悬沙水体光谱反射率与质量浓度、粒径的相关关系

根据实验室测得的和野外现场实测的悬沙质量浓度、粒度与光谱数据,分析了不同质量浓度的悬沙水体和同一质量浓度不同粒径大小的悬沙水体的光谱特征,选取了质量浓度的敏感波段,建立光谱反射率与质量浓度、粒径之间的关系模型.分析结果表明:不同质量浓度的悬沙水体光谱反射率具有双峰特征;同一质量浓度的悬沙水体,随着粒径的减小,光谱反射率逐渐增大,粒径大小与反射率呈反比关系;光谱反射率、质量浓度和粒径的指数关系模型能较好地反映三者的关系.     

子波变换在声散射信号降噪处理中的应用

本文概述了应用子波变换对悬浮物测量中的声散射信号进行处理的方法，利用子波变换对信号进行多尺度分解，降低噪声影响，提高信噪比，并对声散射信号降低噪声影响和提高悬浮物测量精度的研究进行了探讨。     

声学方法进行海底沉积物遥测分类:综述

本文讨论利用声学遥测方法进行海底沉积物分类的目的、用途及该项技术的发展背景和现状。重点介绍目前主要的用于浅、表层沉积物分类的声学遥测方法，包括选通等幅脉冲、宽频带脉冲、连续线性扫频脉冲等正入射方法和侧扫声呐、多波束测深等斜入射方法。回顾它们的发展历史，评述它们的技术现状，并讨论它们的进一步发展     

声学光学法泥沙浓度观测的对比研究

根据光学后散射传感器(Optical Backscatter Sensor,OBS)和声学后散射传感器(Acoustic Backscatting Sensor,ABS)估算悬浮沉积物质量浓度(Suspended sediment concentration,SSC)的原理,在水槽实验室不同波况产生较高悬浮沉积物质量浓度的条件下运用OBS仪器ASM-IV(激光边界层泥沙剖面仪)和ABS仪器AQUAscat1000(多频声学悬沙剖面仪)观测并记录数据。然后用水槽实验抽取的水样标定光学和声学仪器,反演得到高精度的垂向泥沙浓度分布剖面。结果表明,OBS仪器ASM-IV上的不同光学探头测得的浊度与SSC可以用同一个线性关系描述,相关系数高达0.996,进而能够高精度(垂向间距1cm)地反演垂向的SSC剖面;对于本组水槽实验的粉土底质和不同的波况而言,声学仪器比光学仪器的量测精度低;不同频率声学仪器换能器的量测值可相差几个数量级,不同波况条件下的声学仪器反演值与实测SSC的相关性系数在0.716~0.974变化。     

海底沉积物声衰减研究现状及展望

根据近年来海底沉积物声学物理研究发展的态势,介绍了与研究声衰减有关的海底沉积物样品采集装置和海洋沉积物声速结构模式,综合解析多种对海底沉积物声衰减等声学特性研究方法,并做出较为详细地比较和讨论,提出对海底沉积物声衰减研究在满足科研要求的同时也应符合国家标准和要求。同时,指出了研究海洋沉积物声衰减的必要性和重要性,强调了对海底沉积物声衰减研究的科学意义和应用意义。     

In situ Measurements of the Characteristics of Suspended Particles in the Barents Sea by the LISST-Deep Laser Diffractometer

Oceanology - The key indicators of marine sediment genesis are the particle size distribution (PSD) and volume concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM). However, their study is not...     

