用3S技术监测长白山火山方法研究

中圈是一个多火山的国家,境内有广泛的火山岩和火山分布．其中长白山火山、五大连池火山和腾冲火山是我国最具潜在灾难性喷发危险的活火山．本文阐述了长白山火山区用3S技术监测、预测、评估火山灾害的方法,并开展了此区地理信息系统的研究,为火山区减灾、防灾和合理规划经济布局服务。     

利用PALSAR数据研究长白山火山活动性

利用2006-10~2011-03期间共24景ALOS卫星的PALSAR数据对长白山天池火山区的近年形变进行了研究,基于PSInSAR方法进行了数据处理,获取了长白山近年火山的时序形变场和形变速率结果。结果表明,长白山火山近年火山活动较弱,仅在火山口附近存在10mm/a的形变速率。同时利用Mogi模型对火山区的岩浆变化体积速率进行了反演,显示该区域的岩浆以~1×106 m3/a的速率补充。     

江西盛源火山盆地遥感地质解译与铀矿找矿前景分析

遥感地质解译和异常信息提取是遥感地质学的重要研究内容之一。为分析在江西盛源火山盆地中寻找铀矿的前景,以ALOS,SPOT5和ETM+等多源遥感数据为信息源,结合数字高程模型(DEM),对该盆地进行了遥感地质解译和遥感蚀变异常信息提取与筛选,重点提取与铀多金属矿有关的地层、断裂构造、火山机构和蚀变异常等成矿信息;并结合已有地质资料,在Arc GIS平台上开展基于遥感数据的成矿地质条件综合分析和找矿预测,提出了3个找矿有利区,为当地矿产资源勘查和资源评价提供基础数据和参考依据。     

基于哨兵卫星的长白山地区地表形变 监测DInSAR技术

面向火山地区沉降监测需求,研究基于哨兵卫星SAR数据实现对火山地区沉降监测的DInSAR技术。在SARscape软件下通过引入卫星精密轨道数据和SRTM1数据以及手动选择用于轨道精炼的控制点,从空间和地面两个方面减小数据处理的误差,提高火山地区沉降监测精度。以长白山火山地区为例运用2016.01.01和2016.01.13的2景SAR数据,给出了SARscape下DInSAR技术的具体流程,并得到该地区形变结果图。发现利用哨兵卫星SAR数据对火山区进行形变监测,可以得到很好的干涉结果。     

基于热红外遥感技术的腾冲地区地热异常区温度反演研究

我国云南腾冲地区地热资源丰富,对地热资源进行定量的预测评价势在必行。而以遥感为手段进行地表温度的反演是地热研究的重要方法。本文利用ETM数据的Band6热红外通道,对工作区进行温度反演并通过消除阴影影响对反演温度进行修正使得温度差异较大的情况得到改善,减少了太阳照射造成的温差影响。结果表明,研究区地表温度分布主要有3个区域;通过温度反演结果与已知地热点叠加分析,选取14~21℃为进行地热预测评价的有利区间。     

长白山火山灾害信息系统的设计与实现

通过监测子系统、预测预报子系统和灾害评估子系统的设计，完成了长白山火山灾害信息系统的设计，并提出了利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对火山发进行监测、预测预报与灾害评估的技术方法。     

利用遥感等手段圈定紫金山铜金矿床外围找矿有利区

为了对福建省上杭县紫金山铜金矿床及其外围进行矿产资源潜力评价,以1:5万地质图为基础,利用2001年获取的Landsat ETM+图像对该区域进行线性构造、环形构造、火山构造及侵入岩的遥感解译;并结合遥感蚀变异常信息以及物探、化探、重砂等资料,在936 km2范围内圈出6处找矿有利区,为该区域进一步找矿提供了新的线索.     

卡尔曼滤波算法在长白山天池火山水准测量中的应用

基于长白山天池火山多期一等水准监测数据资料,对其利用卡尔曼滤波算法进行动态平差,获得天池火山地表垂直形变的变化速度与年变化速率(加速度),结果表明天池火山锥体北侧垂直形变准确地反映了2002年的火山扰动事件,而且水准点位置与其相应的垂直形变量完全符合Mogi的火山膨胀模型。西侧水准测量平差结果反映了火山区背景形变与东北地壳的垂直运动相一致。充分说明这种平差方法完全适合火山区无起算点的多期复测水准网的动态平差计算。     

沙特阿拉伯吉达东北部地质构造与蚀变信息提取及找矿有利部位预测

沙特阿拉伯吉达东北部地区位于非洲—阿拉伯成矿区,矿产丰富,地质构造情况复杂,岩浆热液活动明显,多金属成矿作用极为发育,成矿潜力巨大。为进一步寻找该地区多金属矿床的成矿部位,圈定找矿远景区,利用Landsat8影像对该区进行线性-环形构造解译,运用"主成分分析-最优密度分割"方法提取铁化等矿化蚀变遥感异常信息;综合分析区内7个铁化蚀变区遥感影像的地质特征并筛选有利于成矿的线性-环形构造,基于上述特征对沙特吉达东北部地区成矿有利部位进行预测,圈定出3个找矿远景区;最后通过高分二号(GF-2)和Google Earth等高空间分辨率遥感影像对所圈定的找矿远景区进行了验证,进一步证明岩浆侵入的环形构造区及断裂交汇处是该区成矿的有利场所。研究成果可为该地区进一步找矿预测提供参考依据。     

