Assessment of channel dynamics,in-stream structures and post-project channel adjustments in North Carolina and its implications to effective stream restoration

Site assessment and monitoring data were analyzed for 26 stream restoration projects in North Carolina where the channel was reconfigured. Post-project changes in channel capacity were highly variable from site to site, but more than 60% of the projects underwent, on average at a given site, at least a 20% change in channel capacity. An analysis of site and basin geomorphology revealed that large post-construction adjustments were associated with highly dynamic stream channels characterized by a combination of high sediment transport capacity, large sediment supply, and/or easily eroded bank materials. In-stream structures along dynamic, reconfigured channels also exhibited high incidences of damage. Thus, the design and construction of channels in a state of equilibrium, which do not exhibit excessive erosion or deposition along highly dynamic rivers is currently problematic. In light of these findings, a conceptual framework based on geomorphic parameters is put forth to assess the likelihood of project success early in the design process to (1) eliminate high risk sites from consideration of channel reconfiguration and (2) improve upon the implemented management strategies that are ultimately used. It is also argued that where space permits an enhanced natural channel, adjustment approach is likely to be more effective than projects based on natural channel design.     

河流功能区划方法及实例研究

河流功能区划是规范和引导各类河流功能开发利用行为的基础工作。按照中国河流功能属性特点并考虑流域管理的需求,分析了河流功能区划的理论依据和区划原则,构建了由属性层、区划层、指标层和管理层4个层面构成的河流功能区划体系,给出了河流功能区的区划方法和具体的操作步骤。以太浦河为例进行了河流功能区划实例研究,提出了太浦河河流功能区划成果及其管理目标与对策。结果表明,提出的河流功能区划的方法是合理、可行的,能够为河流管理提供一个新途径。     

Collection efficiency of seine and rotenone samples from tidal creeks,cape fear river,North Carolina

Efficiency, defined as the percentage of the total number of individuals captured from a known area of tidal creek (blocked with seines), was studied on six occasions from December 1976 through August 1978. Sampling was conducted at two stations near the Cape Fear River, Southport, North Carolina using either seines or rotenone. For the three most abundant species collected by each method, the range for seine efficiencies (60.6±19.4 to 78.0±9.4%) was generally narrower than that for rotenone (29.6±9.5 to 57.7±14.8%). However, overall species richness was better represented by rotenone, the mean percentage of species captured for all samples was 92.1% versus 70.3% for seines. Consistent patterns in efficiency for individual species with regard to size, age, or water temperature were absent. A comparison of individual collections with that of the sample “universe” trapped between the block nets indicated that a representative sample of the extant nekton community was taken by each method.     

Use of oligohaline marshes by fishes and macrofaunal crustaceans in North Carolina

Estuaries and Coasts - Fishes and invertebrate macrofauna (nekton) inhabiting three low salinity, intertidal rivulets were sampled biweekly from July 1981 through June 1982. Twenty-nine species of...     

Use of chloride mass balance and tritium data for estimation of groundwater recharge and renewal rate in an unconfined aquifer from North Africa: a case study from Tunisia

The scarcity of surface water resources in arid and semi-arid regions from North African countries contributes to the considerable increase of groundwater exploitation, which leads to the development of hydrogeological studies. However, due to the lack of hydrodynamic data in these regions, these studies focus more and more on the geochemical and environmental isotope techniques to insure a better understanding of the hydrodynamic functioning of subsurface systems. In this study, which interests an important unconfined aquifer in central Tunisia, tritium data and chloride mass balance (CMB) method were applied in order to (1) understand the mode of recharge of this aquifer and (2) obtain a reliable estimation of its recharge amount as well as (3) estimate its annual renewal rate. It has been demonstrated that the shallow groundwaters are classified into two groups according to their tritium contents. The first group includes wells located mainly downstream and highlights the significant role of the post-nuclear lineal recharge through Wadis courses. The second group encloses wells located practically overall the rest of the basin and refers to relatively modern waters originated from areal recharge of present-day rainfall. Based on the CMB method, the recharge to this unconfined aquifer is estimated to 31.7 mm year⁻¹, which corresponds to 10.5% of the total rainfall. The annual renewal rate of groundwater, evaluated based on the tritium contents, is up to 16%.     

