无锡梅雨期湿沉降综合分析

利用2008—2014年梅雨期间酸雨观测资料及2014年6月16—27日降水个例加密采样资料,结合大气污染物资料分析了近7 a无锡梅雨期酸雨特征,研究降水过程中空气污染物、p H值、电导率的变化及降水对污染物的清除作用。结果表明:无锡市梅雨期酸雨年平均p H值呈现逐年递增趋势。降水过程中,颗粒物质量浓度显著降低;气体浓度变化受其自身日变化及排放源影响大于雨水的清除作用;样品的p H值、K值每个过程变化并不一致,K值变化与颗粒物质量浓度变化大致保持一致。降水、风对颗粒物质量浓度影响大于对气体浓度的影响。长时间连续降水时,降水对颗粒污染物的清除存在极限。小时雨量在0~0.5 mm时,降水对颗粒物浓度做负清除,其值反而略有增加;小时雨量在0.6~5.0 mm时,降水对颗粒物质量浓度做正清除;小时雨量达到5.1 mm及以上时,对PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5-10)做正清除,对PM_(10)做负清除。降水对SO_2有稀释清除作用;对NO_2的稀释作用取决于其开始浓度值;对CO、O_3的清除作用不显著。     

Sulfur dioxide in rain clouds: Gas-liquid scavenging efficiencies and wet deposition rates in the presence of formaldehyde

The interaction of formaldehyde with SO₂ dissolved in the aqueous phase of clouds leads to the formation of hydroxymethane sulfonate. The impact of this process upon the gas-liquid equilibrium distribution of SO₂ in rain clouds and the ensuing wet SO₂ precipitation rate is explored. Model vertical SO₂ distributions are derived from observational data for three atmospheric regions: continental polluted, continental remote, and marine. The wet deposition rate for SO₂ in the polluted atmosphere increases by about a factor of two in the presence of formaldehyde compared with its absence. The effect is much stronger in the remote atmosphere leading to a potentially significant enhancement of wet SO₂ deposition. In the marine atmosphere, wet deposition of SO₂ may contribute as much as 35% to the total removal rate for SO₂ by all processes including dry deposition and chemical conversion to sulfate.     

红松、兴安落叶松、红皮云杉苗圃苗木的换床试验研究

通过对兴安落叶松、红松、红皮云杉等小兴安岭主要树种不同床高、不同解冻深度裸根苗的生长发育与土壤各层地温、主要气候因子关系的研究，表明：床高30—35cm对换床苗木生长较为有利。兴安落叶松以解冻15cm换床效果较好；红松以解冻25cm换床效果较好；红皮云杉以解冻20cm换床效果较好。气温、相对湿度、降水量、日照时数等主要气候因子对不同床高、不同解冻深度换床苗木生长的影响是多因子综合作用的结果，各气候因子之间相互制约、相互影响。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川表面辐射特征观测研究

在资料比较稀少的偏远山地冰川进行地面综合气象观测对于研究冰川变化极其重要.珠穆朗玛峰(27.98°N,86.92°E,海拔8844.43 m)地区位于青藏高原南部边缘喜马拉雅山脉中段,自然地理条件独特,环境脆弱,是气候变化和环境变迁的敏感区,同时也是现代冰川作用中心.2005年5-7月和2007年10月-2008年1月在珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川积累区(28°01'N,86°57'E,海拔6560 m)开展了综合气象观测研究.分析表明,在东绒布冰川积累区春末夏初月平均气温从5月的-11.3℃上升到7月的-3.4℃,秋冬季月平均气温则从10月的-11.3℃下降到次年1月的-19.0℃.秋冬季主要受西风气流影响,盛行西风或西北风,而且风速较大,1月最大风速达到35 m/s;而在印度季风爆发后主要以南风或西南风为主,风速相对较小.由于海拔高、冰雪面与云之间的多重反射以及复杂地形影响导致地面总辐射较大.春末夏初和秋冬季总辐射平均值分别达到635和502 W/m2.尤其造成5-6月正午前后10 min短波辐射平均值发生超太阳常数的现象比较频繁,最长持续时间接近3 h.晴天由于周围地形作用可使地面总辐射增加140-310 W/m2,约占短波辐射的10%-23%.春末夏初和秋冬季平均反射率分别为0.72和0.69.云和空气湿度对大气长波辐射的影响比较显著,导致大气长波辐射同样具有日变化特征.在地表辐射平衡中云对地面净辐射起负效应.除在秋冬季阴天日平均净辐射为负值外,其余时间均为正值,说明净辐射是地表能量的主要来源.     

