湖北兴山大峡口浅海相二叠系-三叠系界线附近粘土岩研究

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱等鉴定分析方法,对湖北兴山大峡口剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的8层粘土岩研究发现,各层粘土岩中的主要粘土矿物均为伊/蒙混层矿物,并且各层中均含有数量不等的六方双锥石英和黄铁矿,非粘土矿物为石膏,个别层位中还含有粘土微球粒。该8层粘土岩均为火山物源成因,联系相应的火山事件记录表明该地区在二叠系—三叠系之交经历了多次火山活动。这些火山事件与同时段牙形石的绝灭和延缓复苏呈现一致性。频繁的火山活动是造成二叠纪—三叠纪之交生物及生态系重大转折的主导事件之一。     

贵州省黔西县大寨地区中三叠统关岭组绿豆岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

针对贵州省黔西县大寨地区中三叠统关岭组底部绿豆岩,利用LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年手段,明确贵州黔西县大寨地区早—中三叠世界线年龄。对贵州省黔西县大寨地区中三叠统关岭组底部绿豆岩1件U-Pb年龄样品、 8件地球化学样品的测试分析,结果表明,锆石U-Pb加权年龄为248.6 Ma±2.7 Ma,谐和年龄为248.7 Ma±1.1 Ma;绿豆岩属于高硅(w_SiO2均值为62.40%)、铝(w_Al2O_3均值为14.61%)、钾(w_K2O均值为7.22%),低铁(w_Fe2O_3均值为0.94%,w_FeO均值为0.51%)、钛(w_TiO2均值为0.24%)的中酸性火山物质,具有稀土元素总量相对较低、相对富集轻稀土元素和轻重稀土元素分馏程度低的特征,负Eu异常显著,δEu=0.17～0.22。综合分析,该绿豆岩是由火山活动喷发的火山灰经风化、搬运、沉积改造而形成,为下三叠统嘉陵江组与中三叠统关岭组松子坎段界线岩性标志,同时为测区早—中三叠世界线年龄提供了准确的年代学证据。     

黔西威宁岔河陆相二叠系-三叠系界线粘土岩研究--基于X射线衍射、扫描电镜分析

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等分析方法,对黔西威宁岔河陆相剖面二叠系-三叠系界线附近的粘土岩进行了研究.在界线粘土岩中,粘土矿物组合为伊-蒙混层矿物 蒙脱石 绿泥石;碎屑物质中有六方双锥石英和锆石,无球粒;多种化学成分在界线粘土岩中出现了异常.据此得出岔河剖面的二叠系-三叠系事件地层界线确定在第66f层比较合适;第66f和68a这两层粘土岩为此剖面的界线粘土岩;自第66f层底部至第68a层顶部这一段地层为二叠系-三叠系的界线层(组);界线粘土岩的成因可能是由于火山喷发、火山灰降落伴随正常沉积物沉积形成的.     

黔西滇东地区浅海、滨海及海陆交互相二叠系-三叠系界线附近粘土岩研究

对黔西滇东地区的贵州普定高窝、贵州六枝中寨和云南宣威密德3条剖面二叠系三叠系界线附近粘土岩的大山物源成因和界线地质意义进行研究发现:在界线粘土岩中，其主要粘土矿物均为伊／蒙混层矿物，见少量高岭石、伊利石或绿泥石；碎屑物质中有六方双锥石英、锆石、长石等与火山活动有关的物质。推断该地区在晚二叠世晚期早三叠世早期至少经历一至两次强烈的火山作用，并且有多个火山喷发源。界线粘土岩中火山物质的富集与贫乏可能与剖面离火山喷发源的远近有关。粘土岩物源物质的成因均为火山喷发，火山灰伴随正常沉积物沉积而形成即凝灰沉积而形成，与华南大部分地区二叠系三叠系界线粘土岩的物源成因是一致的。     

滇黔地区陆相二叠系—三叠系界线附近粘土岩中发现微球粒

在滇东黔西地区的几条陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层剖面研究中，二叠系-三叠系界线附近普遍存在1-2层非正常事件成因的粘土岩，并在粘土岩中发现了大量微球粒，依据化学成分，这些微球粒可分为硅质和钡质两类，笔者认为这种含微球粒的粘土岩成因很可能是，陨石撞地球诱发大规模火山爆发，其产物又经历正常喾作用并有非火山和撞击的正常沉积物混入，这些奇异的球粒，可能就是撞击的产物之一。     

