企鹅珍珠贝同工酶表达多态性的初步研究

采用垂直板状聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳，对企鹅珍珠贝鳃组织的酯酶(EST)、葡萄糖-6磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)5种同工酶进行了检测，并对酶谱特征进行了生化遗传分析。酶谱表型显示企鹅珍珠贝的同工酶呈现多态现象，同工酶表达上的多态性表明企鹅珍珠贝具有较丰富的遗传多样性。     

企鹅珍珠贝主要污损生物的初步研究

企鹅珍珠贝[Pteria（Magnavicula）penguin（Roeding）]分布于热带亚热带海域，在台湾、两广沿海和海南岛有野生种群栖息，它是珍珠贝属的一种可生产大规格附壳珠和正圆珠的大型贝类。近年来企鹅珍珠贝的种苗生产、养殖和大型珍珠培育以及生化遗传的研究受到关注。在养殖中，其他海洋生物的附着或寄生成为影响企鹅珍珠贝生长与存活的重要因素，目前相关研究仅见其他贝类的多毛虫寄生病、附着敌害生物和网笼污损生物类群等的报道，而企鹅珍珠贝的污损生物的研究仅见污损苔虫的文献记录。本文对企鹅珍珠贝的附着生物进行了初步鉴别，并分析它们的附着或寄生状态。     

企鹅珍珠贝同工酶表达多态性的初步研究

采用垂直板状聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳,对企鹅珍珠贝鳃组织的酯酶(EST)、葡萄糖-6磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)5种同工酶进行了检测,并对酶谱特征进行了生化遗传分析.酶谱表型显示企鹅珍珠贝的同工酶呈现多态现象,同工酶表达上的多态性表明企鹅珍珠贝具有较丰富的遗传多样性.     

企鹅珍珠贝人工苗生长的初步观察

为了解企鹅珍珠贝生长规律，观察了壳高2.5～5.0mm的出池幼苗，按月测量其生长参数和成活率，以及环境因子。结果表明，企鹅珍珠贝生长最快的月份为7～11月和次年4～6月，壳长，壳高和壳宽月均增加量分别为3.8～13.0mm、4.7～11.2mm、2.3～3.8mm，月成活率97.8%～98.6%。企鹅珍珠贝生长最慢月份是11月至次年3月。     

企鹅珍珠贝主要污损生物的初步研究

企鹅珍珠贝[Pteria(Magnavicula)penguin(R ding)]分布于热带亚热带海域,在台湾、两广沿海和海南岛有野生种群栖息,它是珍珠贝属的一种可生产大规格附壳珠和正圆珠的大型贝类。近年来企鹅珍珠贝的种苗生产、养殖和大型珍珠培育以及生化遗传的研究受到关注。在养殖中,其他海洋生物的附着或寄生成为影响企鹅珍珠贝生长与存活的重要因素,目前相关研究仅见其他贝类的多毛虫寄生病[1-4]、附着敌害生物和网笼污损生物类群等[5-7]的报道,而企鹅珍珠贝的污损生物的研究仅见污损苔虫的文献记录[8]。本文对企鹅珍珠贝的附着生物进行了初步鉴别,并分…     

企鹅珍珠贝附壳珍珠的培育

以7种聚乙烯塑料核型为珠核,正常壳形与二壳隆起的畸形企鹅珍珠贝为手术贝,培育附壳珍珠。养殖6个月,结果表明:壳形正常的育珠贝成活率为73.3%～93.8%,成珠率55.0%～82.0%;畸形贝成活率为60%,成珠率53.3%。统计分析表明:珠核高度是影响育珠贝成活率和成珠率的主要因素,珠核越高,育珠贝成活率和成珠率越低。畸形贝与正常壳形贝成活率和成珠率存在极显著差异(P<0.01),畸形贝不宜用作手术贝。     

企鹅珍珠贝附壳珍珠养殖研究

在水温为２１．４℃—３１．２℃，盐度为２７．２‰—３６．３‰的环境条件下，进行了企鹅珍珠贝培育附壳珍珠的研究。经２８７天的育珠，成活率８７．５％。在收获的１５个母贝中，植入直径为７～１０ｍｍ的珠核４７粒，佛像模型２个；收获附壳珍珠４０颗，佛像２个，留核率达８５．７％。其中商品珠３５颗，商品珠率为８３．３％。在商品珠中，珠色为银白色的１６颗，占４５．７％；金黄色的１６颗（包括１佛像），占４５．７％；污斑珠３颗，占８．６％。珍珠直径超过１１ｍｍ的有５颗，１０．０～１０．９ｍｍ的有１９颗，９．０～９．９ｍｍ的有９颗，８．０～８．９ｍｍ的仅１颗。抽测珍珠５颗，珠层厚度最大者８６２．５μｍ，最薄者５６２．５μｍ。     

