KNN方法在11—3月中国近海测站日最大风速预报中的应用

应用自组织神经网络方法对欧洲中心（ECMWF）2003年1月1日至2006年12月31日逐日数值预报产品分析场进行天气形势分型,发现11-3月影响我国的天气形势基本属于同一类型。对2004-2007年11-3月ECMWF逐日数值预报产品进行动力诊断,提取与中国近海16个测站日最大风速相关较好的预报因子,将改进后的KNN方法作为预报手段,建立11-3月近海测站日最大风速预报模型,并对2007年1-3月16个测站进行逐日检验,结果表明该方法对近海测站日最大风速有较好的预报能力。     

我国近海洋面10 m风速集合预报客观订正方

利用2013—2015年ECMWF集合预报10 m风场及我国沿岸和近海88个代表站点风速实况观测,建立基于ECMWF集合预报众数的我国近海洋面10 m风速客观订正方法。集合预报众数正确率及稳定性高于中值及平均值,因此基于集合预报众数,综合考虑历史数据的预报概率及集合预报各个成员的分布情况进行客观订正,可以提高订正效果。订正后的6~7级、8~9级风速偏小的误差及TS评分有明显改进,其中72~120 h预报时效的8~9级风速预报的TS评分由0.04增加到0.44,能够有效提高中长期时效大量级风速的预报能力。订正的风速产品对于我国近海冷空气及台风大风天气过程有较好的预报效果。     

我国近海洋面10 m风速集合预报客观订正方法

利用2013—2015年ECMWF集合预报10 m风场及我国沿岸和近海88个代表站点风速实况观测,建立基于ECMWF集合预报众数的我国近海洋面10 m风速客观订正方法。集合预报众数正确率及稳定性高于中值及平均值,因此基于集合预报众数,综合考虑历史数据的预报概率及集合预报各个成员的分布情况进行客观订正,可以提高订正效果。订正后的6~7级、8~9级风速偏小的误差及TS评分有明显改进,其中72~120 h预报时效的8~9级风速预报的TS评分由0.04增加到0.44,能够有效提高中长期时效大量级风速的预报能力。订正的风速产品对于我国近海冷空气及台风大风天气过程有较好的预报效果。     

ECMWF细网格要素预报场在乌鲁木齐米东区的预报性能检验

利用升级后的ECMWF细网格模式2m温度、大尺度降水量(LSP)、累积降水量(TP)及850hPa风速等气象要素预报场,采用客观分析和统计学方法,对2015年2月至2017年1月乌鲁木齐米东区气温、降水及风速进行检验分析。结果表明:2m温度场对于米东区最高、最低气温有较好的预报能力,最高、最低气温年均准确率ECMWF细网格模式产品均高于中央气象台指导预报产品,分别达69.1%和73.8%。细网格和中央气象台指导预报的晴雨准确率均接近或超过80%,对降水天气预报有较好的参考价值;降水分级检验上看,ECMWF细网格和中央指导预报准确率均不太高;对于降雨天气,细网格的预报能力略高于指导预报;对于降雪天气,指导预报对小雪和大雪的预报准确率高于细网格;ECMWF细网格850hPa风速产品与实况风速有较好的相关性,对逐日风的预报有较好地指示意义。     

1986年春季ECMWF500hpa预告图的检验分析

一、引言天气预报实践表明,ECMWF(欧洲中期天气预报中心)500hpa天气形势预告具有较强的预告能力,自1982年8月引进ECMWF数值预告产品以来,区气象台中短期天气预报准确率有了比较明显的提高.目前,区气象台短期天气形势预报很大程度依赖着ECMWF500hpa天气形势预告.而天气要素预报又基于天气形势预报,因此ECMWF500hpa预告的偏差直接影响天气预报的准确率.1983年初,区气象台短期室     

