次滑坡事故,造成民房被毁和重大人员伤亡.本文在勘查该矸石山滑坡发育背景、分析灾害主要成因的基础上,运用极限分析法和FLAC数值模拟对该矸石山进行了稳定性分析评价,揭示了该滑坡产生的原因为:矸石山堆积方式、堆积地点的地形地貌、排弃强度、矸石散体的物理力学性质是致灾潜在原因;长期降雨是灾害的主要诱因;煤矸石山的剧烈自燃爆炸应是灾害的主要外部激发因素.文章将定性分析与定量计算相结合,并结合工程实际提出了矸石山滑坡灾害防治措施,研究成果可为类似矸石山或排土场的滑坡灾害防治提供参考.     

韦家沟煤矿矸石山滑坡成因分析

韦家沟煤矿矸石山倚山堆积,堆载坡度与岩层倾角相近,堆积体本身物质结构又较为松散,同时由于矸石山改变了原来水系地貌,在大气降雨的作用下,矸石体容易出现滑坡失稳的危险。文章对韦家沟煤矿矸石山失稳的成因及滑坡机制进行了分析,在充分考虑大气降雨对矸石山稳定性的影响下对矸石山的稳定性进行了计算,并提出了相应的治理建议。     

重庆市矸石山环境地质灾害效应及稳定性分析

煤矸石是我国排放量及积存量最大的工业废弃物。我国现有矸石山1500余座,累计存量约34亿t。矸石排放量的持续增加造成严重的地质灾害隐患。论文分析了矸石山的污染效应、自燃效应、占地效应、爆炸效应、结构侵蚀效应、失稳效应及景观破坏效应系列环境地质灾害效应。为避免矸石山失稳所造成的危害,对重庆地区的矿区进行现场调研踏勘。根据其结果对影响矸石山稳定的因素及几种失稳模式进行了分析,并在此基础上,依据塑性极限分析原理,针对矸石山边坡失稳主要形式,利用极限分析上限定理推出了矸石山边坡稳定堆积高度的计算公式,并采用在重庆地区矿区调研踏勘及现场直剪试验所得到的参数进行计算,做出对应表格及曲线。其结果可作为确定矸石山实际堆放高度的理论依据。     

煤矸石山的危害及植被生态重建途径探讨

长期的采矿活动使煤矿区大量的煤矸石堆积形成煤矸石山,成为矿区环境污染和恶化的主要因素之一。煤矸石山对矿区造成的危害主要包括引发火灾、破坏矿区景观、污染环境、形成地质灾害等。提出了植被生态重建治理煤矸石山的措施,其主要技术手段包括煤矸石山立地条件分析、山地整形、基质改良、植物种类选择和栽培等。通过合理的规划设计,最终实现矸石山稳定的植被生态系统。      

河南平煤四矿煤矸石山自燃爆炸成因及防治分析

2005年5月15日、16日,平煤集团四矿矸石山先后发生两次自燃爆炸灾害,8人遇难,122人受伤,造成生命财产的重大损失。论文首先介绍了平煤集团四矿煤矸石的物质组成,分析其致灾原因:高含硫煤矸石的存在是引起煤矸石山自燃的决定因素;煤矸石的堆积方式以及有效的粒径组成在一定程度上决定了煤矸石的透气性,是引起煤矸石山自燃的促进条件;突发降雨是本次灾害的主要导火索。在燃料含量一定,清除比较困难,燃烧已开始并还在不断堆积矸石的情况下,降温和隔氧显得尤为重要。针对本矸石山的实际情况,提出了采用注浆法为主,辅以高温区域表面喷射浆液、挖掘沟槽、表面覆盖等灭火方法;对今后避免矸石山自燃进行了展望。     

鸡尾山高速远程滑坡—碎屑流动力学特征分析

以武隆鸡尾山滑坡为例,通过灾害形成地质环境条件的调查,概述了鸡尾山滑坡失稳诱发因素,包括:上硬下软的地层结构、岩溶发育、高陡地形地貌条件和采矿活动等;介绍了鸡尾山斜倾厚层滑坡视向滑动的基本模式,为"后部块体驱动-前缘关键块体瞬时失稳"。在此基础上,根据鸡尾山滑坡的运动和堆积特征,将滑坡分为滑源区和堆积区,通过二维DAN-W模拟,选取Frctional、Voellmy等流变模型,模拟了滑坡运动的整个过程,得到滑坡堆积体的体积、厚度和滑坡运动速度的变化规律,与实际情况基本一致。并且为西南山区高速远程滑坡成灾范围及滑动堆积特征的模拟分析提供了相应的依据。     