超高温变质作用：以华北内蒙古土贵乌拉地区为例

超高温麻粒岩(富Mg-Al)是指温度高于900℃、压力为0.7~1.3GPa条件下形成的麻粒岩相变质岩,它记录了下地壳超高温极端变质作用的地质信息。富Mg-Al典型超高温矿物组合有:假蓝宝石+石英,尖晶石+石英,大隅石+石榴石,斜方辉石+夕线石+石英,高氟黑云母和钙镁闪石,刚玉+石英。目前世界上发现的超高温麻粒岩带(块)地区有非洲阿尔及利亚、南非、东南极、巴西中部、澳大利亚中部、印度南部和东南部等地。我们在华北克拉通北部内蒙古中南部地区孔兹岩区中发现了超高温麻粒岩,岩性主要为灰黑色条带状夕线石榴黑云片麻岩,其中含有尖晶石+石英、假蓝宝石+石英、斜方辉石+夕线石+石英以及刚玉+尖晶石+石榴石等超高温矿物组合,指示温度达1000℃,压力超过1.0GPa的变质作用。独居石定年获得了(1927±11)Ma以及(1819±11)Ma两个峰期年龄,代表变质年龄。华北克拉通北部超高温麻粒岩的发现对研究华北克拉通与哥伦比亚超大陆的演化关系有重要意义。     

Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and weighted overlay method: a case study from North Jordan

Road instability along the Jerash–Amman highway was assessed using the weighted overlay method in Geographic Information System environment. The landslide susceptibility map was developed from nine contributing parameters. The map of landslide susceptibility was classified into five zones: very low (very stable), low (stable), moderate (moderately stable), high (unstable), and very high (highly unstable). The very high susceptibility and high susceptibility zones covered 15.14% and 31.81% of the study area, respectively. The main factors that made most parts of study area prone to landslides include excessive drainage channels, road cuts, and unfavorable rock strata such as marl and friable sandstone intercalated with clay and highly fractured limestone. Fracture zones are a major player in land instability. The moderate and high susceptibility zones are the most common in urban (e.g., Salhoub and Gaza camp) and agricultural areas. About 34% of the urban areas and 28.82% of the agricultural areas are characterized by the high susceptibility zone. Twenty percent of the Jerash–Amman highway length and 58% of the overall highway length are located in the very high susceptibility zone. The landslide susceptibility map was validated by the recorded landslides. More than 80 of the inventoried landslides are in unstable zones, which indicate that the selected causative factors are relevant and the model performs properly.     

气候与土地利用变化对流域水资源的影响——以美国北卡罗莱纳州Trent流域为例

分布式水文模型PRMS可为气候与土地利用变化对流域水资源影响的研究提供技术和理论支撑.对Trent流域产流过程采用PRMS模型进行模拟检验,结果表明,Nash模型确定性系数达到0.8以上.水文响应单元(HRU)划分尺度减小,可以有效地提高PRMS模拟精度达7%左右,划分尺度缩小到71个HRU时,模拟精度不再提高.流域蒸...     

Carbon storage in desertified lands: A case study from North China

Based on the organic and carbonate carbon levels of the top 1 m of soil from desertified soils of Northern People's Republic of China, climatic and vegetative cover zones have been derived for some 334000 km² of desertification-prone lands. Regional accumulations of pedogenic carbonates were examined relative to precipitation, altitude, and temperature. The largest accumulations of pedogenic carbonates were found in Calcic soils in warm, arid areas. Accumulated organic carbon predominated in soils under Betula platyphylla. In the naturally desertified lands of China, for example, the top 1.0-m soil layer contains some 7.84 Pg of organic carbon and 14.9 Pg of carbonate carbon. Total stored carbon, including carbonate carbon, is 1.8-fold more than organic carbon alone. The carbon released through land desertification in China may be an important factor affecting changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases worldwide.     

Implications for geothermometry of aluminum substitution in quartz from Kings Mountain,North Carolina

The aluminum concentration of quartz from contact-metamorphosed, Al₂SiO₅ bearing quartzite at King's Mountain, North Carolina shows a regular variation with distance from an intrusive contact. Presumably this is the result of temperature-dependent solubility of aluminum in quartz, but critical comparison of these results with other recently published data shows that detailed calibration of this geothermometer has not yet been achieved.     