最优子集神经网络在武威气温客观预报中的应用

选取2003年3月1日至2008年12月31日20时的逐日ECMWF(欧洲中期天气预报中心)数值预报产品实况格点资料,使用差分法、天气诊断、因子组合等方法,构造出能反映本地天气动力学特征的预报因子库,采用PRESS(预测平方和)准则初选因子,逐步回归复选因子,最优子集回归精选因子,建立分月、分站点逐日最高、最低温度BP神经网络预报模型。模型业务试用结果表明:该BP神经网络预报模型具有较强的非线性处理能力,能较好地反映日极端温度的变化,0～120 h内的最高、最低温度平均预报准确率达较高水平,且对明显的升降温过程反应灵敏,升降温趋势和幅度预报较为准确,为0～120 h的城镇精细化温度预报提供了重要的技术支撑,同时也为ECMWF数值预报产品在温度的释用提供了一种好的思路和方法。     

ECMWF相对湿度在海南州降水预报中的指示性

通过分析2007年6月-2008年5月ECMWF数值预报700hPa相对湿度格点场逐日24、48、72小时预报时效的预报产品（初始场为20时）和不同区域站点ECMWF相对湿度与海南州相对湿度实况值间的相关关系,并结合降水天气过程,对24—72小时ECMWF相对湿度与海南州降水的关系进行分析,给出用相对湿度预报海南降水的指标站和相对湿度参考值,对提高海南州降水预报准确率具有实际意义。     

ECMWF集合预报产品在广西暴雨预报中的释用

基于最大相关最小冗余度算法和随机森林回归算法,该文提出一种对欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）集合预报产品进行暴雨预报的释用方法。该方法采用最大相关最小冗余度算法,对ECMWF集合预报的51个成员进行筛选,选取若干个与预报对象相关性最大、相互间冗余度最小的成员作为随机森林回归算法的输入因子。利用ECMWF集合预报降水量平均值对建模样本进行分类,使预报模型的建模样本更具有针对性。通过2012年4月—2015年12月的交叉独立样本试验预报和2016年1—9月的业务预报试验的统计结果表明:该释用方法的暴雨预报TS和ETS评分,均比采用ECMWF集合预报产品51个成员降水量预报进行插值后取平均值的释用方法分别提高了0.07和0.05以上,显示了较好的数值预报产品释用效果。     

2016年3—5月T639、ECMWF及日本 模式中期预报性能检验

对2016年3—5月T639、ECMWF及日本（文中简称JP）数值模式的中期预报产品进行了分析和检验。结果表明：3个模式对亚洲中高纬环流形势的调整和演变均具有较好的预报性能,其中ECMWF模式预报效果最好。3个模式对850 hPa温度的转折性变化趋势均有较好的预报能力,其中对南方地区温度变化的预报能力明显优于北方地区,ECMWF综合预报效果最好。此外,选取了2016年3月3—5日的沙尘天气过程进行个例分析,发现T639和ECMWF模式对此次过程的地面高压系统的中期预报指示意义较好。     

中期数值天气预报的若干检验分析

引言正确的中期天气过程和要素预报依赖于正确的天气形势预报 ,而数值形势预报是这方面的有力工具。对此中期预报员在长期的预报实践中 ,对数值预报产品性能都积累了一定的经验。为了使这些经验得到较好的验证和提高定性定量分析的能力 ,本文特别选取了天气异常的１９９８年７ -８月和２００１年１ -２月欧洲和日本的逐日数值形势预报。分析检验了这两个时段逐日各时次数值预告的形势、系统和高度场与实况的差异 ,得出了这两个模式对天气形势和高度场预报误差的性质、特征、程度和一般性规律。这对今后结合预报经验 ,更好的应用数值形势预报…     

How to attribute market leakage to CDM projects

Abstract

Economic studies suggest that market leakage rates of greenhouse gas abatement can reach the two-digit percentage range. Although the Marrakesh Accords require Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to account for leakage, most projects neglect market leakage. Insufficient leakage accounting is facilitated by a lack of applicable methods regarding the quantification and attribution of project-related leakage effects. This article proposes a method for attributing CDM-related market leakage effects to individual projects. To this purpose, alternative attribution methods are analysed. We find that project-specific approaches fail to take account of market leakage effects. Consequently, we propose to estimate aggregate market leakage effects and attribute them proportionally to individual projects. We suggest that predetermined commodity-specific leakage factors are applied by project developers to any emission reductions that are associated with a project's leakage-relevant demand or supply changes. This approach is conservative, equitable, incentive-compatible and applicable at manageable costs.     

