Mineralogy and geochemistry of boehmite-rich coals: New insights from the Haerwusu Surface Mine, Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China

Boehmite-rich coal of Pennsylvanian age was discovered earlier at the Heidaigou Surface Mine, Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China. This paper reports new results on 29 bench samples of the no. 6 coal from a drill core from the adjacent Haerwusu Surface Mine, and provides new insights into the origin of the minerals and elements present. The results show that the proportion of inertinite in the no. 6 coal is higher than in other Late Paleozoic coals in northern China. Based on mineral proportions (boehmite to kaolinite ratio) and major element concentrations in the coal benches of the drill core, the no. 6 coal may be divided into five sections (I to V). Major minerals in Sections I and V are kaolinite. Sections II and IV are mainly kaolinite with a trace of boehmite, and Section III is high in boehmite. The boehmite is derived from bauxite in the weathered surface (Benxi Formation) in the sediment-source region. The no. 6 coal is rich in Al₂O₃ (8.89%), TiO₂ (0.47%), Li (116 μg/g), F (286 μg/g), Ga (18 μg/g), Se (6.1 μg/g), Sr (350 μg/g), Zr (268 μg/g), REEs (172 μg/g), Pb (30 μg/g), and Th (17 μg/g). The elements are classified into five associations by cluster analysis, i.e. Groups A, B, C, D, and E. Group A (ash–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–Na₂O–Li) and Group B (REE–Sc–In–Y–K₂O–Rb–Zr–Hf–Cs–U–P₂O₅–Sr–Ba–Ge) are strongly correlated with ash yield and mainly have an inorganic affinity. The elements that are negatively or less strongly correlated with ash yield (with exceptions of Fe₂O₃, Be, V, and Ni) are grouped in the remaining three associations: Group C, Se–Pb–Hg–Th–TiO₂–Bi–Nb–Ta–Cd–Sn; Group D, Co–Mo–Tl–Be–Ni–Sb–MgO–Re–Ga–W–Zn–V–Cr–F–Cu; and Group E, S–As–CaO–MnO–Fe₂O₃. Aluminum is mainly distributed in boehmite, followed by kaolinite. The high correlation coefficients of the Li–ash, Li–Al₂O₃, and Li–SiO₂ pairs indicate that Li is related to the aluminosilicates in the coal. The boehmite-rich coal is high in gallium and F, which occur in boehmite and the organic matter. Selenium and Pb are mainly in epigenetic clausthalite fillings in fractures. The abundant rare earth elements in the coal benches were supplied from two sources: the bauxite on the weathered surface of the Benxi Formation and from adjacent partings by groundwater leaching during diagenesis. The light rare earth elements (LREEs) are more easily leached from the partings and incorporated into the organic matter than the heavy REEs, leading to a higher ratio of LREEs to HREEs in the coal benches than in the overlying partings.     

大同煤田白洞矿区5号煤层煤相特征

采用光学显微镜、X射线荧光光谱（XFS）和电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）等方法测定了大同煤田塔山井田太原组5号煤的宏观煤岩类型、显微煤岩类型和地球化学参数,探讨了煤的煤岩学、煤地球化学及煤相特征,系统地分析了煤层的原始成煤泥炭沼泽环境及演化规律。研究结果表明,5号煤层有4种煤相类型,即湖沼相、泥炭沼泽相、潮湿森林沼泽相和较干燥森林沼泽相,相应表现为湖泊、障壁岛后潟湖、上三角洲平原和洪泛盆地含煤沉积体系特征。煤层自下而上存在5次比较明显的沉积旋回韵律,与之相随的水介质环境也发生了相应的海陆、咸水、淡水交替变化,从而形成了一套以陆相为主、海陆交互的成煤泥炭沼泽环境,沉积环境逐渐从海相、海陆过渡相向陆相演化。     

内蒙古乌兰诺尔井田6号煤层煤质特征研究

乌兰诺尔井田位于内蒙古自治区东北部,含煤地层主要为白垩系下统巴彦花组,6号煤是区内唯一可采煤层,其显微组分镜质组含量为85.2%～91.0%,惰质组含量为2.0%～13.4%,壳质组在2%以下。测试分析表明6号煤属中灰、低—中高硫、高热值褐煤,其挥发分高,化学反应性好,燃烧时速度快,反应充分,是很好的动力燃料,适用于火力发电。     