贵州西部二叠系龙潭组底部粘土岩物质来源分析

贵州西部二叠系龙潭组底部广泛发育一套粘土岩,在华南板块扬子地台普遍存在,也是贵州二叠系瓜德鲁普统—乐平统(G-L)界线的标志层,研究其物质来源对反演大地构造背景具有重要意义。本文在贵州西部纳雍、遵义两地进行了样品采集,对G-L界线粘土岩矿物学及地球化学特征进行研究。X射线衍射(XRD)显示,矿物组合特征反映粘土岩经风化搬运沉积形成,峨眉山玄武岩为物质来源供给区;地球化学特征表明,粘土岩以富集高场强元素及稀土元素为特征,轻稀土较重稀土更为富集,明显负Eu异常与轻微负Ce异常,粘土岩继承了峨眉山元素组合特征。由此认为贵州西部二叠系龙潭组底部G-L界线粘土岩为峨眉山玄武岩经风化搬运沉积形成。     

川北江油—广元一带二叠系—三叠系界线粘土岩 稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

选择川北江油滚柴坡和广元上寺、杨家湾二叠系-三叠系界线剖面为研究对象．利用中子活化法分析了粘土岩样品中稀土元素的组成。通过对稀土元素丰度、标准配分模式和特征参数的比较研究,探讨了稀土元素地球化学与自然环境突变的关系。结果表明．各剖面的δEu、δce、∑LREE／∑HREE-∑REE、Eu／∑REE-∑LREE／∑HREE、球粒陨石标准化曲线图解和La—Th—Sc三元图解一致反映了界线事件的存在及界线时期稀土元素的地球化学特征与环境突变的关系。同时,通过对3条剖面稀土元素地球化学特征与标准剖面的对比研究,认为P／T（二叠系／三叠系）界线事件时期环境不仅受中酸性火山作用的影响,还可能受（碱性）基性-超基性或地外溅射物的影响。研究结果为从元素地球化学的角度探讨这一重要地质时期的灾变事件提供了新的资料。     

川北江油-广元-带二叠系-三叠系界线粘土岩稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

选择川北江油滚柴坡和广元上寺、杨家湾二叠系-三叠系界线剖面为研究对象,利用中子活化法分析了粘土岩样品中稀土元素的组成.通过对稀土元素丰度、标准配分模式和特征参数的比较研究,探讨了稀土元素地球化学与自然环境突变的关系.结果表明,各剖面的?Eu、?Ce、∑LREE/∑HREE-∑REE、Eu/∑REE-∑LREE/∑HREE、球粒陨石标准化曲线图解和La-Th-Sc三元图解一致反映了界线事件的存在及界线时期稀土元素的地球化学特征与环境突变的关系.同时,通过对3条剖面稀土元素地球化学特征与标准剖面的对比研究,认为P/T(二叠系/三叠系)界线事件时期环境不仅受中酸性火山作用的影响,还可能受(碱性)基性-超基性或地外溅射物的影响.研究结果为从元素地球化学的角度探讨这一重要地质时期的灾变事件提供了新的资料.     

广西东攀剖面粘土岩的火山岩特征及 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄

广西扶绥县柳桥镇东攀地区出露1套上二叠统大隆组和下三叠统罗楼组,大隆组合Ophiceras sp.,罗楼组合Ophicerastingi Tien生物化石,二者为整合的连续沉积地层.生物特征显示,在第12-3层和第13-1A层之间为二叠系—三叠系的界线,界面附近存在较厚的粘土岩层.从结构上看,粘土岩具有较明显的火山岩碎屑结构和沉凝灰构造,岩石地球化学研究也显示其具有钙碱性中酸性火山岩的特征,沉积环境为大陆边缘环境.在粘土岩中选取自形程度较高的火山成因锆石进行激光剥蚀法U-Th-Pb同位素测年研究,岩石中锆石的结晶年龄为254.7Ma±3.7Ma,表明本区二叠纪—三叠纪之交存在着火山活动.     

