垂向不均匀介质中波传播特点的研究

本文由波传播问题的变分原理导出了垂向不均匀介质中的弹性波波动方程及纵波和横波波动方程。在不同的假设条件下得到了纵、横波波动方程的几种简化形式,其中包括地震勘探中常用的变系数波动方程。利用有限单元法,求得了垂向不均匀介质中波动方程的数值解。通过数值结果对纵、横波之间的耦合程度以及介质的不均匀性对波的衰减作用进行了讨论。     

非均匀各向异性介质中弹性波的传播

平面波分解法是研究地震波场简捷有效的方法,各种复杂的波场可用平面波合成的方法得到．文中采用平面波方法研究非均匀各向异性介质中的弹性波．对时空域非均匀各向异性介质波动方程,运用f-k变换,可得到频率空间域波动方程(Christoffel方程)．利用非均匀各向异性介质中,弹性参数及其空间变化率与Christoffel矩阵元素关系,提出非均匀各向异性介质Christoffel矩阵方程的求解方法,并运用于非均匀TIV介质和非均匀EDA介质．在连续介质条件下,当波沿速度增加方向传播时,振幅的方向导数小于零,即振幅衰减;当波沿速度减小方向传播时,振幅的方向导数大于零,即振幅增强．波的振幅强度是传播方向的函数(各向同性条件下也是如此),但并不总是衰减．若只研究波沿速度增加方向传播的情况即得出波在连续介质中传播振幅衰减的结论是不全面的．      

各向异性介质qP波传播描述II:分离纯模式标量波

在各向异性地震波场中,qP波与qS波常常是耦合在一起的.多分量地震数据处理中一个关键环节就是波型分离(即模式解耦),以纵波成分为主的常规单分量地震数据的成像则需要合理描述标量qP波的传播算子.本文作者曾构建了在运动学上同弹性波动方程等价,动力学上突出标量qP波的伪纯模式波动方程.为了彻底消除qS波残余,本文根据波矢量与qP波偏振矢量之间的偏差,提出从伪纯模式波场提取纯模式标量qP波的方法.数值分析展示了投影偏差算子在波数域和空间域的特征.基于不同复杂程度理论模型的试验结果表明,联合"伪纯模式传播算子"与"投影偏差校正"可为各向异性介质分离模式波场传播过程提供一种简便的描述工具.     

高阶交错网格有限差分法纵横波波场分离数值模拟

本文给出了一种等价的弹性波动方程,以解决完全弹性波场中不能完全分离耦合的纵横波波场问题.对该弹性波动方程进行公式换算,推导出新型等价一阶双曲型方程,应用高阶交错网格有限差分法求解该方程,并给出了相应的最佳匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件,对均匀介质模型、复杂Marmousi模型和实际地质模型进行波场分离数值试验,准确得到了混合波场、完全分离的纯纵横波波场.数值结果表明,本文方法具有比传统方法更好的数值模拟精度和边界吸收效果,同时分析分离后的纵横波纯波场,可观察到较为丰富的能量转换信息,并发现纯纵波场中的非均匀平面波现象,该波为S波以临界角入射情况下的反射SP波,这对认识复杂弹性波的传播规律及弹性波理论具有重要意义.     

饱和多孔微极介质的波动方程及其势函数方程

土是由一定尺寸大小颗粒所构成的多孔介质,具有明显的颗粒特性,当土颗粒间的孔隙被流体（如水或油）充满时则成为饱和土.利用微极理论和Biot波动理论的研究成果,把饱和土中多孔固体骨架部分近似地视为微极介质,孔隙中的流体部分视为质点介质,获得饱和多孔微极介质的弹性波动方程.借鉴Greetsma理论,建立了饱和多孔微极介质弹性本构方程力学参数与相应单相介质弹性参数的相互关系,使饱和多孔微极介质弹性波动方程中的物理参数具有明确的物理意义,易于在试验中确定.运用场论理论把饱和多孔微极介质的波动方程简化为势函数方程,建立了饱和多孔微极介质中五种弹性波的弥散方程,数值分析了五种简谐体波在无限饱和多孔微极介质中的传播特性. 结果表明,P1波、P2波和剪切S1波的波速弥散曲线与经典饱和多孔介质基本相同,当频率小于临界频率ω0时旋转纵波θ波和横波S2波不存在,当频率大于临界频率ω0时,θ波和S2波的传播速度随频率增加而减小.     