准格尔煤田西南部煤层夹矸及顶底板稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

准格尔煤田含煤岩系高岭岩资源丰富,高铝矿物来源备受关注。采用高分辨率电感耦合等离子质谱等技术对石炭-二叠系太原组6号和山西组4号煤夹矸及顶底板中的稀土元素进行分析,并探讨了其物质来源。结果表明,6号煤夹矸及顶底板中稀土元素总量（ΣREY）均值为167.69μg/g,接近上地壳ΣREY值（168.4μg/g）;4号煤夹矸及顶底板中ΣREY均值为210.22μg/g,高于上地壳的ΣREY值。4号煤夹矸及顶底板中轻稀土含量均值与6号煤相当,中稀土和重稀土含量均值为6号煤两倍以上。6号煤夹矸及顶底板分层样中δCe为0.82～0.94,δEu为0.53～0.87;4号煤中δCe为0.88～0.98,δEu为0.74～0.97;均为Ce、Eu负异常。6号煤层夹矸及顶底板稀土元素主要来源于盆地北西侧阴山地区元古界花岗岩和北东侧下古生界沉积岩。4号煤层夹矸及顶底板稀土元素物源主要为盆地北侧阴山地区下古生界和元古界的沉积岩和火成岩系。     

内蒙古准格尔黑岱沟超大型煤型镓矿床的形成与物质来源

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘黑岱沟太原组顶部6号煤层属于低等煤化程度的低硫烟煤,其中铝土质粘土岩、煤层中超 常含有勃姆铝石,发现超常含镓、超常富集稀土,7段煤层平均含Ga 44.8 μg/g、含∑REE 110.82～467.21 μg/g,显示出铝、镓、稀土元素三者地球化学行为的相似性和共生特性.是特殊地质背景与古沉积环境下的产物.研究认为,铝、镓、稀土元素三者有共同的来源:①古老基底剥蚀区,古陆富钾高铝的岩浆岩与变质岩建造;②中奥陶统顶部风化剥蚀面产出的上石炭统本溪组粘土层及铝土层中富集的镓是重要来源;③煤层系中粘土质砾岩中发现显量火山晶屑及火山灰,部分提供易分解的铝-镓物源;④下二叠统太原组海陆交互滨海-溻湖相、三角洲相、堡岛与沼湖沉积岩相古地理优越,是煤层与铝土质粘土层发育集中富集含镓的良好沉积古环境.总之,镓的物源具有多来源、继承性、分时期、有阶段复杂富集的特点.     

内蒙古胜利煤田共生锗矿品位纵向变化规律研究

通过对29个钻孔的 200件煤样锗含量分析,发现20个钻孔锗含量沿煤层纵向有 6种变化形式。特别值得注意的是,大多数钻孔显示锗含量在煤层中部出现高峰值,而有别于以往所报道的锗只在煤层顶、底部相对富集的研究结论。笔者认为,胜利煤田锗的富集主要发生在泥炭化阶段,主要作用机制是有机质的吸附作用;此外,锗的聚集强度还随着原始沉积环境和锗源供给条件而变化。     

山西西山煤田7号煤层成因类型研究

煤的成因类型通过煤的有机显微组成、矿物成分等来体现。从微观研究的角度出发，以各子样的显微煤岩组分统计值、镜惰比（V/I）、骨基比（F／M）、矿物质含量为依据，对西山煤田屯兰煤矿7号煤进行成因类型划分，分为4类6型，即Ⅰ-①、Ⅲ-①、Ⅲ-②、Ⅳ-①、Ⅳ-②、Ⅴ-①。自下而上对煤层划分了23个成因分层。7煤层以Ⅳ类成因类型为主，沉积了覆水森林沼泽环境。     

山西省宁武煤田朔南详查区4号煤层厚度变化控制因素

4号煤层赋存于山西组下部，在朔南详查区平均厚度为4．47m，可采系数100％，储量占详查区总储量的20％，而且煤层厚度变化具有一定的规律，因此通过研究4号煤层变化控制因素，分析4号煤层厚度变化的规律性，对充分利用煤炭资源，具有重要意义。     

荥巩煤田二1煤层煤层气赋存规律及影响因素研究

通过对大量钻孔数据和生产矿井实测资料的综合分析,基本探明荥巩煤田二1煤层煤层气含量呈由西向东、由浅而深逐渐增大的分布规律,按照煤层气含量变化及其地质背景的差异将煤田分为4个煤层气地质单元;认为围岩、煤层厚度、煤层埋深、地质构造是影响煤层气赋存的主要因素,其叠加效应增加了煤层气赋存的复杂性和不均衡性。据此,确定了荥巩煤田煤层气的富集带和排泄区。     