煤矸石肥料

煤矸石随煤炭生产而产生。日积月累,在矿区形成矸石山,既侵占良田。又污染环境。近年来,一些地区已有利用煤矸石制作建筑材料和提取有用物质,但用量有限。因此,进一步研究利用煤矸石,使大量煤矸石变废为宝,有十分重要的意义。煤炭科学研究总院西安分院对澄合、韩城矿区煤矸石进行了调查、采样,分析了矸石的岩石类型、矿物成分、化学成分、研制了矸石肥料,测试了矸肥     

成都市大邑县某公路滑坡成因机制及稳定性分析

滑坡的形成机制及稳定性分析是滑坡防治工程的基础,因此对滑坡的形成条件、变形破坏机制、发展演变规律等进行较透彻的分析是非常必要的。本文分析了大邑县某公路滑坡的基本特征、滑坡形成的工程地质条件、成因机制、稳定性状况等,为滑坡的防治工程设计提供了科学的依据。     

鸡尾山高速远程滑坡运动特征及数值模拟分析

本文在对鸡尾山高速远程滑坡的详细地质调查的基础上,分析了该滑坡地质环境背景特征、滑源区特征和堆积区特征。将滑坡后破坏运动主要分为失稳下滑、碰撞解体和滑行堆积3个阶段的运动特征,建立鸡尾山高速远程滑坡运动特征的地质模型。结合DAN-3D数值软件,选用FVF组合模型对该滑坡的运动特征进行了模拟,最后得到了滑坡堆积、铲刮区域和滑动距离等方面的特征。通过对比分析,鸡尾山滑坡模拟后的运动特征与所建立的地质模型基本符合,模拟的堆积形态与实际情况基本一致。由此可以说明,该分析方法可以为高速远程滑坡成灾范围进行早期评估及预测,为该类滑坡的研究提供一定的帮助。     

利用排矸石配制钢纤维高强混凝土的试验研究

大巴沟隧道排矸将对环境造成污染。同时，阜新地区石料相对缺乏，再生利用隧道排矸石和开发新的石料供应基地具有十分重要的现实意义。论文对大巴沟隧道排矸石的物理力学性质进行了试验研究，获得了排矸石的物理力学性能指标。为了进一步研究其力学性质，将其粉碎后，作为粗骨料配制成钢纤维混凝土，并测定其抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度等指标。利用均匀设计方法对试验结果进行优化，得到了回归方程，具有重要的科学价值。同时得到在此试验条件下，排矸石钢纤维混凝土的抗压强度值可达到83．683MPa，抗拉强度可达到9．378MPa。试验和理论分析结果表明，排矸石钢纤维混凝土具有抗拉强度大、抗变形能力强等特点。可广泛应用于建筑工程、桥梁工程、路基路面工程、港口和海洋工程中。具有广泛的推广应用前景和显著的社会效益、经济效益与环境效益。     

元宝山露天煤矿3~#排土场工程地质条件与稳定性分析预测

在分析矿区地形地貌、地层岩性、水文地质条件和影响排土场稳定因素的基础上,结合区内2#排场的监测资料,采用FLAC3D模拟软件和刚体极限平衡法中的毕肖普条分法,对排土场边坡变形、破坏的主要影响因素进行了分析,揭示了其滑坡机理;对3#排土场的稳定性做出预测,认为排土场边坡变形破坏模式是上部排弃物沿圆弧滑面剪切滑移与下部沿粉土、粉质粘土平面滑移的圆弧—平面组合滑移形式;基底土层的内摩擦角对排土场允许排高较为敏感,是决定允许排高的内在因素,基底粉质粘土的极限承载力是决定排土场允许排高的外在因素;基底土体极限承载力所决定的排土场的允许排高为90.60～91.60m。提出了填沟压脚、降低第一排台阶高度和基底排水等措施来满足排土场边坡稳定的要求。     

