Sequence stratigraphy and Quaternary depositional systems in the Sanhu area of the Qaidam Basin,northwest China

The Qaidam Basin is a Mesozoic–Cenozoic compresso-shearing basin in western China. This basin has been subsiding since the Indosinian orogeny, and the subsidence is a strongly inherited feature in its Quaternary development. Five third-order sequences (SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4 and SQ5) were recognised using drilling/logging, coring and seismic data analysis. Each sequence was further divided into transgressive systems tract and regressive systems tract based on the maximum flooding surface. A sequence stratigraphic framework was established that revealed the distribution of sedimentary systems. Seven depositional systems, namely, alluvial fan, fan delta, braided-delta, shore lacustrine, shallow lacustrine, semi-deep lacustrine and incised valley depositional system, were identified from 105 well logs and 2?D seismic lines covering 1600?km. The sedimentary system distribution was identified as follows: (1) large-scale alluvial deposit located on the southern slope and adjacent to Kunlun Mountain and Yaber tectonic zone located northeast of the study area; (2) braided-delta deposits southeast of the Sanhu area; (3) widely developed fan-delta sediments on the base of Qigequan Formation in the Yaber tectonic zone; (4) well-deposited shoal lacustrine facies along the depositional strike in the regressive systems tract; (5) widely distributed shallow lacustrine facies; and (6) incised valley with large lateral extension and incision depth as an entity at the front of the Golmud Basin in the Sanhu area. Two different depositional models, namely, east and west models, were built by conducting an integrated analysis of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary process. In the Sanhu area, the main controlling factors of the sequence architecture and depositional systems associations of the Qigequan Formation are tectonic subsidence and climate change with sediment supply and lake-level fluctuation secondary factors. This case study provides an example of the analyses of sequence stratigraphy and depositional systems in a salinised plateau basin. The approach combines seismic and sedimentary facies analysis to investigate Quaternary deposition and stratigraphy. The low-amplitude tectonic belt on the northern slope and the lithological traps on the southern slope are predicted to be favourable for the lithological gas reservoirs.     

海拉尔盆地查干诺尔凹陷下白垩统层序地层格架及沉积体系研究

依据岩芯、测井、录井和地震资料,以层序地层学理论为指导对海拉尔盆地查干诺尔凹陷下白垩统的扎赉诺尔群进行层序地层划分。扎赉诺尔群可划分为1个超层序,形成于凹陷断陷发育期,自下而上可划分为5个三级层序(Sq1、Sq2、Sq3、Sq4、Sq5)。进而在层序框架内对沉积体系类型和时空展布特征进行了分析。凹陷主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、湖底扇、滨浅湖和半深—深湖沉积体系,并且层序地层格架对各沉积体系分布具有控制作用。     

珠江口盆地东部珠江组层序岩相古地理特征

在层序地层学和沉积学理论指导下,以油气勘探为目标,根据岩芯观察、岩石薄片鉴定分析、测井资料、地震资料,确定珠江口盆地（东部）珠江组主要发育：（1）碎屑岩沉积体系一三角洲、滨岸和浅海相;（2）碳酸盐岩沉积体系一开阔台地、台地边缘及台地前缘斜坡相。通过暴露标志、岩性岩相组合、生物组合及测井为主的层序界面识别,将珠江组划分为4个三级层序。在此基础上,对珠江口盆地（东部）珠江组取三级层序体系域或三级层序为成图单元,进行层序岩相古地理编图,详细探讨了珠江口盆地（东部）珠江组古地理特征及演化。结合各相带储集物性特征,认为珠江组SQ1-HST、SQ2-HST及SQ3晚期形成的台缘、台内礁滩沉积是寻找有利储集层的重要储集相带。     