Chemical composition of wet deposition in a Mediterranean site Athens,Greece related to the origin of air masses

The goal of this study is to determine the chemical composition of rain, in the wider region of Athens, Greece for the time period 1st September 2001 to 31st August 2002. Two model automatic rain samplers were installed in the Meteorological Station of Laboratory of Climatology (latitude: 37° 58′ N, longitude: 23° 47′ E) inside the Athens University Campus and in a site at Heraklio Attica, a northern suburb of Athens (latitude: 38° 03′ N, longitude: 23° 45′ E). The concentrations (μeq l⁻¹) of the major cations (H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, , και ), as well as pH and conductivity of rain in 39 total samples were determined. The figures of pH range from 6.4 to 8.4 and conductivity from 8 to 207 μS cm⁻¹. The analysis showed that Ca²⁺ ions are abundant within all examined samples, while and present the highest concentrations from the anions. In order to find out the origin of the air masses, the air mass back trajectories were calculated. Five sectors of the origin of air masses were revealed: the North, the South, the Local, the West and the East sector. Multivariate methods included Factor Analysis and Discriminant Analysis were applied to the examined ion concentrations and three main factors were extracted, which discriminated the ions according to their origin. The first group of ions is interpreted as the result of the anthropogenic activity, the second group represents the acidity–alkalinity independently of their source and the third one the marine influence.     

兴安落叶松、云杉、红松林木物候期对气象条件响应研究

本文运用spss软件对降水、温度、辐射气象因子与兴安落叶松、云杉、红松林木3个物候期芽开放期、展叶期、种子成熟期进行了相关及其回归分析，结果表明：（1）芽开放时期，兴安落叶松及其云杉与四月上旬的温度显著相关，红松与≥0℃积温、≥0℃天数内的降水、≥0℃天数内的辐射显著相关，说明红松对光、温、水的匹配要求较高；温度是影响3个树种萌芽的主要因子。（2）在展叶期，兴安落叶松、云杉、红松林与此时期的积温极显著相关，3个树种与辐射的相关性依次降低，红松与降水极显著相关。（3）展叶至种子成熟期，兴安落叶松、云杉、红松与降水无关，与辐射相关，兴安落叶松和红松与该段时期内的积温极显著相关。     

Characterization of nutrients in the atmospheric wet and dry deposition observed at the two monitoring sites over Yellow Sea and East China Sea

To investigate the atmospheric deposition of nutrients into the coastal and shelf regions of the northwest Pacific Ocean, observation sites were established upon Qianliyan Island (within the Yellow Sea) and the Shengsi Archipelago (within the East China Sea), respectively. Nutrient concentrations, including , were determined in both aerosols and rainwater samples. The analytical results contain clear seasonal signatures, with high values during the dry season and low values during the rainy season. Similar trends are observed for deposition fluxes. The amount of wet deposition is greater than that of dry deposition for the studied nutrient species. The influence of meteorological factors such as rainfall means that samples from Qianliyan Island record higher nutrient values than those from Shengsi. Along with riverine inputs, atmospheric deposition plays an important role in determining the biogeochemistry of nutrient species in coastal and shelf oceans. An erratum to this article can be found at     

珠峰绒布河谷温度垂直分布观测研究

青藏高原以其独特的动力和热力作用.影响着东亚地区乃至全球的天气、气候和环境变化过程.高原山区陡峭的地形和多样的地表状态带来了复杂的局地环流系统和边界层特征.为研究青藏高原大型山地局地环流系统,2007年5～6月中国科学院大气物理研究所和中国科学院青藏高原研究所共同在珠峰北坡绒布河谷组织实施了喜马拉雅山北坡地区地面大气与对流层大气交换研究(HEST2007)强化观测实验,对该地区的局地环流以及辐射和热力状况进行观测.本文采用该实验观测资料,对LAP-3000风温廓线仪获得的声学虚温资料进行反演,并对该地区温度垂直分布和日变化进行了初步分析.研究表明,声学虚温与真实温度之间存在明显的差异,通过反演计算可以有效地减小两者间的差异,绒布河谷清晨和下午大气垂直分布存在明显不同.     