一种模拟非均匀介质中弹性波传播新的k-space方法

传统的伪谱(PS)方法,采用傅里叶变换(FT)计算空间导数具有很高的精度,每个波长仅需要两个采样点,而时间导数采用有限差分(FD)近似因而精度较低.当采用大时间步长时,由于时空精度不平衡,PS法存在不稳定性问题.原始的k-space方法可以有效地克服这些问题但是却无法适用于非均匀介质.为了提高原始k-space方法模拟非均匀介质波动方程的精度,我们提出了一种新的k-space算子族.它是用非均匀介质的变速度代替原k-space算子中的常数补偿速度构造得到,引入低秩近似可以高效求解.我们将构造的新的k-space算子应用于耦合的二阶位移波动方程,而不是交错网格一阶速度应力波动方程,使模拟弹性波的计算存储量减少.我们从数学上证明了基于二阶波动方程的k-space方法与基于一阶波动方程的k-space方法是等价的.数值模拟实验表明,与传统的PS、交错网格PS和原始的k-space方法相比,我们的新方法可以在时间和空间步长较大的均匀和非均匀介质中,为弹性波的传播提供更精确的数值解.在保持稳定性和精度的同时,采用较大的时空采样间隔,可以大大降低数值模拟的计算成本.     

双相各向异性介质中弹性波方程的有限元解法及波场模拟

基于双相各向异性介质模型,首先推导了双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播的动力学方程及其Galerkin变分方程和有限元运动方程,然后给出了孔隙弹性波方程的有限元数值解法以及二维双相PTL介质中波场模拟的人为吸收边界条件. 最后,利用本文给出的有限元方法对双相PTL介质和双相各向同性介质中的弹性波传播进行了数值模拟. 结果表明:有限元方法和吸收边界条件有效、可行,在理想相界条件下,不论是从固体位移,还是从流体位移的波场快照都能看到明显的慢速拟P波;在黏滞相界情况下,能否观察到慢速拟P波,与含流体地层介质的耗散性质有关.对实际含流体介质,从流体位移分量的波场快照比从固体位移波场快照更容易观察到慢速拟P波.     

流体饱和多孔隙介质弹性波方程边界元解法研究

基于流体饱和多孔隙各向同性介质模型,本文首先推导了流体饱和多孔隙介质中弹性波传播的频率域系统动力方程及边界积分方程,然后给出了流体饱和多孔隙介质弹性波方程的基本解,最后,利用本文给出的边界元方法对流体饱和多孔隙各向同性介质中的弹性波传播进行了数值模拟.结果表明：不论是从固相位移,还是液相位移的地震合成记录都能看到明显的慢速P波,本文提出的流体饱和多孔隙介质弹性波边界元法是有效可行的.     

TTI介质弹性波近似解耦波动方程

借助Christoffel方程可求解出各向异性介质弹性波精确频散关系.利用近似方法进行处理,再通过傅里叶逆变换将频率波数域算子变换为时空域算子,可导出解耦的 qP波或 qS波波动方程.本文在 TTI介质弹性波精确频散关系的基础上,利用近似配方法推导了 qP波和 qSV波近似频散关系,通过傅里叶逆变换推导了 TTI介质 qP波和 qSV波解耦的波动方程.为了验证近似频散关系的有效性,利用两组模型参数对其进行数值计算,分析了相对误差在不同传播方向上的分布.随后使用有限差分方法分别对均匀、层状及复杂 TTI介质弹性波近似解耦波动方程进行数值模拟,结果显示 qP波和 qSV波完全解耦,并且在各向异性参数η＜0 以及介质对称轴倾角变化较大的情况下,纯 qP波和纯 qSV波近似波动方程依然可以保持稳定.     