贵州官坝地区二叠系—三叠系地质界面黏土岩的火山岩特征、LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

贵州省黔西县官坝地区位于华南板块西南部,其二叠系—三叠系界线剖面出露较好,界线处出露3层黏土岩。采集贵州黔西官坝地区二叠系—三叠系地质界面黏土岩1件U-Pb年龄样品、7件地球化学样品,对其锆石进行U-Pb定年以及主量、微量和稀土元素进行测试分析。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb分析结果表明,U和Th含量分别为60.26×10~(-6)～297.9×10~(-6)和46.14×10~(-6)～244.26×10~(-6),Th/U比值介于0.76～1.55之间,为典型的岩浆锆石;获得~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为(252.6±1.4) Ma,谐和年龄为(252.7±0.6) Ma。地球化学分析结果显示,黏土岩属于高硅、铝、钾、镁,低铁、钛的钙碱质中酸性火山物质,具有稀土元素总量相对较高、相对富集轻稀土元素和轻、重稀土元素分馏程度高的特征,负Eu异常明显,δEu=0.19～0.45。上述岩石地球化学特征表明,贵州黔西官坝地区(华南板块西南)二叠系—三叠系界线位置总体上可与浙江长兴(华南板块东南)海相二叠系—三叠系界线(金钉子)相比较。     

重庆涪陵二龙口剖面P—T界线附近黏土矿物特征及其古环境意义

在二叠系—三叠系界线附近地层中,利用大气暴露面上沉积物恢复古环境的研究至今尚未展开.四川盆地东部涪陵地区的二龙口剖面在二叠纪末位于扬子碳酸盐岩台地内,为礁后开阔台地相,在上二叠统—下三叠统界线附近沉积了较为完整的海相碳酸盐岩.该地层从下到上可分为1～31层.其中,上二叠统长兴组(1～6层)顶面为侵蚀不整合面,下伏于厚3～10cm(平均厚度约5cm)的古风化壳(7层).相较于1～6层,飞仙关组7～19层中碳酸盐矿物含量降低,黏土矿物含量增高.而20～31层以泥晶灰岩为主,偶尔伴有薄层黏土岩夹层.二叠系—三叠系界线位于19～20层之间.岩石学和矿物学特征显示,风化壳以黏土矿物为主,主要为规则伊蒙混层(I/S)和少量伊利石.在扬子台地范围内不同的沉积相带中,该黏土矿物组合具有较好的地层可对比性,说明研究区长兴组之上风化壳中黏土矿物形成的主控因素可能是区域性的,如火山活动带来的外源沉积.结合其下伏围岩(1～6层)岩石学和稳定同位素组成均缺乏淡水改造特征,可以判断该风化壳形成于加积模式而非改造模式.值得注意的是,此种黏土矿物以规则伊蒙混层和伊利石为主的组合方式,与二叠纪末出现的碱性、高温、缺氧的沉积环境一致.自7层向上,黏土矿物中伊蒙混层相对含量逐渐降低,且混层比逐渐减小,而伊利石、绿泥石、绿蒙混层相对含量逐渐增加,则与逐渐加剧的碱性-高温-缺氧的极端沉积环境有关.因此,二叠系—三叠系界线附近黏土矿物对扬子台地二叠纪末古环境突变有较好的记录能力.     

四川盆地东部海相下—中三叠统界线的锶同位素年龄标定

中国西南地区海相下—中三叠统以火山碎屑岩为其直观界线,该年龄的标定可为区域地层年表和国际地层委员会全球标准年表研究提供重要的下—中三叠统界线年龄参考值.基于此,本文测试了四川盆地东部华蓥山下—中三叠统界线火山碎屑岩附近的石膏和硬石膏样品87Sr/86Sr比值,以及相应的Si、Ca、Mg、Mn、Sr以及SO42-的含量,根据锶同位素地层学的原理,尝试对下—中三叠统界线进行了年龄标定;同时评估了样品的成岩蚀变性、对海水信息的代表性以及年龄标定结果的可靠性.火山碎屑岩附近5个样品的87Sr/86Sr比值变化在0.708243~0.708391之间,标定的年龄值在240.5~242.5Ma的范围内,2个紧靠火山碎屑岩样品的年龄值在242Ma左右(分别为241.9Ma和242.5Ma),从而为华南地区以火山碎屑岩作为海相下—中三叠统界线的合理性提供了重要的化学地层学依据,也为全球下—中三叠统界线提供了一个新的年龄值.     