悬浮沙激光散斑图像处理的研究

本文以统计模式识别为基础，阐述了图像处理在悬浮沙粒粒径流量中的实际应用，提出了用图像层析来确定放大系数的方法，提出了测量的准确度。     

降低干扰和噪声对水中声反向散射信号影响的若干对策

声遥测水中悬浮粒子（如泥沙）的反向散射强度,可反演获得粒子浓度。可是,遥测系统对采样体积采集的声反向散射,除了粒子的散射信号外,还包含附加的干扰和噪声。本文探讨采集悬浮粒子声反向散射信号时,如何降低干扰源和噪声源对其影响的若干对策。     

Enhanced Acoustic Backscatter Due to High Abundance of Sand Dollars, Dendraster excentricus

Detailed acoustic surveys of benthic sediments were conducted in July 1995 and September 1998 in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay, California. During these surveys, a band of enhanced acoustic backscatter was observed offshore from the bay entrance, approximately parallel to the isobaths, in water depths ranging from 16-24 m. In order to assess the cause of the increase in backscatter levels, a more comprehensive study was conducted in August and September 1999 using 100 kHz side-scan sonar, bottom grab sampling and underwater video recording. New observations indicated that a dense population of sand dollars ( Dendraster excentricus ) coincided with the enhanced backscatter band. Compared to the two previous acoustic studies, the central section of the band expanded westward by 180 m and the southern section of the band shifted eastward by 160 m, possibly resulting from a change in the biological or physical factors which influence the location and breadth of sand dollars. The relationship between high sand dollar abundance and enhanced acoustic backscatter was further verified in the nearshore region off Samoa Beach California, where a dense, banded population of sand dollars was previously observed. Video footage confirmed the presence of a band of sand dollars, also nominally parallel to the isobaths, in water depths of 8-15 m. A band of enhanced backscatter coincided with the dense sand dollar population. The identification of dense aggregations of sand dollars through enhanced acoustic backscatter could lead to the use of acoustic techniques to study sand dollar distributions and abundance.     

Enhanced Acoustic Backscatter Due to High Abundance of Sand Dollars,Dendraster excentricus

Abstract

Detailed acoustic surveys of benthic sediments were conducted in July 1995 and September 1998 in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay, California. During these surveys, a band of enhanced acoustic backscatter was observed offshore from the bay entrance, approximately parallel to the isobaths, in water depths ranging from 16–24 m. In order to assess the cause of the increase in backscatter levels, a more comprehensive study was conducted in August and September 1999 using 100 kHz side-scan sonar, bottom grab sampling and underwater video recording. New observations indicated that a dense population of sand dollars (Dendraster excentricus) coincided with the enhanced backscatter band. Compared to the two previous acoustic studies, the central section of the band expanded westward by 180 m and the southern section of the band shifted eastward by 160 m, possibly resulting from a change in the biological or physical factors which influence the location and breadth of sand dollars.

The relationship between high sand dollar abundance and enhanced acoustic backscatter was further verified in the near shore region off Samoa Beach California, where a dense, banded population of sand dollars was previously observed. Video footage confirmed the presence of a band of sand dollars, also nominally parallel to the isobaths, in water depths of 8–15 m. A band of enhanced backscatter coincided with the dense sand dollar population. The identification of dense aggregations of sand dollars through enhanced acoustic backscatter could lead to the use of acoustic techniques to study sand dollar distributions and abundance.     

辽河口海区悬浮体运移扩散动力特征

控制着辽河口海区悬浮体运移的主要动力是河流迳流、潮流和余流．它们对最大浑浊带中河水与海水的混合，密度流循环以及悬浮物的沉降和运移共同起作用．悬浮物向海运移与河口区最大浑浊带有关，即与河流迳流、潮流和余流作用所控制的悬浮物数量有关。悬浮物向海运移似乎遵循两个周期：１．小潮—大湖周期；２．河流迳流丰枯周期．最大运移发生在大潮期和河流迳流丰水期。     

海洋沉积物热电声物性探测系统研究

海洋沉积物取样测量会改变沉积物的温度、压力等参数,取样测量所得到的数据会与沉积物的真实参数有所差距。针对上述问题本文开展了海洋沉积物热、电、声探测技术研究,并设计了一款适用于深潜器的海洋沉积物原位热、电、声多参数探针。探针使用时差法测量沉积物中的声速、声衰减系数,使用温纳法测量沉积物的电导率参数,使用NTC热敏电阻作为温度传感器测量沉积物温度。在探针校准并对沙质沉积物进行测量。实验结果表明探针测量电导率标准误差小于2.8 %。温度测量误差小于0.28 ℃,温度测量时间不小于120 s,此次获取泥沙样品的声速为1 737.5 m/s,声衰减系数2.5 dB/m。实验结果显示该探针能够准确、快速的测量海洋沉积物的热、电、声参数。     