山西西山煤田7号煤层煤相研究

在系统总结西山煤田7号煤层成因标志的基础上，对其成煤植物、成煤环境及其古地理背景、古气候变化进行了综合分析；然后从微观研究的角度出发，对该煤层进行了成因类型的划分，在此基础上，详细划分了该煤层煤相，共划分出6种煤相类型：干燥森林沼泽相；滞流浅覆水森林沼泽相；流动浅覆水森林沼泽相；滞流强覆水森林沼泽相；流动强覆水森林沼泽相以及洪泛沼泽相。此外，对7号煤层煤相类型的垂向分布和演化规律进行了初步分析。     

准格尔煤田串草圪旦煤矿5号煤元素地球化学特征

为研究准格尔串草圪旦5号煤微量元素地球化学特征,采用光学显微镜、扫面电子显微镜和X射线衍射（XRD）方法观测煤中矿物组成及形态特征,应用电感耦合等离子质谱（ICP MS）方法测定煤中多种微量元素含量,运用数理统计方法研究微量元素在煤中的赋存特征。结果表明：5号煤中Li、Be、F、U、Hg 5种元素相对富集,含量高于研究区6号煤及中国煤中含量水平。5号煤中Li、F、Ga、Se无机亲和性强,Be、As、U为亲有机元素;Hg与硫含量显著正相关。各元素在煤中主要以有机结合态、无机结合态和硫化物结合态赋存。     

山东兖州煤田16号煤层的成煤植物研究

采取多种手段相结合的研究方法,对山东兖州煤田16号煤层的成煤植物进行了详细的研究。研究了16号煤层中的煤核植物群,还通过孢粉分析及分散角质层的研究,对成煤植物群及其在垂向上的演化进行了细致的研究。结合煤岩光片中煤植体的研究,并对照煤系地层大化石所反映的成煤期前后的植物群面貌恢复了16号煤层的成煤植物群。分析并讨论了上述研究方法在反映成煤植物及其演化方面的作用,认为只有通过这种综合研究才可以较准确地反映成煤植物群面貌及其在成煤过程中的变化。     

Leaching behavior of Li and Ga from granitic rocks and sorption on kaolinite: Implications for their enrichment in the Jungar Coalfield,Ordos Basin

The granite collected from the Yinshan Mountain and kaolinite has been selected for the leaching and adsorption experiment,respectively,aiming to clarify the enrichment processes of Li and Ga during the deposition.Results suggest both Li and Ga could be leached out from granite by using different acid solutions of different p H and kaolinite can adsorb Li and Ga with varying degrees.Lithium and Ga had the highest leaching ratio when p H=1.Special geological events(e.g.volcanic eruptions and wildfires),which could result in very low p H values of water in peatland,may have accelerated the release of Li and Ga from the source rocks.Kaolinite has the highest adsorption fraction was obtained at p H=8.The different characteristics of Li and Ga displayed in the leaching and adsorption experiments probably result from the different occurrences and enrichment processes of Li and Ga in the coals.Lithium was probably enriched before the Li carriers(e.g.kaolinite)had been transported into paleomires because of its high leaching ratio and high adsorption fraction under neutral and alkaline conditions,whereas Ga was more likely concentrated by kaolinite and other carriers after it had been transported into the peat mires.     

开平煤田深部9煤厚度预测的数学模型分析

开平煤田深部9煤层是重要的战略后备资源．对煤厚预测的可靠程度,是准确估算资源量的关键。根据该煤田沉积环境、赋煤规律及构造发育特征,选择了3条不同方向的剖面,建立了以煤层厚度及煤层厚度预测点与煤层露头之问距离的线性回归模型、多项式模型及波动模型,并利用Matlab数学建模软件,对各种数学模型进行拟合。根据该煤田沉积特点,对拟合结果进行分析与对比,在此基础上选择最佳数学模型,对开平煤田深部9煤厚度进行预测。拟合结果显示,深部9煤的煤厚变化规律明显,符合多项式拟合公式,其中三次多项式预测模型的置信度较高,能较好反映深部9煤厚度变化。     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of the No. 6 Coal (Pennsylvanian) in the Junger Coalfield, Ordos Basin, China