Strategies to adapt to an uncertain climate change

Many decisions concerning long-lived investments already need to take into account climate change. But doing so is not easy for at least two reasons. First, due to the rate of climate change, new infrastructure will have to be able to cope with a large range of changing climate conditions, which will make design more difficult and construction more expensive. Second, uncertainty in future climate makes it impossible to directly use the output of a single climate model as an input for infrastructure design, and there are good reasons to think that the needed climate information will not be available soon. Instead of optimizing based on the climate conditions projected by models, therefore, future infrastructure should be made more robust to possible changes in climate conditions. This aim implies that users of climate information must also change their practices and decision-making frameworks, for instance by adapting the uncertainty-management methods they currently apply to exchange rates or R&D outcomes. Five methods are examined: (i) selecting “no-regret” strategies that yield benefits even in absence of climate change; (ii) favouring reversible and flexible options; (iii) buying “safety margins” in new investments; (iv) promoting soft adaptation strategies, including long-term prospective; and (v) reducing decision time horizons. Moreover, it is essential to consider both negative and positive side-effects and externalities of adaptation measures. Adaptation–mitigation interactions also call for integrated design and assessment of adaptation and mitigation policies, which are often developed by distinct communities.     

An approach to adaptation to climate changes in Poland

Adopted by COP 10 (Dec 1/CP.10) and approved by the MOP1, the Buenos Aires programme of adaptation and response measures opens doors to intensify preparations for expected climate change. By this decision the COP, requested the SBSTA to develop a structured 5-year programme of work of the SBSTA on the scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to, climate change. Consequently, the COP, by its decision 2/CP.11, adopted the “Five-year programme of work of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change” Finally during COP12 this programme was approved as “Nairobi Work Programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change”. This programme has fundamental significance not only for developing countries, but also for industrialized nations in which some sectors of the or social life are particularly vulnerable to climate change, specifically, inter alia EIT countries and new EU Member States. Further development of this adaptation programme economy should contain steps that provide optimum economic and social effectiveness, risk management, identification of vulnerable sectors and gaps in knowledge, preparation of a list of policy options, including an analysis of cost effectiveness, selection of the most effective policies, and a preparedness implementation plan. In Poland the preliminary adaptation programme covered agriculture, water management, and coastal zone management. For the time being, gaps in knowledge and preparedness measures have been identified. An estimation of possible impact on these areas was based on chosen GCMs, and sea level rise IPCC scenarios. In conclusion, it was stated that the results achieved should be seen as a first step forward and a more comprehensive study is necessary to update the results and cover other sectors of the economy, such as health protection, spatial planning, ecosystems and forestry, and to develop specific guidelines and recommendations for policy-makers.     

荔波菊苣引种试验

菊苣为多年生草本植物,主要用作畜牧饲料,有较高的经济价值,对发展畜牧业有重要意义,通过菊苣引种试验成功分析,提出菊苣适合在荔波县推广种植。     

利用防火墙软件实现市、县局用户共享上网

介绍采用WinRoute Firewall软件实现市、县局用户共享上网的方法,使市县局用户既能共享网络资源,又能有效地保障网络安全.     

如何将DOMINO邮件数据库移动到另外一个分区

随着用户的增多,MOMINO邮件服务器上的硬盘空间越来越少,如果不增加硬盘空间,将会严重影响到系统的运行,甚至死机.一个解决方案是:为服务器新增一个大硬盘,将数据库文件移到新硬盘上.如何以最小的代价、最快的速度、尽量不影响用户的正常使用来完成此项工作呢?通过查询相关资料,并做了实验,发现有两种方法相对简单.     