四川盆地东北部中二叠统层序地层特征

本文以野外露头观察及录井、测井、地震、古生物等资料为基础,通过岩石地层、测井地层及生物地层等的综合分析,在四川盆地东北部中二叠统地层中识别出4种类型的层序界面:隆升侵蚀不整合面、暴露层序不整合面、海侵上超不整合面及岩性岩相转换面。划分了3个三级层序:SQ1对应梁山组和栖霞组,时限约7Ma;SQ2对应茅口组一段,时限约3Ma;SQ3对应茅口组二段-三段,时限约5Ma。三级层序的平均时限约5Ma。同时,分析了层序对储层的控制作用,其主要体现在两个方面:层序控制了沉积相,影响了储层原生孔隙的发育;碳酸盐岩的发育受三级层序海平面升降控制,优质储层明显受控于海退半旋回。     

Sea-level fluctuations and the geometric variability of tide-dominated sandbodies

This paper presents examples of various large tidal sandbodies from the Eocene Roda Sandstone in the southern Pyrenees and the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in the East China Sea. An attempt is made to summarize the geometric variability of these large tidal sandbodies in relation to the sediment supply and tidal discharge of the depositional system. Transverse sand bars were developed in low-sinuosity, high-gradient channels with high influxes of coarse sediments and water from fluvial systems. Tidal point bars were formed in meandering low-gradient estuarine channel where tidal influence was stronger and sediment was finer than those of the transverse sand bar. A tidal delta complex was built up at the estuary mouth with an abundant sediment supply and an increased tidal discharge. Tidal sand ridges were formed when relict fluvial or deltaic sands were eroded and reworked by strong tidal currents during subsequent sea-level rise.

Since the sediment supply and the tidal discharge of the depositional system were closely related to the eustatic sea-level change and basin subsidence, i.e. the relative sea-level change, special attention will be given to the relationship between geometric variability of tidal sandbodies and the sequence stratigraphic framework in which various sandbodies occurred. Three orders of eustatic sea-level fluctuations can be recognized. The third-order eustatic sea-level cycle, together with basin subsidence, controlled the development of systems tracts and the occurrence of different tidal sandbodies, such as estuary and tidal flat facies during the late stage of a LSW systems tract (type 1 sequence) or a SM systems tract (type 2 sequence); tidal point bar facies, tidal delta facies or tidal sand-ridge facies during a TR systems tract; estuary facies during an early HS systems tract; and fluvial sand bar facies in a late HS systems tract and the early stage of a SM or LSW systems tract. There are also the fourth-order and fifth-order eustatic fluctuations, which are superimposed on the third-order eustatic changes and have important control on the build-up, abandonment and preservation of composite and single tidal sandbodies, respectively.

Since the deposition of tidal sandbodies is very sensitive to eustatic sea-level changes, recognition of various tidal sandbodies is important in sequence stratigraphy analyses of sedimentary basins and in the facies prediction of clastic sediments in basin modelling.     

柴西缘阿尔金山前下侏罗统层序地层与岩相古地理研究

柴西缘阿尔金山前侏罗系与柴北缘侏罗系具有相似的沉积背景,发育较好的泥页岩层段,具有一定的页岩气资源潜力。通过对野外露头与钻孔岩芯沉积特征的研究,建立了柴西缘阿尔金山前下侏罗统小煤沟组层序地层格架,恢复了基于三级层序的岩相古地理,并对沉积演化特征进行分析。小煤沟组岩性主要为泥岩、页岩、粉砂岩、砂岩、砾岩,发育湖泊、扇三角洲和辫状河沉积体系,包含半深湖、滨浅湖、湖湾、扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘、河床、泛滥平原等沉积相。根据区域不整合面、河流下切谷冲刷面等层序界面,将小煤沟组划分为3个三级层序,每个层序内均发育一定厚度的泥页岩段。在单剖面和对比剖面沉积相分析的基础上,以三级层序为作图单元,利用单因素分析多因素综合作图法恢复了研究区古地理面貌。小煤沟组整体呈现北部半深湖、滨浅湖,南部以及东北部扇三角洲、河流的古地理格局,地势具有东南高西北低的特点,此时阿尔金山尚未隆升,物源主要来自于南部的柴达木盆地腹部隆起以及东北部的古阿拉巴什套山,盆地沉积中心主要为清水沟以及小西沟东北地区,发育厚度巨大的泥页岩段,为侏罗系页岩气勘探的有利地区。     