珠峰北坡绒布河谷地面风场变化的比较研究

利用2007年6月强化观测实验期间获得的大气观测资料和同时期的NCEP/NCAR大尺度再分析资料,结合2006年同期的分析结果,进一步研究了珠峰北坡绒布河谷地区的地面风场状况及其对南亚夏季风的响应,并与2006年的结果进行了比较.结果表明,2007年6月绒布河谷地区的风场也存在强弱变化,其逐日变化也与南亚夏季风指数有一定关系:在绒布河谷弱风期间,南亚夏季风强盛,在孟加拉湾和阿拉伯海地区形成的强烈涡旋可以把暖湿气流向西北方向输送,从而在河谷地区形成温度和湿度高值;在局地强风期间,南亚夏季风季风指数变化较大,此时绒布河谷地区的风场变化对季风的响应很小,可能主要为大气热力驱动.比较2006年和2007年的观测结果表明,南亚夏季风可以通过改变局地辐射和热力状况的改变而影响珠峰北坡绒布河谷地区地面环流的变化,但其影响程度随季风的强弱可能有所不同.     

珠峰北坡绒布河谷局地环流的模拟分析

对珠峰北坡绒布河谷地区大气观测实验发现,绒布河谷中地面气流存在明显的日变化,但有别于其它地区的山谷风系统:在凌晨至正午前后基本为＜2m·s-1的小风,而午后至午夜则盛行来自珠峰方向的偏南下山风.由于珠峰北坡地区地形复杂,绒布河谷中地面气流的日变化可能是山谷风、坡风与冰川风等环流系统共同作用的结果.为了分析绒布河谷中风场日变化的主要驱动因子,本文利用一个中尺度气象模式对绒布河谷中典型风场进行了模拟,并借助观测资料对模拟结果进行了检验,进而对风场的时空分布特征及其变化原因进行了探讨.     

青藏高原珠峰绒布河谷地区近地层湍流输送特征

利用2006年6月和2007年6月中国科学院HEST大气科学实验在珠峰绒布河谷地区获取的近地层湍流观测资料,分析了近地层湍流谱特征和方差统计特征,讨论了上下2层(2m和8m)基本气象要素和湍流通量的日变化特征.结果表明,珠峰地区湍流能谱基本上符合Monin-Obukov相似性理论在惯性副区的变化规律;由于山谷复杂地形和下垫面的影响,湍流方差统计值均小于高原其它地方;珠峰地区近地层感热通量白天下层大于上层,夜间相反;潜热通量一天内基本上上层大于下层.     

Preliminary estimation of the moisture exchange in Rongbuk Valley on the northern slope of Mt. Everest

Using observed wind and water vapor data from June 2006,water vapor exchange between the Rongbuk Valley and its above atmosphere is estimated for the first time.The water vapor level shows a high value from 23-29 June and a low from 12-21 June,which co-incide with the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) active and break stages,respectively.The water vapor can be strongly injected into the closed region of the Rongbuk Valley from the outside atmosphere,with an average strength of 0.4 g s-1 m-2 in June 2006,given that no evaporation occurred.The air moisture exchange proc-esses can be greatly affected by the SASM evolution through changes in local radiation forcing.     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区河谷局地环流特征观测分析

利用中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰大气与环境综合观测研究站的大气边界层塔站数据分析了珠峰北面一处河谷中局地环流的日变化特征.发现该河谷中的局地环流主要受山谷风和冰川风的影响,后者自影响主要集中在下午和傍晚,冰川风强度较大,地面最大风速达到10 m·s-1.冰川风开始出现的时间通常是气温达到一天中最高的时刻,这表明冰川风气流温度较低,带来了降温.另外,对空气湿度变化的分析中也能发现冰川风气流的影响.     

Seasonal Characteristics of Surface Radiation Fluxes on the East Rongbuk Glacier in the Mt. Everest Region