利用防火墙软件实现市、县局用户共享上网

介绍采用W inRoute F irewall软件实现市、县局用户共享上网的方法,使市县局用户既能共享网络资源,又能有效地保障网络安全。     

Linear response functions to project contributions to future sea level

We propose linear response functions to separately estimate the sea-level contributions of thermal expansion and solid ice discharge from Greenland and Antarctica. The response function formalism introduces a time-dependence which allows for future rates of sea-level rise to be influenced by past climate variations. We find that this time-dependence is of the same functional type, R(t) ～ t ^α, for each of the three subsystems considered here. The validity of the approach is assessed by comparing the sea-level estimates obtained via the response functions to projections from comprehensive models. The pure vertical diffusion case in one dimension, corresponding to α =  ?0.5, is a valid approximation for thermal expansion within the ocean up to the middle of the twenty first century for all Representative Concentration Pathways. The approximation is significantly improved for α =  ? 0.7. For the solid ice discharge from Greenland we find an optimal value of α =  ?0.7. Different from earlier studies we conclude that solid ice discharge from Greenland due to dynamic thinning is bounded by 0.42 m sea-level equivalent. Ice discharge induced by surface warming on Antarctica is best captured by a positive value of α = 0.1 which reflects the fact that ice loss increases with the cumulative amount of heat available for softening the ice in our model.     

Options to overcome the barriers to pricing European agricultural emissions

Although agriculture could contribute substantially to European emission reductions, its mitigation potential lies untapped and dormant. Market-based instruments could be pivotal in incentivizing cost-effective abatement. However, sector specificities in transaction costs, leakage risks and distributional impacts impede its implementation. The significance of such barriers critically hinges on the dimensions of policy design. This article synthesizes the work on emissions pricing in agriculture together with the literature on the design of market-based instruments. To structure the discussion, an options space is suggested to map policy options, focusing on three key dimensions of policy design. More specifically, it examines the role of policy coverage, instruments and transfers to farmers in overcoming the barriers. First, the results show that a significant proportion of agricultural emissions and mitigation potential could be covered by a policy targeting large farms and few emission sources, thereby reducing transaction costs. Second, whether an instrument is voluntary or mandatory influences distributional outcomes and leakage. Voluntary instruments can mitigate distributional concerns and leakage risks but can lead to subsidy lock-in and carbon price distortion. Third, the impact on transfers resulting from the interaction of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with emissions pricing will play a key role in shaping political feasibility and has so far been underappreciated.

POLICY RELEVANCE

Following the 2015 Paris Agreement, European climate policy is at a crossroads. Achieving cost-effectively the 2030 and 2050 European targets requires all sectors to reduce their emissions. Yet, the cornerstone of European climate policy, the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), covers only about half of European emissions. Major sectors have been so far largely exempted from carbon pricing, in particular transport and agriculture. While transport has been increasingly under the spotlight as a possible candidate for an EU ETS sectoral expansion, policy discussions on pricing agricultural emissions have been virtually absent. This article attempts to fill this gap by investigating options for market-based instruments to reduce agricultural emissions while taking barriers to implementation into account.     

Learning to Adapt: Organisational Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts

Analysis of human adaptation to climate change should be based on realistic models of adaptive behaviour at the level of organisations and individuals. The paper sets out a framework for analysing adaptation to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change in business organisations with new evidence presented from empirical research into adaptation in nine case-study companies. It argues that adaptation to climate change has many similarities with processes of organisational learning. The paper suggests that business organisations face a number of obstacles in learning how to adapt to climate change impacts, especially in relation to the weakness and ambiguity of signals about climate change and the uncertainty about benefits flowing from adaptation measures. Organisations rarely adapt ‘autonomously’, since their adaptive behaviour is influenced by policy and market conditions, and draws on resources external to the organisation. The paper identifies four adaptation strategies that pattern organisational adaptive behaviour.