遥感技术在庐枞盆地南部地区的地质找矿应用研究

利用遥感图像上构造、火山机构有明显显示的特点以及研究区岩石裸露较好的条件,笔者在对多种类、多时相遥感图像进行综合地质解译的基础上,着重研究了利用遥感技术在火山岩地区进行找矿的方法,并分析了成矿条件与遥感影像之间的内在联系,进一步探讨了金、铜等有关矿种的找矿遥感影像标志,并进一步分析圈定了成矿有利地区。     

The application of day and night time ASTER satellite imagery for geothermal and mineral mapping in East Africa

There is considerable interest in optimizing geothermal exploration techniques via the mapping of alteration and evaporate mineralisation, as well as of thermal emissions associated with geothermally active areas on the Earth’s surface. Optical and thermal satellite sensor technologies, improvements in processing algorithms and the means for large scale (e.g. 1:250,000) spatial data distribution are required for detecting both these attributes. The extensive visible, -near, -shortwave and thermal infrared (VNIR-SWIR-TIR) data archive acquired by the multi-spectral Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) provides a rich source of geoscience related imagery for geothermal exploration. Examples of generating large scale mosaicked ASTER imagery to provide province to continental mineral mapping have been undertaken in areas including such as Australia, western USA, Namibia and Zagros Mountains Iran. In addition, ASTER’s thermal infrared imagery also provides night time land surface temperature (LST) estimates relevant for detecting possible geothermal related anomalies.This study outlines existing methods for the application of ASTER data for geothermal exploration in East Africa. The study area encompasses a section of the East African Rift System across the Tanzanian and Kenyan border. The area includes rugged volcanic terrain which has had geological mapping of limited coverage at detailed scales, from various heritages and mapping agencies. This study summarizes the technology, the processing methodology and initial results in applying ASTER imagery for such compositional and thermal anomaly mapping related to geothermal activity. Fields observations have been used from the geothermal springs of Lake Natron, Tanzania, and compared with ASTER derived spectral composition and land surface temperature results. Published geothermal fields within the Kenyan portion of the study area have also been incorporated into this study.     

Geothermal area detection using Landsat ETM+ thermal infrared data and its mechanistic analysis—A case study in Tengchong,China

Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is an important technique in the exploration of geothermal resources. In this study, a geothermal survey is conducted in Tengchong area of Yunnan province in China using TIR data from Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor. Based on radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction and emissivity calculation, a simple but efficient single channel algorithm with acceptable precision is applied to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) of study area. The LST anomalous areas with temperature about 4–10 K higher than background area are discovered. Four geothermal areas are identified with the discussion of geothermal mechanism and the further analysis of regional geologic structure. The research reveals that the distribution of geothermal areas is consistent with the fault development in study area. Magmatism contributes abundant thermal source to study area and the faults provide thermal channels for heat transfer from interior earth to land surface and facilitate the present of geothermal anomalies. Finally, we conclude that TIR remote sensing is a cost-effective technique to detect LST anomalies. Combining TIR remote sensing with geological analysis and the understanding of geothermal mechanism is an accurate and efficient approach to geothermal area detection.     

长春地区地表温度异常遥感分析

热红外遥感是一项探测地热资源、植被覆盖、农作物估产等生态环境评价研究的重要技术。本次使用Landsat 7/ETM＋热红外波段（band 6）,基于单通道算法,对长春地区地表温度应用反演,从而为研究该区地热资源、土地覆盖、城市热岛效应及环境评价提供可靠的依据。研究表明,热红外遥感能够有效探测到地表温度异常,而引起其异常的原因有待我们就一步验证和深入研究。     

地形效应校正的遥感地热异常提取

在山地复杂地形条件下,利用热红外遥感获得的地表温度分布显著受到地形的影响,真实的地热异常信息往往难以识别,热红外遥感应用于山区地热勘探受到极大限制。以广东龙川地热勘查区为研究区,初步探讨了山地环境中如何抑制地形效应,以有效提取地热异常。首先,基于Landsat ETM+遥感数据反演地表温度,分析坡向和坡度两个地形因子与地表温度的关系;然后,在此基础上,将研究区的地表温度按坡向分成3个子区(阳坡、过渡坡和阴坡),根据阳坡地表温度与坡向的线性拟合关系将其校正到水平坡度上;最后,结合地质构造分布和地表覆被情况,在3个子区识别了4处地热异常,并与已知地热点进行比较验证。结果表明:坡向分区和阳坡坡度校正能够有效抑制地形效应,提高遥感地热异常识别精度,为山区地热资源的预测评价提供新思路。     