海底沉积物声学特征定量分析及其智能分类研究

海底底质特性描述及分类是当今浅海声学的研究热点,海底沉积物的物理结构特性与其声学响应特征密切相关。在分析海底沉积物声传播特性的基础上,应用现代计算机信号分析技术手段,对海底沉积物声学响应波形提取了4个特征参数:声速、波幅指数、波形关联维分形指数和声波频谱的频率矩。以这4个特征参数作为输入向量,海底沉积物的结构类型作为输出向量,建立径向基概率神经网络模型。研究表明建立的神经网络模型具有较强的海底沉积物分类预报能力。     

Settleable and Non-Settleable Suspended Sediments in the Ogeechee River Estuary, Georgia, U.S.A.

Suspended particle dynamics were investigated in the Ogeechee River Estuary during neap tide in July 1996. Samples were operationally separated into ‘ truly suspended ’ (settling velocity <0·006 cm s⁻¹) and ‘ settleable ’ (settling velocity >0·006 cm s⁻¹) fractions over the course of a tidal cycle to determine whether these two fractions were comprised of particles with differing biological and chemical characteristics. Total suspended sediment, organic carbon and nitrogen, chlorophyll a and phaeopigment concentrations were measured in each fraction, as well as rates of bacterial hydrolytic enzyme activity [β-1,4-glucosidase (βGase) and β-xylosidase (βXase)]. The majority of the suspended sediment (by weight) was in the truly suspended fraction; all measured parameters were largely associated with this fraction as well. When compared to the settleable material, the truly suspended material was significantly higher in % POC (5·7±0·6 vs. 3·9±1·8), % chlorophyll (0·07±0·02 vs. 0·03±0·01), % phaeopigment (0·030±0·006 vs. 0·018±0·012), and weight-specific maximal uptake rates (V_maxper mg suspended sediment) of both enzymes (1·8±0·4 vs. 0·7± 0·2 nmol mg⁻¹ h⁻¹βGase and 1·1±0·3vs . 0·3±0·2 nmol mg⁻¹ h⁻¹βXase), providing clear evidence for a qualitative distinction between the two fractions. These results are interpreted to mean that the more organic-rich, biologically active material associated with the suspended fraction is likely to have a different fate in this Estuary, as ‘ truly suspended ’ sediments will be readily transported whereas ‘ settleable ’ sediments will settle and be resuspended with each tide. These types of qualitative differences should be incorporated into models of particle dynamics in estuaries.     

声学方法监测悬浮物浓度的定标技术研究

海洋中特别是河口海岸中存在着大量的悬浮物，其中，包含有内陆河流夹带的大量泥沙、海洋内浮游生物及残骸，以及大陆倾倒的大量废水废渣，造成对海洋的污染。研究悬浮物随深度剖面的变化关系，即它的时空特性，将给河口和港湾的疏浚、泥沙综合治理、沿岸工程建设、环境污染防止等方面提供可靠的理论依据和直观方便的监测手段。所以，对悬浮物浓度的定标的研究有着十分重要的现实意义。     

Seafloor Geomorphology and Processes on the Western Continental Margin of India based on Multibeam Acoustic Backscatter Data Analysis

An assessment of the multibeam sonar data of the central Western Continental Margins of India has been carried out to evaluate the seafloor geomorphology and processes by examining the geomorphological attributes e.g., slope, sediments, structures, etc. associated with geomorphic features. The variation in relief and the features located in the region have been mapped and interpreted collectively by utilizing several geospatial mapping tools. The backscatter strength across the area, apparently congruent with the local relief, has helped to examine the sediment movement on the seafloor. The prominent features found in the region include faults, pockmarks, mounds, submarine terraces, and submerged fossil reefs. Several areas with varying topography engender comparable fractal dimension at short scale breaks, and the probability density functions (PDFs) utilizing backscatter data depicting overlapping classes. The present study highlights how fractals and scale break parameters can be utilized to determine the seafloor processes and associated sedimentological dynamics in a complex geographical environment with strong bottom currents, seasonal upwelling, and faulted structure. The role and impact of the various geomorphic processes on the reworking of sediment movement and the overall progression of the seafloor morphology has been revealed for the first time in this part of the ocean bottom.     