中国南方二叠-三叠系界线及其附近粘土层稀土元素地球化学研究

本文对广泛发育于中国南方,连续的二叠-三叠系海相界线及其附近粘土层(蒙脱石—伊利石粘土岩)进行了稀土元素地豫化学的研究。查明了REE分布特征;REE沿粘土层垂向上的变化,比较了界线粘土与非界线粘土在REE分布上的差异。讨论了界线粘土的成因,根据稀土模式所作的综合分析,提出了由中酸性山火山岩和代表冲击溅射产物的上部地壳物质组合的混合新模式。     

First Research on Marine and Nonmarine Sedimentary Sequences and Micropaleontologic Significance across Permian／Triassic Boundary in Iran （Isfahan and Abadeh）

Abundant ichthyoid remains, conodonts and holothurians sclerites were recovered near the Permian/Triassic boundary from a section south of Isfahan. Recovered ichthyoid remains include shark micro teeth and scales. The ichthyolith material is similar to a Fasanian ichthyolith from the Zakazane area in the Slovak karst of the Western Carpathians, which represents a subspecies of Acodina triassia. Conodont species are mostly neogondolellids. This fauna indicates that the sedimentary environment was marine, while to the north of localities near Isfahan and Zagross, terrestrial deposition was dominant at that time. Aluminasilicate and kaolin are present in a continental unit in Dopolan refractory main (Shahid Nilchian mine) and a section south of Chahriseh Village, north of Isfahan. Pisolitie, ironstone facies and bauxite clay are common near the Permian/Triassic boundary in the Chahriseh region.     

大贵州滩二叠系—三叠系界线附近锶同位素组成特征

位于贵州南部的“大贵州滩”上,二叠系—三叠系界线附近地层为一套连续的发育完整的碳酸盐岩。二叠系顶部主要为厚层生物屑泥粒灰岩,而三叠系底部则主要为钙质微生物骨架灰岩及厚层粒泥灰岩。穿过二叠系—三叠系界线的取样累计厚度81m,二叠系和三叠系大致各占一半的厚度,共取样品91件,n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)值变化在0.707269～0.707409之间,平均为0.707327,低于现代海水的锶同位素比值的平均值（0.7090737）。锶同位素比值变化曲线表明从晚二叠世末期到早三叠世初期,同位素比值虽小幅度的起伏波动频繁,但总体上没有明显变化,三叠系底部的平均值（0.707330）略高于二叠系顶部的平均值（0.707323）。大贵州滩晚二叠世末至早三叠世初锶同位素组成的总体演化趋势与扬子台地及世界其它地方同时期的锶同位素组成的演化趋势（呈急剧的上升）不同,造成这种状况的原因可能是在全球事件控制的大背景下,由于大贵州滩特殊的环境条件,陆源物质对其影响小,导致了壳源锶对锶同位素组成的制约作用减弱,因而锶同位素组成未发生明显变化。     

The terminal Permian in European Russia: Vyaznikovian Horizon,Nedubrovo Member,and Permian–Triassic boundary

The comprehensive analysis of the data obtained on terrestrial vertebrata, ostracods, entomologic fauna, megaflora, and microflora in deposits of the Vyaznikovian Horizon and Nedubrovo Member, as well as the paleomagnetic data measured in enclosing rocks, confirms heterogeneity of these deposits. Accordingly, it is necessary to distinguish these two stratons in the terminal Permian of the East European Platform. The combined sequence of Triassic–Permian boundary deposits in the Moscow Syneclise, which is considered to be the most complete sequence in the East European Platform, is as follows (from bottom upward): Vyatkian deposits; Vyaznikovian Horizon, including Sokovka and Zhukovo members; Nedubrovo Member (Upper Permian); Astashikha and Ryabi members of the Vokhmian Horizon (Lower Triassic). None of the sequences of Permian–Triassic boundary deposits known in the area of study characterizes this sequence in full volume. In the north, the Triassic deposits are underlain by the Nedubrovo Member; in the south (the Klyazma River basin), the sections are underlain by the Vyaznikovian Horizon. The Permian–Triassic boundary adopted in the General Stratigraphic Scale of Russia for continental deposits of the East European platform (the lower boundary of the Astashikha Member) is more ancient than the one adopted in the International Stratigraphic Chart. The same geological situation is observed in the German Basin and other localities where Triassic continental deposits are developed. The ways of solving this problem are discussed in this article.     