黄土地基排土场滑坡演化机制研究

由于场地的惟一可选性,尖山铁矿南排土场布置在软弱黄土斜坡地基上。从2008年开始,先后发生过不同程度的失稳破坏。基于工程类比方法,采用现场勘查、监测和跟踪调查等手段,研究黄土软弱斜坡地基排土场的滑坡孕育演化机制,就其滑坡类型及模式（低速缓动、旋转、牵引式）、成因机制（超载和侧向挤压主导、降雨触发）和孕育演化过程（持力层蠕滑－地基底鼓－黄土梁拉裂－旋转滑动－裂缝扩展－上部坐落）进行分析。从排土场边坡与基底的相互作用特征出发,采用理论分析确定最大堆载高度,基于工程类比和统计分析确定破坏范围,评估失稳对周边环境的影响后果。滑坡孕育演化机制指出,合理使用排土空间、调整排土场生成过程的时空关系、控制排土速度是调控系统各子结构过程稳定性的关键。并提出允许适度破坏的设计理念。     

宽级配废石的高排土场稳定性研究

宽级配废石的一坡到底的高台阶排土场具有明显的粒径分级特征,传统稳定性分析方法将其简化为多层各向同性的均质土体,却实质性忽略了排土场粗粒土各粒组分布的不均匀性和随机性,导致难以获得其边坡稳定性的合理结论。依托江西某铜矿高台阶排土场,借助自编元胞自动机程序EPOHHM,采用5组窄级配粗粒土表征了高台阶排土场的粒径分级现象,模拟了各粒组散体分布的不均匀性和随机性,分析了不同工况下排土场的位移场及塑性状态,系统地探讨了不同堆排模式下排土场边坡的安全稳定性,提出了一种宽级配废石的高台阶排土场稳定性的精细化分析方法。研究结果表明,排土场发生“拉-剪”破坏;土体中上部有圆弧形滑坡趋势,下部变形表现为沉降,顶部平台产生拉剪裂缝。仅考虑散体力学强度时,底部粗颗粒（ 100 mm）含量的增加对排土场起显著的稳固作用,“单台阶全段高”的堆排模式比“全覆盖式多台阶”更有利于宽级配废石的高排土场安全稳定。研究成果将为保证明显粒径分级的排土场的长期安全稳定提供指导,也为今后分析此类工程问题提供借鉴。     

Large scale failure of the external waste dump at the “South Field” lignite mine, Northern Greece

This paper presents the failure process of the external waste dump of the South Field Mine, the major open pit mine in Greece. The waste materials of the mine were deposited in three phases, forming an average inclination slope 10% and a total height of 110 m from the ground surface. The failure occurred when the third phase of the deposit was initiated. The high moisture content of the waste materials and their deposition over a spring, choking its flow, had as a result the development of high pore water pressure in clayey and marly materials in the base of the deposit. As a consequence, a large scale slope failure incident occurred. The landslide involved the mobilization of waste material in the order of 40 Mm³, while the material that moved outside the boundaries of the waste dump was in the order of 2.5 Mm³. The stability of the waste dump was investigated using the limit equilibrium analysis and different types of models.Limit equilibrium analyses were performed using different methods and considering the clay layer of small shear resistance that exists in the base of the deposit. They do not indicate activation of failure mechanism, only that there is a combination of high pore water pressure that developed in the deposit because the covering of the spring with the clayey materials of the dump.     

The 2015 Shenzhen catastrophic landslide in a construction waste dump: analyses of undrained strength and slope stability

The 2015 catastrophic landslide in a 110-m-high waste dump in Shenzhen is recognized as one of the largest landfill failure worldwide. An earlier comprehensive field investigation revealed that the dominant component of the fill was completely decomposed granite (CDG), and the dumping operation was accompanied by a rise of the groundwater level. In this paper, the complex stress paths for the initially unsaturated fill materials being subjected to both rapid filling and wetting were investigated. A simplified method was proposed for estimating the gain of undrained shear strength under the complex stress paths. Soil samples were taken from the site to a laboratory to measure the undrained shear strength and validate the estimation method. Total stress-based stability analyses were carried out to calculate the factor of safety of the dump at failure. The triggering mechanism of the landslide is clarified as follows: The gain of shear strength with the surcharge loading for the wet layer in the lower part of the waste dump was limited by a build-up of excess pore-water pressure. The gain of shear strength for the relatively dry fill material was attenuated with the rise of groundwater level. When the shear strength was not enough to resist the increasing slip force with the surcharge loading, a deep-seated translational failure took place in the lower wet layer of the waste dump. The proposed method for analyses of undrained strength and slope stability are proven to be applicable to the waste-dumping operation with rapid filling and rising groundwater level.