浅海陆棚环境的层序地层学研究

对于海相沉积盆地而言，在一个三级海平面变化周期内形成的层序，具有全球可对比性的等时地层单元，跨时约0.3-3Ma。在三维高分辨率地震、岩心和测井解释资料基础之上，通过岩石地层旋回特征、可容空间以及层序地层关键界面识别，将珠江口盆地渐新世晚期的珠海组二段分为S1和S2两个三级层序，由于坳陷处于浅海陆棚环境，每个层序中的低水位体系域不发育，局部以受断层控制的水下峡谷充填为特征。     

陇东地区延长组层序地层特征及油气勘探意义

综合应用测井曲线、岩心、野外露头剖面等资料,分析鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组的层序地层特征及沉积相,在延长组识别出4个三级层序界面,将延长组分为4个三级层序10个体系域,识别出4种主要的沉积体系:扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲及湖泊沉积体系。分析了各体系域沉积体系的平面展布特征,探讨了体系域沉积模式及层序与油气的关系。指出低位体系域中发育的三角洲平原河道及前缘水下分流河道砂体是最主要的储层,水进及高位体系域中发育的浊积岩砂体分布面积大,是潜在的储层、水进和高位体系域中发育的湖相泥、页岩是良好的生油层和盖层,使得陇东地区存在有利的生储盖组合,处于有利的含油气系统之中,具较好的油气勘探前景。     

大民屯凹陷沙四段层序地层与沉积体系研究

利用岩性、钻井、地震及露头资料,通过对该地区进行层序地层学分析和研究,根据层序界面的识别原则,把大民屯凹陷古近系划分为1个二级层序,两个三级层序.从单井相入手,结合地震相识别出大民屯凹陷沙四段主要发育扇三角洲湖泊沉积体系和近岸浊积扇湖相沉积体系,主要发育扇三角洲和湖泊沉积相,局部发育近岸浊积扇.在沉积体系研究的基础上,利用地震反演预测了有利的储集砂体的发育区.     

Sedimentology and seismic geomorphology of a lacustrine depositional system from the deep zone of the Gaoyou Sag,Subei Basin,eastern China

Sandstones of the Dainan Formation in the Gaoyou Sag of the Subei Basin are important hydrocarbon reservoirs. This paper studies the sedimentary facies and sandstone dispersal patterns in the Gaoyou Sag, based on the analysis of sedimentology and seismic geomorphology. The data used in this study include lithological data, wire-line-log data and three-dimensional (3D) seismic data. The target strata are the Eocene Daiyi Member (E₂d₁³, E₂d₁² and E₂d₁¹) and the lower Dai'er Member (E₂d₂⁵), which belong to three third-order sequences. Five types of depositional systems were identified in the Dainan Formation based on core observation and log-facies analysis. They are, respectively, delta, fan delta, sub-lacustrine fan, nearshore subaqueous fan and lacustrine system. Stratal slices from 3D seismic volumes have been used to map the sandstone dispersal patterns and to document the evolution of the depositional systems within these third-order sequences and associated systems tracts. In the low-stand systems tract and the high-stand systems tract, sandstones of delta, fan delta and nearshore subaqueous fan were well developed and can be delineated by stratal slices showing distinct progradation towards the deep lake centre. In the transgressive systems tract, sandstones are less common. Stratal slices indicate that the depositional environments of individual third-order sequences evolved from gravel-rich or sand-rich fans to lacustrine mudstones, and finally to mixed sandstone–mudstone fans. Sandstone dispersal patterns appear to be primarily controlled by syn-sedimentary faults, and generally sandstone thickness decreases with distance from the syn-sedimentary faults. Deltas and fan deltas have different characteristics in sand-body thickness because they have different sedimentary subfacies. The proposed geomorphology and sedimentary evolution of the lacustrine depositional system may aid in the prediction of potential reservoir distribution in the Gaoyou Sag.     