黔西南下三叠统飞仙关组沉积物源分析对峨眉山大火成岩省火山剥蚀序列的重建约束

峨眉山大火成岩省在形成后遭受了强烈的风化剥蚀,与右江盆地构成了独特的源-汇沉积体系,相关的碎屑沉积记录是重建峨眉山大火成岩省晚期火山序列、揭示大火成岩省岩浆演化的关键。本文对黔西南地区右江盆地北缘下三叠统下部飞仙关组开展了详细的沉积物源研究。飞仙关组泥岩由长石、石英和黏矿物等组成,具有低SiO₂、高TiO₂含量和低Al₂O₃/TiO₂值的特征,具Eu的弱负异常,微弱的Nb、Ta负异常。基于Al₂O₃/TiO₂和La/Sm物源图解分析,研究样品的主要物源由峨眉山大火成岩省的高-Ti玄武岩和少量酸性火山岩构成,这与右江盆地晚二叠世的碎屑沉积物源组成一致。碎屑锆石具有～260 Ma的年龄峰值,对应锆石具有较低的Th/Nb和较高的Nb/Hf值,均支持峨眉山大火成岩省作为主要的沉积物源区,而同时存在的>400 Ma的碎屑锆石则对应于峨眉山玄武质岩浆上升时所捕获的华南地壳物质。与上二叠统的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄组成和锆石...     

Diagenesis of clay minerals and K-bentonites in Late Permian/Early Triassic sediments of the Sichuan Basin (Chaotian section,Central China)

Detailed clay mineralogical analyses were carried out on Late Permian/Early Triassic carbonate sediments exposed on the Chaotian section (Sichuan Basin, Central China). The clay assemblages are dominantly composed of illite in platform carbonates and clay seams, and illite–smectite mixed-layers (I/S) in tuff layers (K-bentonites) intercalated in the carbonate succession. Detrital and authigenic volcanogenic clay minerals have been partially replaced through illitisation processes during burial, raising questions about diagenetic effects. The precise determination of I/S occurring in K-bentonites shows that the sediments reached a temperature of about 180 °C, which is consistent with (1) previous estimates based on fluid-inclusion homogenisation temperature analysis, (2) the burial depth of the sedimentary series deduced from the post-Palaeozoic geological history of the Sichuan Basin and (3) the new data (T_max) obtained on organic matter indicating the transition between oil and gas windows. The Wangpo Bed, located close to the Guadalupian–Lopingian Boundary, is interpreted either as a volcanic acidic tuff or as a clastic horizon. This controversial origin probably results from mixed volcanogenic and detrital influences. The Wangpo Bed is therefore interpreted as a reworked bentonite as revealed by the occurrence of I/S similar to those found in tuff layers, together with preserved detrital kaolinite.     

Facies changes and diagenetic processes across the Permian–Triassic boundary event horizon, Great Bank of Guizhou, South China: a controversy of erosion and dissolution

The Permian–Triassic boundary interval in shallow shelf seas of South China shows Upper Permian limestones overlain by lowermost Triassic microbialites. Global sea‐level rose across the Permian–Triassic boundary, but an irregular top‐Permian erosion surface across a 10 km north–south transect of the Great Bank of Guizhou contains evidence of sea‐level fluctuation. The surface represents the ‘event horizon’ of mass extinction, below the biostratigraphic Permian–Triassic boundary defined by first appearance datum of conodont Hindeodus parvus. An Upper Permian foraminiferal grainstone beneath this surface contains geopetal sediments, etched grains, and pendent and meniscus cements interpreted here as vadose. However, these latter diagenetic processes occurred before the event horizon and were followed by erosion of the final Permian surface. This erosion cuts previous fabrics but lacks evidence of weathering or bioerosion. A few centimetres below is an earlier grainstone that was also eroded but lacks proof of sub‐aerial processes. Samples therefore reveal one, or possibly two, small‐scale relative sea‐level changes before the Triassic transgression in this area, and these may relate to local tectonics. The final Permian surface is subject to at least four interpretations: (i) sub‐aerial physical erosion and dissolution by carbon dioxide‐enriched fresh water or carbon dioxide‐enriched mixed water, prior to Triassic transgression; (ii) sub‐aerial physical erosion overprinted by dissolution related to carbon dioxide‐enriched sea water in the Early Triassic transgression; (iii) submarine dissolution affected by acidified sea water due to rapid increase in volcanically‐derived carbon dioxide and oxidized methane released from marine clathrates; (iv) submarine dissolution due to acid anoxic waters rising across the continental shelf, unrelated to atmospheric carbon dioxide or oxidized methane. Field and petrographic evidence suggests that (i) is the simplest option; and it is possible that (ii) and (iii) occurred, but none are proved. Option (iv) is unlikely given the evidence and modelling of supersaturation of upwelled waters with respect to bicarbonate.