Scale,governance and the management of river basins: A case study from Central Iran

Aquatic socio-ecological systems show pervasive cross-scale interactions and problems of fit between ecosystems and institutions. Nested bio-hydrological processes within river basins are prone to third-party impacts, and equitable/sustainable management of water resources requires adequate governance patterns that both cover relevant scalar levels and handle cross-scale interactions. This paper provides the example of the Zayandeh Rud basin, in central Iran, and describes the historical evolution of water use at three different nested scales. It shows how the gradual overallocation of water resources (basin closure) and the manipulation of the hydrological cycle by the state and other actors have resulted in a constant spatial and social redistribution of water use and associated benefits and costs. State-centered modes of governance characterized by the priority to large-scale infrastructure, vested political and financial interests, lack of attention to local processes and hydrological interconnectedness, and the neglect of environmental degradation, must give way to forms of comanagement that better articulate the different levels of control and governance.     

Terrace reconstruction and long profile projection: a case study from the Solent river system near Southampton,England

River terrace sequences are important frameworks for archaeological evidence and as such it is important to produce robust correlations between what are often fragmentary remnants of ancient terraces. This paper examines both conceptual and practical issues related to such correlations, using a case study from the eastern part of the former Solent River system near Southampton, England. In this region two recent terrace schemes have been constructed using different data to describe the terrace deposits: one based mainly on terrace surfaces; the other on gravel thicknesses, often not recording the terrace surface itself. The utility of each of these types of data in terrace correlation is discussed in relation to the complexity of the record, the probability of post-depositional alteration of surface sediments and comparison of straight-line projections with modern river long profiles. Correlation using age estimates is also discussed, in relation to optically stimulated luminescence dating of sand lenses within terrace gravels in this region during the PASHCC project. It is concluded that the need for replication at single sites means that this approach has limited use for correlative purposes, although dating of sediments is important for understanding wider landscape evolution and patterns of human occupation.     

Hydrologic equilibrium status of a disturbed Eastern North Carolina watershed

Evaluation of the impacts of artificial drainage systems on wetlands requires an assessment of the hydrologic equilibrium status of the surface hydrologic system. Hydrologic equilibrium is characterised by a high correlation between surplus moisture (as calculated by Thornthwaite's methodology) and stream discharge. A qualitative stability analysis shows that deterioration of artificial drainage channels is the process allowing the surface hydrologic system to adjust to the disturbances. The model is tested by examining the correlation between surplus and discharge for a small watershed altered by forestry drainage which is periodically rehabilitated. With hydrologic equilibeium arbitrarily defined as a surplus-discharge correlation coefficient 0.8, it is shown that the original, largely undisturbed watershed was in hydrologic equilibrium. Disequilibrium was induced by artificial drainage-ways, with a return to equilibrium over time. Subsequent renovations of ditches and canals were associated with a recurrence of disequilibrium. The surface hydrologic system is metastable, and cannot be expected to return to previously-existing states following a disturbance. Consistently maintained artificial drainage system appears to preclude any return to any type of hydrologic equilibrium.     

Magnetic studies and elemental analysis of river sediments: a case study from the Ponnaiyar River (Southeastern India)

The Ponnaiyar River is one of the largest rivers of the Tamil Nadu state (India), flowing a distance of 430 km from its point of origin to the sea. This work contributes with new data of magnetic and elemental composition of river sediments, and improves the knowledge obtained by preliminary and previous studies of rivers from Southeastern India. Magnetic susceptibility, anhysteretic and isothermal remanent magnetization and chemical determinations (major and trace metals) were measured. Magnetic results reveal the predominance of magnetite-like mineral with magnetic grain size variations along the river and in depth. Most of the uppermost samples have the major presence of trace metals and higher values of magnetic concentration. Magnetic and chemical variables were also analysed as potential pollution indicators using multivariate statistical techniques: canonical correlation and fuzzy c-means clustering analyses, which confirmed the existence of relationships, but not in a simple way, between magnetic and chemical variables. Furthermore, fuzzy analysis allows classifying the data in different well-differentiated groups regarding the trace metal load, concentration and feature-dependent parameters. The most polluted samples show high concentration of trace elements and magnetic carriers, softer and coarser magnetic minerals; on the contrary, the unpolluted samples (from the deepest sediments) have the opposite characteristics.     