低盐度海水对企鹅珍珠贝存活的影响

对企鹅珍珠贝稚贝、中贝和成贝在降低盐度的海水中存活状态进行了观察和研究。在水温20～23℃，以不同盐度梯度（8、12、16、20、24、28、30和33）的海水暂养稚贝并定时检查，在广东的四个海区，对盐度变化时中贝及成贝的养殖成活率进行了观察。结果表明：盐度低于16的3个组，稚贝在60h内全部死亡，盐度20～24海水中，稚贝虽只有部分死亡，但活力较差；稚贝在14的海水中4h后转入正常海水，可全部存活，而超过8h后再移入正常海水的稚贝会陆续死亡；在盐度18海水中，稚贝一直未分泌足丝附着，而移入正常海水，6h就有小苗附着；大万山岛附近海域在雨季盐度可降至20以下，6～9月不适合养殖，而其它实验点可以通过深吊避免海水盐度变化造成企鹅珍珠贝死亡。     

低盐度海水对企鹅珍珠贝存活的影响

对企鹅珍珠贝稚贝、中贝和成贝在降低盐度的海水中存活状态进行了观察和研究。在水温20~23℃,以不同盐度梯度(8、12、16、20、242、8、30和33)的海水暂养稚贝并定时检查,在广东的四个海区,对盐度变化时中贝及成贝的养殖成活率进行了观察。结果表明:盐度低于16的3个组,稚贝在60h内全部死亡,盐度20~24海水中,稚贝虽只有部分死亡,但活力较差;稚贝在14的海水中4h后转入正常海水,可全部存活,而超过8h后再移入正常海水的稚贝会陆续死亡;在盐度18海水中,稚贝一直未分泌足丝附着,而移入正常海水,6h就有小苗附着;大万山岛附近海域在雨季盐度可降至20以下,6~9月不适合养殖,而其它实验点可以通过深吊避免海水盐度变化造成企鹅珍珠贝死亡。     

企鹅珍珠贝Sox9基因的克隆及表达分析

【目的】更好地了解企鹅珍珠贝性别转换机制。【方法】RACE-PCR技术克隆企鹅珍珠贝Sox9基因cDNA的全长序列,分析其理化性质和进化地位;荧光定量PCR技术分析Sox9基因在各组织及不同时期性腺中的表达特征。【结果与结论】Sox9基因cDNA序列全长2 267 bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)为1 410 bp,编码469个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对显示企鹅珍珠贝Sox9基因与黑蝶真珠蛤(Pinctada margaritifera)和马氏珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)有高度同源性(81%)。Sox9在企鹅珍珠贝各组织中均有表达,在足中表达量最高(P0.05),精巢中其次;Sox9在成熟期精巢检测到最大表达量(P0.05),在发育早期精巢、退化期精巢和成熟期卵巢中表达量较低,其中发育早期卵巢表达量最低(P0.05)。     

企鹅珍珠贝人工养殖及育珠的研究

在幼贝中间养成中采用柱形笼养殖法,母贝的养成中采用穿耳开放式养殖法,与全程采用锥形笼的传统式养殖方法相比较,进行企鹅珍珠贝人工养殖。结果表明:采用本技术养殖企鹅珍珠贝,在幼贝中间养成阶段,比传统养殖的壳高生长速率提高32·1%(P<0·05),壳长生长速率提高30·3%(P<0·01),成活率提高36%(P<0·01);母贝养成阶段,比传统养殖的壳高生长速率提高28·1%(P<0·05),壳长生长速率提高26·7%(P<0·01),成活率提高18·3%(P<0·01)。同时进行企鹅珍珠贝人工培育游离珠实验,植核贝在休养期和育珠期存活率分别为71·2%和54·3%,留核率分别为29·6·6%和21·0%,成珠率58·6%,优质珠比例为26·7%。     

Preliminary determination of calcium, phosphorus, and the calcium/phosphorus ratio in cortical bone of Chinstrap penguin using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence （SR-XRF） approach was applied to analyzing of Chinstrap penguin （ Pygoscelis Antarctica） cortical bone. The method enabled the in situ determination of Ca and P concentrations and the Ca/P ratio in cortical bone. The preliminary results show that ： （ 1 ） there is the bone site-related difference for Ca and P concentrations. The mean values for the investigated parameters （ on a dry-weight basis） are： 30.7% （Ca） and 14.9% （P） for the femoral cortical bone, 21.4% （Ca） and 11.5% （P） for wing cortical bone. （2） The variation for the Ca/P ratio in cortical bone is lower than those for Ca and P separately. This is in agreement with the previous report that the specificity of the Ca/P ratio is better than that of Ca and P concentrations and is more reliable for the diagnosis of bone disorders. The authors suggest that further studies be conducted to establish norreal values of Ca, P and Ca/P ratio for polar animals and provide a basis for the diagnosis of bone disorders.     