     

Mechanical characteristics of dip basement effects on dump stability in the Shengli open pit mine in Inner Mongolia,China

For waste dump slopes that form basements, landslides can be prevented by determining a stability evolving law of dynamic development. Keeping this issue in mind, the relationship between the mechanical structure and stability of waste dumps with basements is studied. Three key factors that influence waste dump stability are presented, and judgment criteria for self-locking and unlocking states of dump basements are provided. From the friction coefficient of waste dump basement stability analyses of the Shengli open pit mine, the results indicate that waste dump basements on the right side of fault F8 and on the left side of fault F61 are subjected to self-locking. However, between faults F61 and F8, the basement is subjected to unlocking. Regarding the residual thrusting of unlocking areas, structure and stability optimization schemes for waste dumps in the Shengli open pit mine are provided through a mechanics analysis. Reducing the slopes and basement angles of waste dumps can enhance their stability by increasing basement roughness levels.     

花岗岩风化料弃土快速堆填过程中不排水抗剪强度评估

沿海沿江城市地下开挖产生的工程渣土含泥量大、含水率高且较松散,主要运往渣土场进行堆填处置。由于产量巨大而处置场地有限,许多渣土场在运营过程中存在堆填速度快、缺乏排水设施、超高超库容堆填等问题,容易引发堆填体失稳事故。目前对于非饱和工程渣土堆体在快速堆填过程中的失稳机制认识尚不清晰,尤其是对这一过程中的高饱和度工程渣土强度增长规律缺乏足够的认识。以深圳红坳渣土场填料——花岗岩风化料(CDG)填土为研究对象,对不同初始饱和度土样进行三轴不排水不排气等向压缩和剪切试验,结果表明:非饱和CDG填土不排水抗剪强度随围压增大呈非线性增长,增长速率与试样初始饱和度密切相关;当土样压缩后的饱和度超过0.7,不排水强度随围压的增长速率显著降低。基于有效固结应力法的原理,结合Hilf孔压公式和修正剑桥模型,提出了一种工程渣土不排水抗剪强度估算方法,并通过与试验结果对比验证了该方法对初始饱和度高于0.6的CDG填土的适用性。利用该方法确定的不排水强度cu与正应力σn的关系可应用于高饱和度工程渣土快速堆填中的稳定性分析。     

四川省汉源县中海村滑坡动力学特征数值分析

通过对中海村滑坡灾害现场的调查研究,阐明了滑坡的致灾因素和失稳机制,基于连续介质力学理论数值模型对滑坡进行了动力参数反演分析。研究结果表明：连续降雨和第四系昔格达半成岩的特殊岩性特征是中海村滑坡发生的关键因素,滑坡运动持续时间约70 s,滑坡孔隙水压力系数为0.8,最大堆积厚度为8 m,最大运动速度为16.2 m/s;在整个滑坡运动形态和速度演化过程中,主要堆积区域为1级平台和3级平台,运动速度出现3峰特征,阶梯型地形是出现阶段性速度峰值的主要原因。     

Environmental geological investigations at the Van open dump site, southeastern Turkey

 This study evaluates the geological, hydrogeological and hydrological conditions at the open waste dump site of the Van municipality in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. A geological map and a three-dimensional view of the project site have been prepared. All lithological units exposed at and near the dump site have been determined and their boundary relationships identified. Drainage basin characteristics of the dump site along with the water bearing properties of different lithological units have been assessed. For the rehabilitation of the existing dump site, material availability (clay as a liner, cap, and daily cover material; granular soil as a filter material) has been researched. Based on the geological, hydrogeological, morphological and hydrological conditions of the existing waste dump site, recommendations to minimize its environmental impact are presented. Received: 8 March 1999 · Accepted: 3 May 1999