苏丹Muglad盆地Fula坳陷白垩系Abu Gabra组层序地层及沉积体系

Fula坳陷白垩系Abu Gabra组是Muglad盆地第一裂谷旋回中形成的同裂谷期地层,它可以分为3个二级层序,自下而上是K1SSⅠ、K1SSⅡ和 K1SSⅢ,它们分别与断陷期早期地层、断陷期中期地层和断陷期晚期地层相对应。其中二级层序K1SSⅠ和K1SSⅢ各分为2个三级层序,K1SSⅡ则可进一步划分为3个三级层序。综合应用地震和钻/测井资料,以三级层序为单元,完成了Abu Gabra组沉积相分布与沉积体系预测工作。研究认为,阿加组的主要沉积类型包括:河流相、三角洲相、扇三角洲相、辫状河三角洲相、近岸水下扇相、滨浅湖亚相、半深湖—深湖亚相。各沉积相带在Fula坳陷内的演化形成了5个主要沉积体系,分别是东北部的扇三角洲体系,西北部的三角洲体系、西部近岸水下扇体系、东南部辫状河三角洲体系以及早期的河流沉积体系。沉积体系的分布与演化受构造活动强度变化的控制,也受古地形和古地貌的影响。     

Sedimentary Characteristics and Reservoir Prediction of Paleogene in the East Part of Kuqa Foreland Basin

Being one of the largest gas fields ever discov-ered in the continental exploration of China , theKela-2 gas field in the Tari m basin has become afoundation for the reliable production of gas re-sources for the “West-to-East Gas Transmission”project . The Kuqa depressionis one of the most eco-nomically i mportant oil and gas prospecting districtsin the Tari mbasin, with a giant gas fieldfoundinitsnorthern central area . Many previous studies haveshown that the Paleogene Kuqa depression …     

柴北缘地区层序格架下的沉积特征

中国中西部含油气沉积盆地大多具有前陆盆地层序组合特征,可以识别出前陆层序和非前陆层序。柴达木盆地柴北缘层序地层格架主要包括非前陆层序的侏罗系和古近系以及前陆层序的新近系。通过井剖面层序分析结合有限的地震剖面,可以对柴达木北缘侏罗系划分7套III级层序。古近系—第四系划分11套III级层序。侏罗系属于非前陆期沉积,新近系属于前陆期沉积。通过柴北缘地区层序框架下沉积特征的解剖,表明柴北缘地区非前陆期遗迹化石以缺氧环境化石群为主,沉积相以河流-湖沼体系为特征。前陆期遗迹化石以陆相氧化河湖相环境化石群为主,湖退体系域(RST)冲积扇-河流三角洲-滨浅湖相沉积体系非常发育。柴达木盆地的沉积层序表现为受构造强烈活动和气候变化的影响,强烈活动期潮湿气候下层序表现为山前带发育进积式准层序组,凹陷区形成退积式准层序组。干旱气候配合下的层序表现为多物源更加明显,山前带沉积物供应更加迅速,且沉积中心迁移强烈。     

Middle to late Miocene sequence stratigraphy of the Transylvanian Basin (Romania)

The history of Middle to Late Miocene evolution of the Transylvanian Basin was determined by the bordering Carpathian orogen evolution, the tectonic events being well recorded by the sedimentary history. The basin evolved in a back-arc setting, under a regional, compressional stress field. The major tectonic events produced during the Late Sarmatian and Post-Pannonian were related to the reactivation of the pre-Badenian fault systems. The Transylvanian Basin got uplifted after the Late Pannonian (? during the Pliocene), and at least 500 m of sedimentary cover was eroded.

Based on seismic and well-log interpretation, core and outcrop sedimentology, and microfauna, eight sequences were defined. The early Middle Miocene sequences are roughly synchronous to five 3rd order global sea-level cycles. Most of the recognized sequence boundaries are enhanced by regional tectonic events. The sedimentary evolution was also strongly influenced by salt-tectonics, active starting with the Late Sarmatian.