基于ETM数据煤田火区温度反演研究

煤田自燃一直是煤矿生产不容忽视的问题。本文利用热红外遥感技术检测因煤火导致地面温度异常的地区,采用两种不同的遥感反演温度算法(单窗算法、基于影像的算法),使用ETM+数据并通过阈值分割法提取2010年乌尊布拉克煤田火区的温度。结果表明,两种遥感反演算法得到的地下煤火区地表温度的空间分布趋势一致,反演结果符合要求。据此对地下煤火的变化类型进行判断,并确定煤火的生成状况,从而为煤田火灾防治提供必要的决策支持。     

张掖绿洲城市热效应的遥感研究

以张掖及周边绿洲为研究区,采用Gilabert大气校正模型对TM图像1～5,7等6个波段进行大气校正。在此基础上,采用基于TM6波段的单窗算法,反演出行星亮度温度和地表真实温度,进一步分析了区域热量分布差异并探讨这一差异形成原因。结果表明:张掖及周边绿洲区存在明显的热量分布差异,热岛现象非常显著,卫星图像反演的地表温度接近实测值,亮度温度和实际温度都与归一化植被指数(NDVI)存在着密切的反相关关系,表明植被在区域热量分布差异中起重要作用,显示出热红外图像与其它波段数据结合,在城市热岛效应及区域生态环境遥感研究方面有很大潜力。     

热红外遥感浙江地表热环境分布研究

全球气候变暖与人类戚戚相关,研究发现不仅是城市的热岛效应引起了局部区域的地表热环境分布差异,很多地质构造、岩性、土壤、植被等地质及自然地理因素也有影响。本研究选取浙江省作为研究区,利用Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS遥感影像反演地表温度,分析冬季地表热环境分布及其影响因子。结果表明,断裂带附近地表热环境受到断裂带分布影响;岩石和土壤通过不同的地表覆被类型影响地表温度。地表热环境分布与断裂带等自然因素存在一定相关性。     

Geologic remote sensing for geothermal exploration: A review

This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential for remote sensing in exploring for geothermal resources. Temperature gradients in the earth crust are typically 25–30 °C per kilometer depth, however in active volcanic areas situated in subduction or rift zones gradients of up to 150 °C per kilometer depth can be reached. In such volcanic areas, meteoric water in permeable and porous rocks is heated and hot water is trapped to form a geothermal reservoir. At the Earth's surface hot springs and fumaroles are evidence of hot geothermal water. In low enthalpy systems the heat can be used for heating/cooling and drying while in high enthalpy systems energy is generated using hot water or steam. In this paper we review the potential of remote sensing in the exploration for geothermal resources. We embark from the traditional suite of geophysical and geochemical prospecting techniques to arrive at parameters at the Earth surface that can be measured by earth observing satellites. Next, we summarize direct and indirect detection of geothermal potential using alteration mineralogy, temperature anomalies and heat fluxes, geobotanical anomalies and Earth surface deformation. A section of this paper is dedicated to published remote sensing studies illustrating the principles of mapping: surface deformation, gaseous emissions, mineral mapping, heat flux measurements, temperature mapping and geobotany. In a case study from the La Pacana caldera (Chili) geothermal field we illustrate the cross cutting relationships between various surface manifestations of geothermal reservoirs and how remotely sensed indicators can contribute to exploration. We conclude that although remote sensing of geothermal systems has not reached full maturity, there is great potential for integrating these surface measurements in a exploration framework. A number of recommendations for future research result from our analysis of geothermal systems and the present contributions of remote sensing to studying these systems. These are grouped along a number of question lines: ‘how reproducible are remote sensing products’, ‘can long term monitoring of geothermal systems be achieved’ and ‘do surface manifestations link to subsurface features’?     

Detection of geothermal anomalies using Landsat 8 TIRS data in Tulu Moye geothermal prospect,Main Ethiopian Rift

Despite the high geothermal potential of the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), risks associated with the industry and the difficulty of identifying possible targets using ground surveys alone continue to impede the development of geothermal power diligence in Ethiopia. In this paper, we investigate the geothermal potential of the Tulu Moye prospect area in the MER using Landsat 8, which is an important and cost-effective method of detecting geothermal anomalies. Data with a path/row of 168/054 were obtained from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared (TIR) sensors for October 17, 2014. Based on radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction (with the 6S model) and an NDVI-based threshold method for calculating land surface emissivity, a split-window algorithm was applied to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) of the study area. Results show LST values ranging from 292.2 to 315.8 K, with the highest values found in barren lands. A comparison of LST between the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat 8 shows a maximum difference of 1.47 K. Anomalous areas were also discovered, where LST was about 3-9 K higher than the background area. We identified seven of these as areas of high geothermal activity in the Tulu Moye prospective geothermal area. Auxiliary data and overlay analysis tools eliminated any non-geothermal influences. The research reveals that the distribution of highy prospective geothermal areas is consistent with the development and distribution of faults in the study area. Magmatism is the thermal source and faults provide conduits for the heat to flow from earth’s interior to the surface, facilitating the presence of geothermal anomalies. Finally, TIR remote sensing methods prove to be a robust and cost-effective technique for detecting LST anomalies in the geologically active area of MER. Moreover, combining TIR remote sensing with knowledge of the structural geology of the area and geothermal mechanisms is an efficient approach to detecting geothermal areas.