两种碎屑沉积物分类方法的比较

全面地介绍和对比Shepard和Folk两种沉积物分类方法及图解的原理及其适用性,分析其优缺点。相对Shepard分类方法而言,Folk分类图解更简洁、更实用,其分类边界划分更客观,从而能更好地揭示沉积物特征。建议在国内沉积学研究及正在开展的海洋地质大调查中统一使用Folk沉积物分类方法,不仅可以更好的研究沉积物特征及其分布规律,而且对促进国内外学术交流具有一定意义。     

长江、黄河悬移载荷粒度组成的比较研究

针对沉积物粒度参数对入海泥沙通量、物源和沉积动力模型研究的重要性,利用激光粒度分析仪对2000～2001年期间长江、黄河下游不同季节悬移载荷的粒度组成进行了比较研究。结果显示,长江下游悬移载荷的粒度组成以粉砂、粘土为主,几乎不含砂,分选较差,泥沙来源比较复杂。黄河下游悬移载荷的粒度组成以粉砂为主,粘土次之,并含少量砂,分选较差,泥沙绝大部分来自黄土高原。长江下游不同季节悬移载荷粒度组成差别较小,而黄河下游悬移载荷组成有明显的季节性变化。黄河与长江悬浮沉积物的粒度组成有显著的差异．沉积物物源、河道形态和纵比降以及水量变化可能是造成这一区别的主要原因。     

水声信号时频分析方法比较及应用研究

浅海中的宽带水声信号传播呈现出频散的特点,通过高分辨率的时频分析方法可以刻画频散曲线。通过数值仿真和实验数据处理,对比分析几类常用的时频分析方法在提取宽带声信号频散曲线方面的性能。结果表明:STFT时频局部化精度不够高;在较强频散的情况下,DSTFT时频分辨率较高。WVD时频聚集性最好,但是有严重的交叉项干扰;固定核函数的CWD较好地抑制交叉项,时频分辨率虽优于STFT,但弱化了时频聚集性;AOK时频分布采用自适应高斯核函数,在抑制交叉项的同时,时频聚集性较好,有望较好地用于提取信号频散曲线。     

Mid- to High-Frequency Acoustic Penetration and Propagation Measurements in a Sandy Sediment

During the recent 2004 Sediment Acoustics Experiment (SAX04), a buried hydrophone array was deployed in a sandy sediment near Fort Walton Beach, FL. The array was used to measure both the acoustic penetration into the sediment and sound speed and attenuation within the sediment while a smaller, diver-deployed array was also used to measure sound speed and attenuation. Both of these systems had been deployed previously during the 1999 Sediment Acoustics Experiment (SAX99). In that experiment, the buried array was used to make measurements in the 11–50-kHz range while the diver-deployed array made measurements in the 80–260-kHz range. For the SAX04 deployment, the frequency range for the measurements using the buried array was lowered to 2 kHz. The diver-deployed array was also modified to cover the 40–260-kHz range. Unlike the SAX99 deployment, there were no obvious sand ripples at the SAX04 buried array site at the time of the measurements. To examine the role of sand ripples in acoustic penetration over this new frequency range, artificial ripple fields were created. For the high frequencies, the penetration was consistent with the model predictions using small-roughness perturbation theory as in SAX99. As the frequency of the incident acoustic field decreased, the evanescent field became the dominant penetration mechanism. The sound speed measured using the buried array exhibits dispersion consistent with the Biot theory while the measured attenuation exceeds the theory predictions at frequencies above 200 kHz.