Zooplankton abundance and community structure in a mesohaline North Carolina estuary

The lower Neuse River Estuary is a temperate mesohaline system which forms the major southern tributary of Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. The crustacean zooplankton of this well-mixed system were sampled for a 20-month period from May 1988 through December 1989. A submersible pump was used to sample both the entire water column and the sediment surface. Seasonal dominants included the calanoid copepodsAcartia tonsa andParacalanus crassirostris in summer, the cyclopoid copepodOithona colcarva in fall, the cladoceranPodon polyphemoides in winter, and harpacticoid copepods in spring. Non-naupliar biomass over the study period consisted of 38.8%A. tonsa, 7.7%P. crassirostris, 21.2%O. colcarva 23.6% harpacticoid copepods, and 6.0% cladocerans. The remainder of the biomass consisted ofPseudodiaptomus coronatus and barnacle nauplii. Mean total copepod densities ranged from 600 m^?3 in May 1988 to 180,000 m^?3 in August 1988. Mean copepod densities for 1989 were 25,000 m^?3. Maximum densities during both years occurred during summer, with subsequent descreases throughtout the year until early spring. Abundances of total copepods, and ofAcartia tonsa in particular, were significantly correlated with water temperature, but with neither chlorophylla, phytoplankton productivity, nor any of an array of other physical or chemical variables. Regression analyses using data from this investigation, and supported by results from other regional studies, indicate that water temperature is likely the single most important variable predicting zooplankton temporal abundance in North Carolina estuaries.     

地下河系统水动态监测网络优化对比分析:以桂林海洋-寨底地下河系统为例

基于我国南方地区岩溶发育极不均匀、水位水质动态变化快的特点,通过对信息熵法和防污性能法所得结果的对比,分析在缺少系列监测资料条件下,利用岩溶水系统防污性能评价结果快速布设地下河系统水动态监测网的可行性及其布设原则。根据防污性能评价结果,结合水循环特征,桂林海洋-寨底地下河系统水动态监测网需由17个监测站组成;采用信息熵法对现有35个监测站进行优化后,认为只需要12个监测站就可组成最优监测网,但这12个监测站点与采用防污性能评价法得到的点位完全重合,且均位于防污性能差的地区。对比分析认为,以地下水系统防污性能评价结果布设地下水动态监测网是可行性的,因为岩溶发育区既是防污性能差的地区,也是地下水动态变化快的地区,能充分反映地下河系统水质水量变化。采用防污性能评价法布设地下水动态监测网时,需要充分认识和了解地下河系统水文地质条件和地下河管道结构特征,且需要遵循以下原则:(1)在岩溶发育相对较弱的系统中部(基本上不存在防污性能差的地区)不设置监测站点;(2)在距离地下河出口较近的岩溶发育区内(即防污性能差的地区)监测站点可由地下河出口替代;(3)对于多支管道系统,岩溶发育相对较弱且距离较短的小型支管道上可以不布设监测站,由支管道与主管道交汇处的监测站代替。     

Hydraulic geometry change of a large river: a case study of the upper Yellow River

Study on hydraulic geometry can reveal the response of river systems to basin attributes, and the trends in channel change. Based on 35 years of data collected at 10 hydrological stations (cross-sections), the hydraulic geometry relations between cross-sectional variables and discharge were established, and the derived parameters were analyzed. The channel behavior of the mountainous bedrock reach (from riverhead to Xunhua cross-section) and the alluvial reach (from Xunhua to Toudaoguai cross-sections) differed significantly over the past decades in response to dramatic water and sediment changes. The hydraulic geometry quasi-equilibrium was achieved through equally adjusting water depth and flow velocity in the mountainous bedrock reach; while primarily through flow velocity in the alluvial reach. The change rate of river width with varying discharge was relatively small in the whole upper Yellow River. Compared with the lower Yellow River and other rivers in the world, both similarity and differences existed, indicating the general adjustment direction of hydraulic quasi-equilibrium and also the importance of considering other influencing factors in hydraulic geometry studies. In addition, dams played an important role in affecting the changes of hydraulic geometry exponents.