Sodium and potassium in the bones of penguin and skua revealed by EPR and SR-XRF technique

Penguin and skua in the maritime Antarctic have high salt loadings in the body due to almost exclusive diet consumption of marine invertebrates. However, the storage and turnover of sodium and potassium in these animals are poorly investigated. Here we determined the concentration and microscopic distribution of the two elements in the bones of penguin and skua. The average concentrations of sodium and potassium in penguin bone were comparable with that in skua bone (0.18% and 0.82% for penguin bone; 0.19% and 0.76% for skua bone in dry weight). The ratios of sodium to calcium and potassium to calcium (0.0330 and 0.0075 for penguin, 0.0335 and 0.0082 for skua in average by weight) were somewhat higher than the reported ratios for terrestrial animals, indicating these marine animals' bone enrichment of salt. The ratios of sodium to potassium in average by weight were 6.75 and 4.65 for penguin and skua, respectively. This value is much lower compared with the bulk sea water ratio of about 27.0, implying that potassium is favorable to reside in the bone rather than sodium. Both sodium and potassium were found to significant correlation with the content of organic materials in bone based upon the intensity of native signal determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It was estimated that almost all of potassium is kept within the organic phases, while about 30% of sodium is stored in organic phases and the other 70% within mineral phase. The microscopic distributions of potassium in the cross-section and/or surface were revealed by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) technique. The ratio of potassium to calcium based upon the SR-XRF intensity counter varied considerably from the surface to the interior, and on the surface the highest concentration of potassium was observed in the middle section with decreasing amounts toward the edge. This indirectly documented that exchange of potassium between fluid and bone organic phase maybe occur.     

Preliminary investigation of mercury in bone tissues of skua and penguin in Antarctica using AFS and Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence （SR-XRF）

Mercury （Hg） was investigated in bone tissues of skua （ Catharacta maccormick） and penguin （Pygoscelis adeliae） collected in the maritime Antarctic using atomic fluorescence spectrometry （AFS） and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence （SR-XRF） method. The total levels of mercury in bone tissues of penguin and skua are much lower than those in other organs （e. g. , kidney, liver）. The toxic effects of mercury in bone tissues of seabirds in polar region are not known. We have used SR- XRF method to map the distribution of trace levels of mercury in bones. The levels of mercury are found to be enriched somewhere near the periosteal surface and/or endosteal surface. The distribution of mercury shows strongly correlation with that of some essential elements and probably poses negative effect on the bone metabolism inferring from the relationship of mercury with the other elements. These studies represent a first step toward understanding the toxic effects of mercury on bone of polar animals by suggesting the possible microscopic investigation.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） and dibenzofurans （PCDFs） in surface sediment and bivalve from the Changjiang Estuary, China

Surface sediments and bivalves were collected from the Changjiang Estuary in December 2003 and November 2004, respectively. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in these samples were measured with high-resolution chromatography (HRGC)/High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HRMS). The concentrations of total PCDD/Fs and toxic equivalent (TEQ) were 169.83±119.63 and 0.81±0.36 pg/g dry weight (dw) in sediments, and 580.33±240.17 and 7.24±3.65 pg/g dw in bivalves. The homolog compositions of PCDD/Fs were similar among samples, the most abundant congener was octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and then octa-chlorinated dibenzofuran (OCDF) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-hepta-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD). The herbicide pentachlorophenol (PCP) and sodium pentachlorophenol (Na-PCP) were proved the main source of PCDD/Fs in this area.     

Movements of the Western Pacific Warm Pool Centroid and Their Relationship to Sea Surface Temperature Changes in Ni(n)o Regions

By using monthly historical sea surface temperature (SST) data for the years from 1950 to 2000, the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) climatology and anomalies are studied in this paper. The analysis of WPWP centroid (WPWPC) movement anomalies and the Nino-3 region SST anomalies( SSTA) seems to reveal a close, linear relation between the zonal WPWPC and Nino-3 region SSTA, which suggests that a 9' anomaly of the zonal displacement from the climatological position of the WPWPC corresponds to about a 1 ℃ anomaly in the Nino-3 region area-mean SST. This study connects the WPWPC zonal displacement with the Nino-3 SSTA, and it may be helpful in better understanding the fact that the WPWP eastward extension is conducive to the Nino-3 region SST increase during an El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event.     

Comparative fatty acid composition of fourSargassum species (Fucales,Phaeophyta)

Fatty acid composition of fourSargassum species from Qingdao and Shidao, Shandong Province was investigated. 16:0 (palmitic acid) was the major saturated fatty acid. C₁₈ and C₂₀ were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid predominated among polyenoic acids in all the algal species examined, except forSargassum sp. which had low concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid. Contribution No. 2354 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences     

Tyrosinase, a new innate humoral immune parameter in large yellow croaker （Pseudosciaena crocea R）

We evaluated the immune response to infection with a pathogen in large yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson).The fish were given an intraperitoneal(i.p.) injection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus or sterile sea water(control).We collected blood sera from the fish 0.17,1,2,4,8,12,or 16 d after injection(dpi).We measured tyrosinase activity and the concentrations of lysozyme,NOS,and antibodies.Serum tyrosinase activity was significantly higher at 0.17 and 4 dpi than in the control group,and peaked at 8 d...