Two sequences were identified in the Lower Badenian deposits. The third sequence (late Early Badenian to early Mid Badenian) preserves information about deeper shelf settings. The lowstand of the following sequence was responsible for the deposition of the salt formation (late Mid Badenian), an important lithostratigraphic marker in the sedimentary record of the basin. In general, the Upper Badenian deposits (parts of the 4th and 5th sequences) belong to deep marine submarine fan systems. The Sarmatian (partially 5th, 6th and partially 7th sequences) was characterized by diverse salinity conditions, stretching from brackish to hypersaline, and by high tectonic instability, which induced several significant relative sea-level falls. During that time, deltaic (north) and fandeltaic (east) systems fed submarine fans, stacked between salt-related submarine heights (“channeled” deep-marine depocenters). Most of the Pannonian deposits (partially 7th and 8th sequences) belong to submarine fan systems, but shallower facies were also found in the western and eastern part of the basin.     

塔里木盆地塔中-塔北志留系层序地层

随着近年来塔里木盆地勘探开发的逐步深入,志留系地层已经成为众多学者的研究热点。本文应用层序地层研究方法,利用钻井、测井、地震及实验分析资料,通过对岩石地层、测井地层、生物地层、地震地层等资料的综合分析,将塔里木盆地志留系地层划分为3个三级层序,SQ1对应柯坪塔格组下段,SQ2对应柯坪塔格组中上段,SQ3对应塔塔埃尔塔格组。每个层序由海侵体系域和高位体系域组成,不发育低位体系域。对层序格架内的沉积类型和沉积相展布进行分析,认为主要发育扇三角洲相-有障壁潮坪相-浅海相。     

上扬子地台南缘不同沉积相区上泥盆统和下石炭统沉积层序之对比

层序的空间分布是否具有全球性,地史时期海平面变化是否具有全球等时一致性,是层序地层学的根本问题。上扬子地台南缘不同沉积相区上泥盆统和下石炭统沉积层序研究表明,不同级别的层序具有特定的空间分布和对比范围,虽然形成各种级别层序的海平面变化基本上是全球性的。本文把空间分布,特别是在不同沉积相区的分布作为定义和识别各种级别层序的一个标准。正层序（ 三级层序） 的分布可能是全球性的,至少可以在同一大陆边缘的不同相区辨认,并能进行远距离对比,有些甚至可以进行全球对比。一般来说,亚层序（ 四级层序,时间间隔0.5 M a～ 1.5 M a） 在不同的沉积相区对比比较困难,虽然有些亚层序的空间分布也可以是全球性的。亚层序至少应当在一个沉积相带内可以普遍识别和对比。更高级的层序,包括副层序（ 五级层序,即Wang 和 Shi 1996 年使用的亚层序） 和小层序（ 六级层序） 的分布是区域性的或地区性的,它们可能分别反映米兰柯维奇旋回的长周期和短周期。正层序和亚层序一般可在不同沉积相区识别,而副层序和小层序一般仅能在浅海相区识别,在斜坡和盆地相区则不易辨认。     

内蒙古开鲁盆地陆东凹陷下白垩统九佛堂组-沙海组层序地层格架及沉积相预测

综合利用岩心、测井、地震等资料,对内蒙古开鲁盆地陆东凹陷九佛堂组-沙海组层序地层特征及沉积相进行了系统研究。结果表明,陆东凹陷九佛堂组-沙海组可以识别出3个三级层序界面;划分为2个三级层序（九佛堂层序和沙海层序）,分别对应九佛堂组和沙海组;识别出4种主要沉积相类型：扇三角洲相、近岸浊积扇相、远岸浊积扇相及湖泊相。在层序格架内,利用钻、测井资料和二维、三维地震资料对沉积体进行分析,并以此为依据,进一步研究了体系域内沉积相平面展布特征及演化规律,最终建立了该时期沉积发育模式：在盆地陡坡带主要发育扇三角洲和近岸浊积扇,在盆地缓坡主要发育扇三角洲和滨浅湖滩坝沉积,在盆地深洼带主要发育远岸浊积扇和风暴岩。     