Ground-based measurements are essential for understanding alpine glacier dynamics, especially in remoteregions where in-situ measurements are extremely limited. From 1 May to 22 July 2005 (the spring-summerperiod), and from 2 October 2007 to 20 January 2008 (the autumn-winter period), surface radiation as wellas meteorological variables were measured over the accumulation zone on the East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt.Qomolangma/Everest at an elevation of 6560 m a.s.l. by using an automatic weather station (AWS). Theresults show that surface meteorological and radiative characteristics were controlled by two major synopticcirculation regimes: the southwesterly Indian monsoon regime in summer and the westerlies in winter. At theAWS site on the East Rongbuk Glacier, north or northwest winds prevailed with high wind speed (up to 35 ms-1 in January) in winter while south or southeast winds predominated after the onset of the southwesterlyIndian monsoon with relatively low wind speed in summer. Intensity of incoming shortwave radiation wasextremely high due to the high elevation, multiple reflections between the snow/ice surface and clouds, andthe high reflective surrounding surface. These factors also caused the observed 10-min mean solar radiationfluxes around local noon to be frequently higher than the solar constant from May to July 2005. The meansurface albedo ranged from 0.72 during the spring-summer period to 0.69 during the autumn-winter period.The atmospheric incoming longwave radiation was greatly affected by the cloud condition and atmosphericmoisture content. The overall impact of clouds on the net all-wave radiation balance was negative in the Mt.Qomolangma region. The daily mean net all-wave radiation was positive during the entire spring-summerperiod and mostly positive during the autumn-winter period except for a few overcast days. On monthlybasis, the net all-wave radiation was always positive.     

Seasonal Characteristics of Surface Radiation Fluxes on the East Rongbuk Glacier in the Mt.Everest Region

Ground-based measurements are essential for understanding alpine glacier dynamics,especially in remote regions where in-situ measurements are extremely limited.Prom 1 May to 22 July 2005(the spring-summer period),and from 2 October 2007 to 20 January 2008(the autumn-winter period),surface radiation as well as meteorological variables were measured over the accumulation zone on the East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt. Qomolangma/Everest at an elevation of 6560 m a.s.l.by using an automatic weather station(AWS).The...     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布河谷地面风特征的初步分析

2006年5～6月, "2006珠峰野外观测实验"在青藏高原珠穆朗玛峰(简称珠峰)北坡绒布河谷中进行,沿河谷设立了3个站点,对河谷中的大气环流状况、热力和辐射状况等进行了观测.利用绒布河谷中平均地面风场资料,研究了该河谷中地面风场的日变化结构特征.结果表明,珠峰北坡绒布河谷中地面风场存在明显的日变化,自上午12:00(北京时间)左右至午夜该河谷地区为来自珠峰方向的偏南风控制,该风场日变化与普通山区的山谷风环流日变化存在很大差别.从3个站点风场日变化来看,偏南风首先在河谷南部开始,然后沿河谷向北发展.沿河谷轴线方向不同地点风场日变化有较大差异:偏南风出现时间随距珠峰的距离依次滞后,距珠峰最近的站点观测到的偏南风最大且持续时间最长,而距离珠峰最远的站点偏南风最弱且持续时间最短,甚至出现长时间的偏北风.研究表明,由于珠峰北坡地区地形复杂,地形高度落差大,地表状况分布不均,因此绒布河谷中的主导风是山谷风、坡风以及冰川风等多种局地风系统耦合的结果.     

珠峰北坡绒布河谷大气物质交换的观测研究

利用2006年6月中国科学院HEST大气科学实验珠峰北坡观测期间获得的风廓线雷达资料,对沿河谷横截面方向的大气体积(质量)通量进行了估算,分别计算了6月(6月1～30日)、强风(6月9～21日)和弱风期间(6月22～30日)3个时期的平均体积通量.研究表明,大气体积通量日变化随高度分布在不同期间存在一定的差异:在6月平均和强风期间,河谷截面内总体积通量均为正值,即大气物质由南向北流出河谷;在弱风期间,总体积通量在早上有较小的负值,其他时间为正值.山谷中盛行的复合下泄流体积通量相当大,平均日总量可达6.3×1011m3,强、弱风期间的体积通量相差很大,就日总体积交换量而言,后者为前者的53%.     

珠峰北坡绒布河谷大气二氧化碳浓度低值观测

In the summers of 2006 and 2007, the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the wind speed in the Rongbuk Valley on the northern slope of Mt. Everest were measured by an ultrasonic anemometer with an Li-7500 CO2/H2O gas analyzer. The average CO2 concentration was 370.23±0.59 and 367.45±1.91 ppm in June of 2006 and 2007, respectively. The values are much lower than those at sites with similar latitudes and altitudes worldwide. The observed atmospheric CO2 concentration in Rongbuk Valley can be affected by the transportation of prevailing down-valley winds from the up-valley direction to the observation site. Our results suggest that the Mt. Everest region could be ideal for background atmospheric and environmental studies.