热弹性介质中波传播特征

深层-超深层油气地震勘探涉及高温介质地震波传播问题,热弹介质参数对地震波传播有重要影响.含弛豫时间修正项的Lord-Shulman双曲型耦合热弹波动方程从理论上预测了热弹性介质中存在快纵波、慢纵波(一种准静态慢纵波,简称热波)和横波的传播,两个纵波为热耗散衰减波而横波不受介质热特性的影响.本文结合平面波频散分析和格林函数法数值模拟,详细研究两个热耗散衰减波的频散和衰减特征,着重分析热导率、热膨胀系数及比热的变化对波速和衰减的影响.研究表明热导率作为主要参数决定了波速与衰减的临界变化,热膨胀系数对波速和衰减的幅度有明显影响,比热则兼顾了前两个热弹系数的影响特征.最后,利用热弹性动力学频率域的二阶格林函数进行波场快照数值模拟,展示热弹性介质中纵波、横波和热波的传播行为.     

Simulation of improved pure P-wave equation in transversely isotropic media with a horizontal symmetry axis

Characterizing the expressions of seismic waves in elastic anisotropic media depends on multiparameters. To reduce the complexity, decomposing the P-mode wave from elastic seismic data is an effective way to describe the considerably accurate kinematics with fewer parameters. The acoustic approximation for transversely isotropic media is widely used to obtain P-mode wave by setting the axial S-wave phase velocity to zero. However, the separated pure P-wave of this approach is coupled with undesired S-wave in anisotropic media called S-wave artefacts. To eliminate the S-wave artefacts in acoustic waves for anisotropic media, we set the vertical S-wave phase velocity as a function related to propagation directions. Then, we derive a pure P-wave equation in transversely isotropic media with a horizontal symmetry axis by introducing the expression of vertical S-wave phase velocity. The differential form of new expression for pure P-wave is reduced to second-order by inserting the expression of S-wave phase velocity as an auxiliary operator. The results of numerical simulation examples by finite difference illustrate the stability and accuracy of the derived pure P-wave equation.     

Analytical representation of Green’s functions of the Biot equations for elastic waves in a homogeneous two-phase medium

The system of Biot vector equations in the frequency space includes two elliptic-type vector partial differential equations with unknown displacement vectors in the solid and liquid phases. Considering the Biot equations, alongside with Pride’s equations, the key approaches to the theoretical study of the elastic waves in the two-phase fluid-saturated media, the author suggests an analytical solution for the inhomogeneous Biot equations in the frequency space, which is reduced to finding its fundamental solution (Green’s function). The solution of this problem consists of solutions for two systems of Biot equations. In the first system, only the first equation is inhomogeneous, while in the second system, only the second equation is inhomogeneous and, as it is shown, its right-hand side is exclusively a potential function. The fundamental solution of the full system of inhomogeneous Biot equations (in which both equations are inhomogeneous) is represented in the form of Green’s matrix-tensor, for the scalar elements of which the analytical relations are presented. The obtained formulas describing the elastic displacements of both the solid and liquid phases reflect three wave types, namely, compressional waves of the first and the second kind (the fast and the slow waves, respectively) and shear waves. Similar terms (those describing the same type of the elastic waves in the solid and liquid phases) in the expressions for Green’s functions are linked with each other through the coefficient that links the components of the displacement vectors of the solid and liquid phases corresponding to the given wave type.

     

On the applicability of the Biot solution to the problems of elastic propagation in saturated porous media

In this paper, the solution of the system of homogeneous Biot equations, which was derived by Biot for the displacement vectors of plane monochrome elastic waves propagating in a homogeneous infinite two-phase medium, is expanded to the case where the propagation area of the elastic waves is limited and the wavefront is a piecewise smooth curved surface. It is shown that the arbitrary system of homogeneous Biot equations for the displacement vectors of the solid and liquid phases can be reduced to three different equations pertaining to the class of Helmholtz equations. From this, irrespective of the geometry of the seismic wavefront and the boundaries of the studied two-phase medium, there is the following. (1) Each displacement vector (of the solid and liquid phase) splits into three independent vectors satisfying three different Helmholtz equations. Two of these vectors correspond to the two types of compressional waves, namely, fast waves (waves of the first kind) and slow waves (waves of the second kind). The third vector describes shear waves. (2) The similar (related to the same wave type) components of the displacement vector in the solid and liquid phases satisfy the same Helmholtz equation and are linked with each other through a corresponding scalar factor that is expressed in terms of the coefficients of the Biot equations. Taking into account the established properties of the displacement vectors in the solid and liquid phases seems to be helpful in the problems dealing with calculation of elastic fields of arbitrary sources in piecewise-homogeneous two-phase media.     