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷下白垩统赛汉塔拉组层序地层及聚煤特征

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷是一个陆相断陷聚煤盆地,下白垩统赛汉塔拉组是其主要含煤地层,作者利用岩心、钻孔资料对其岩相类型、沉积相、层序地层及聚煤作用特征进行研究。(1)赛汉塔拉组主要由砂砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、碳质泥岩及厚层褐煤组成,发育扇三角洲平原相、扇三角洲前缘相、辫状河三角洲平原相、辫状河三角洲前缘相、滨浅湖相,分别属于扇三角洲沉积体系、辫状河三角洲沉积体系和湖泊沉积体系。(2)识别出2种层序界面:不整合面和下切谷冲刷面,将赛汉塔拉组划分为2个三级层序。从层序Ⅰ到层序Ⅱ,煤层厚度逐渐增大,聚煤作用逐渐增强。(3)在滨浅湖环境下厚煤层主要形成于湖侵体系域早期,在扇/辫状河三角洲环境下厚煤层主要形成于湖侵体系域晚期,煤层厚度在凹陷中部最大,向西北和东南方向均变小。聚煤作用明显受基底沉降作用影响,可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率相平衡,从而形成了区内巨厚煤层。     

准噶尔盆地侏罗系沉积体系纲要

侏罗系为准噶尔盆地重要的含油气层系,其层序发育较完整,沉积相类型丰富,沉积体系多样。露头、钻测井、地震三位一体研究表明,侏罗系发育七个三级层序,其沉积相类型包括冲积扇、河流、三角洲、扇三角洲、湖泊和沼泽等。这些沉积相在各层序体系域内呈有序排列。各期物源及岩相古地理分析表明,准噶尔盆地侏罗纪发育八套沉积体系,即克拉美丽山前冲积扇-辫状河-曲流河-三角洲-湖泊沉积体系、乌伦古扇三角洲-湖泊沉积体系、德伦山前辫状河-曲流河-三角洲-湖泊沉积体系、哈拉阿拉特山前冲积扇-辫状河-三角洲-湖泊体系、车拐冲积扇-辫状河-三角洲-湖泊沉积体系、四棵树曲流河-三角洲-湖泊沉积体系、伊林黑比尔根山前冲积扇-辫状河-三角洲-湖泊沉积体系、博格达山前曲流河-三角洲-湖泊沉积体系。其中克拉美丽沉积体系的发育最具有继承性。这些沉积体系的展布在总体上控制了盆地内部油气有利储集层的发育。     

Sequence stratigraphy and controls on sedimentation of the Upper Cretaceous in the Afikpo Sub-basin,southeastern Nigeria

Outcrop-based sequence stratigraphic analysis and palynological biofacies were used to define depositional sequences and their bounding surfaces, and build a sequence stratigraphic model for the Upper Cretaceous succession of the Afikpo Sub-basin. Four unconformity-bounded third-order depositional sequences were identified. Sequence 1 comprises the Nkporo Formation and is subdivided into lowstand system tract (LST) representing an incised valley fill and transgressive systems tract (TST) consisting of estuarine and marine shales and mudstones. The base of the sequence is an angular unconformity correlated to the 77.5 Ma sequence boundary (SB) and the maximum flooding surface (MFS) is dated at 76 Ma. Sequence 2 is diachronous and straddles the lithostratigraphic boundary of the Nkporo and Mamu formations. The upper SB is dated at 71 Ma while associated MFS is dated at 73.5 Ma. Sequence 3 consists of the upper Mamu Formation and the Ajali Formation. The upper SB of sequence 3 is at 68 Ma while the MFS is dated at 69.8 Ma. Sequence 4 is the topmost depositional sequence belonging to the Nsukka Formation. The upper SB is placed at 66.5 Ma. The MFS within this sequence is dated at 67.8 Ma. The sequences encompass from tidally influenced bay head delta and central estuarine environments to coastal and shallow marine shelf environments. Stratigraphic architecture and facies types show that sequence development was controlled to a great extent by eustatic sea level variations though differential subsidence rates encouraged differential rates of sediment supply and rates of sea level change along different segments of the shoreline.