This paper discusses the mineralogy and geochemistry of the No. 6 Coal (Pennsylvanian) in the Junger Coalfield, Ordos Basin, China. The results show that the vitrinite reflectance (0.58%) is lowest and the proportions of inertinite and liptinite (37.4% and 7.1%, respectively) in the No. 6 Coal of the Junger Coalfield are highest among all of the Late Paleozoic coals in the Ordos Basin. The No. 6 Coal may be divided vertically into four sections based on their mineral compositions and elemental concentrations. A high boehmite content (mean 6.1%) was identified in the No. 6 Coal. The minerals associated with the boehmite in the coal include goyazite, rutile, zircon, and Pb-bearing minerals (galena, clausthalite, and selenio-galena). The boehmite is derived from weathered and oxidized bauxite in the weathered crust of the underlying Benxi Formation (Pennsylvanian). A high Pb-bearing mineral content of samples ZG6-2 and ZG6-3 is likely of hydrothermal origin. The No. 6 coal is enriched in Ga (44.8 μg/g), Se (8.2 μg/g), Sr (423 μg/g), Zr (234 μg/g), REEs (193.3 μg/g), Hg (0.35 μg/g), Pb (35.7 μg/g), and Th (17.8 μg/g). Gallium and Th in the No. 6 Coal mainly occur in boehmite, and the Pb-bearing selenide and sulfide minerals contribute not only to Se and Pb contents in the coal, but also probably to Hg content. A high Zr content is attributed to the presence of zircon, and Sr is related to goyazite. The REEs in the coal are supplied from the sediment-source region, and the REEs leached from the adjacent partings by groundwater.     

Research on Potential Fertilization of Coal Gangue in the Weibei Coalfield, China

Based on the systematic analysis of the coal gangue in Weibei Coalfield, such as petrologic characteristics, chemical composition, nutrient elements, deleterious elements, and the transformation, and compared with the soil element content background values of Loess Plateau and national harmful materials controlling standards, we conclude that the coal gangue in the Weibei Coalfield has huge potential to be used as clay fertilizer.     

利用三维地震资料研究鱼卡煤田7煤层厚度

7煤层为青海省鱼卡煤田主要可采煤层,中国煤炭地质总局水文物测队利用该区的高精度三维地震数据体,结合钻孔资料,对7煤层厚度与其反射波T7波的相位特征、振幅特征、频率特征进行相关性研究。结果表明,T7波的相位特征与7煤层厚度有较好的相关性,而T7波的频率特征、顺层振幅与7煤层厚度的相关性很差,即使煤层较厚时也是如此。通过例举薄煤层、较厚煤层、厚煤层等具体实例,说明煤层与反射波相位个数及相位时差具有正相关关系。由不同煤厚模型（0-50m）正演出的自激自收时间剖面反射波相位特征,也验证了7煤层厚度变化与其T7波相位特征的关系。     

Roof Shale Flora of Coal Seam 6 from the Asselian（Lower Permian）Taiyuan Formation of the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia and Its Ecostratigraphic Significance

Roof shale floras help understand the transition of vegetational landscapes from a peat–forming environment to a clastic one, but are seldom investigated in the Cathaysian province(typical present day China and East Asia). Here the roof shale flora of Coal Seam 6 from the lower Permian Taiyuan Formation of the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, is systematically described and its ecostratigraphic and phytogeographic implications are discussed. The flora is composed of seven plant groups, including Lepidodendrales, Medullosales, Gigantopteridales, Peltaspermales, Noeggerathiales, Cordaitales and Cycadales. Many of these taxa are also documented in Euramerica, and the floral composition indicates a more intimate relationship between Cathaysia and Euramerica during the Cisuralian than previously thought. However, there are few genera and species in common with those of the underlying peat–forming flora. Moreover, the flora is hardly comparable with the commonly known flora of the Taiyuan Formation. Such assemblage differences are very likely due to changes of taphonomic and environmental phases, rather than evolutionary floral succession. For a full and more precise understanding of the floral composition, succession and the floristic discrepancy in different depositional environments, an ecostratigraphic investigation on the Late Palaeozoic of Cathaysia is advocated.     

太原东山煤矿15号煤层底板突水条件分析

东山井田位于娘子关奥陶系岩溶泉域的西部。奥陶系灰岩水已严重地威胁着15号煤层的安全开采,在底板隔水岩柱薄弱地带或断裂陷落柱构造破碎带,存在着岩溶水突破相对隔水层溃入矿坑的可能性。本文着重研究了底板突水条件,并提出了相应的防治措施。     

盘县马依西二井田17^-1号煤层煤质特征分析与评价

马依西二井田位于贵州省盘县煤田盘南矿区南部,含煤地层为二叠系上统龙潭组,17^-1号煤层厚0.70～9.36m,全区可采,宏观煤岩类型为半亮—半暗煤,显微煤岩类型为微镜惰煤。煤质特征表明该煤层为中灰分、特低挥发份、中高固定碳、中高硫、特低磷、中热值的三号无烟煤,可作动力煤和燃料煤使用。