各向异性介质qP波传播描述I：伪纯模式波动方程

地球介质相对于地震波波长尺度的定向非均匀性会导致波速的各向异性,进而影响地震波场的运动学与动力学特征．各向异性弹性波动方程是描述该类介质波场传播的基本工具,在正演模拟、偏移成像与参数反演中起着关键作用．为了面向实际应用构建灵活、简便的各向异性波场传播算子,人们一直在寻求简化的各向异性波动方程．本文借鉴各向异性弹性波波型分离思想,通过对平面波形式的弹性波方程(即Christoffel方程)实施一种代表向波矢量方向投影的相似变换,推导出了一种适应任意各向异性介质、运动学上与原始弹性波方程完全等价,在动力学上突出qP波的新方程,即qP波伪纯模式波动方程．文中以横向各向同性(TI)介质为例,给出了相应的qP波伪纯模式波动方程及其声学与各向同性近似,并在此基础上开展了正演模拟和逆时偏移试验,展示了这种描述各向异性波场传播的新方程的特点与优势．     

Perfectly matched layer-absorbing boundary condition for finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equations

The perfectly matched layer (PML) is a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition used for the numerical modeling of seismic wave equation. The article focuses on the application of this technique to finite-element time-domain numerical modeling of elastic wave equation. However, the finite-element time-domain scheme is based on the second-order wave equation in displacement formulation. Thus, the first-order PML in velocity-stress formulation cannot be directly applied to this scheme. In this article, we derive the finite-element matrix equations of second-order PML in displacement formulation, and accomplish the implementation of PML in finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equation. The PML has an approximate zero reflection coefficients for bulk and surface waves in the finite-element modeling of P-SV and SH wave propagation in the 2D homogeneous elastic media. The numerical experiments using a two-layer model with irregular topography validate the efficiency of PML in the modeling of seismic wave propagation in geological models with complex structures and heterogeneous media.     

横向非均匀介质中弹性地震波传播的数值模拟

应用混合变量弹性动力学方程和线性常微分方程组的矩阵指数解法，将层状介质中广泛应用的弹性波传播矩阵解法推广至横向非均匀介质，给出了一种可计算复杂地质体中弹性波传播的广义传播矩阵数值解法。该方法可模拟任意震源及所产生的各种体波、面波，数值结果表明具有很高的计算精度。     

油水两相渗流多孔介质弹性波传播动力学模型研究

弹性波在储层渗流场中的传播与衰减规律是研究波场强化采油动力学机理的重要基础.基于等效流体理论和饱和静态流体弹性波传播Biot理论,建立油水两非混相流体渗流条件下储层多孔介质中弹性波传播的动力学模型,通过算例求解与分析,发现含油水两相渗流储层多孔介质中同时存在着3种纵波P1、P2、P3和1种横波S;受频率和含水饱和度的影响,各波波速和品质因子呈现出不同变化规律,4种体波波速与频率、饱和度正相关,P1、P2波品质因子与饱和度正相关,P3和S波品质因子与饱和度负相关;最后,通过与传统静态弹性波模型结果对比,进一步分析了宏观渗流场对弹性波传播特征的影响规律,为揭示低频人工地震波辅助强化采油技术的动力学机理和工艺参数优化提供了重要理论依据.     

含方形凹陷半无限非均匀介质波动问题FDM模拟

采用规则网格有限差分方法对二维平面弹性波动方程进行差分离散,得到相应的弹性波动方程的有限差分方程,再将弹性波动方程的差分格式与吸收边界、自由边界的离散形式结合形成弹性波动方程有限差分方程解决问题的主体,将其应用于含方形凹陷半无限非均匀介质的模型中进行数值模拟,得到此离散化模型中不同时刻不同节点的位移值。针对具体算例,运用上述方法结合科学计算软件MATLAB和结果后处理软件DIFEM ISOLINE PLOTER得到不同时刻的水平方向位移等值线图与接收器测量点处的合成位移记录,讨论非均匀介质、吸收边界、方形凹陷等对波动特性的影响。