New biostratigraphic data for the Chikkim Formation (Cretaceous, Tethyan Himalaya, India)

The Chikkim Formation as exposed in the Tethyan Himalaya (India) has been studied at its type locality, using planktonic foraminifera for a detailed biostratigraphic elaboration. Divided into two members, the Lower and Upper Chikkim members, this formation ranges in age from Albian to early Maastrichtian(?), and reaches a maximum thickness of 150 m. Examination of thin sections has yielded 34 species of foraminifera in five genus-level assemblages. The Lower Chikkim Member is about 55 m thick; its basal portion is of Albian age based on the presence of Biticinella breggiensis and Planomalina buxtorfi. At 26 m above the base, Whiteinella archaeocretacaea documents OAE 2 (Oceanic Anoxic Event 2), and thus the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary in this section. The carbonate sequence is capped by a Santonian-age hardground with iron oxide crusts and bioturbation. Macrofossils, including belemnites (at the base) and irregular echinoids (upper part), are present. The basal carbonaceous marls of the Upper Chikkim Member yield both large (benthic) rotaliid as well as planktonic foraminifera (Globotruncanita elevata, Gl. stuartiformis, Gl. stuarti, Gansserina gansseri and others), indicating a Campanian age. The co-occurrence of Gl. elevata and G. gansseri in a single thin section results either from condensation or reworking in the basal part of the Upper Chikkim Member. Late Cretaceous index foraminifera such as Gl. elevata document deposition within the Tethyan Realm. The original thickness of the Upper Chikkim Member is uncertain, but would have been around 100 m; the unit appears markedly reduced through weathering at a height of about 5000 m above sea level. Equivalent sediments are exposed in the Zanskar area to the northwest, and in Nepal and Tibet. Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (CORBs) are probably missing due to the proximality of these pelagic settings.     

特提斯喜马拉雅白垩纪层序地层分析

白垩纪是新特提斯演化过程中一个极其重要的阶段,其沉积蕴涵着新特提斯早期演变的丰富信息。在对典型剖面进行层序地层分析的基础上,结合前人的研究成果,笔者分别对特提斯喜马拉雅沉积带南、北两亚带白垩系进行较为详细的露头层序地层学研究,在沉积南带识别出为24个三级层序、5个层序组(亚二级层序)、2个二级层序(中层序),在北亚带识别出22个三级层序、5个层序组(亚二级层序)、2个二级层序(中层序)。特提斯喜马拉雅早白垩世层序地层总体表现为海进的退积序列,反映了特提斯洋壳的扩张阶段;晚白垩世层序地层总体表现为海退的进积序列,反映了特提斯洋盆地持续收缩和长期海平面逐步下降的过程,应是洋壳俯冲阶段的产物。整个白垩纪显示出一次极其明显的海水进退旋回,是特提斯洋从扩张到收缩这一演化过程的客观反映。由对层序特征、沉积特征及古生物特征等的分析所得出的特提斯喜马拉雅在白垩纪的海水进退规程,与同期的全球海平面的变化基本一致。     

Revision of the Conchostracan Genus Tenuestheria from the Upper Cretaceous Lanxi Formation in Zhejiang and Its Biostratigraphic Significance in Southeast China

The diagnosis of the conchostracan genus Tenuestheria from the Lanxi Formation in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province in Southeast China is revised following an examination of the type species under a scanning electron microscope, which revealed some morphological features on the carapace that had not been recognized previously. The importance of the Tenuestheria Fauna is considered in the context of correlation of six Turonian–Santonian formations in this region of China. The value of the Cenomanian Nemestheria and Turonian Linhaiella faunas in correlating the underlying early Late Cretaceous formations is also noted.     

西藏南部二叠纪和早白垩世构造岩浆作用与特提斯演化:新观点

西藏高原前新生代时期的特提斯演化和新生代时期的高原隆升历史是西藏高原基础地质研究中两个长期被关注的重要科学问题,但迄今对西藏高原自身的物质组成和前新生代演化历史的认知程度仍然较低,直接限制了对新生代时期西藏高原隆升历史的更深入研究。新的地质和地球化学资料显示早—中二叠世时俯冲背景和伸展背景共存于现今的冈底斯带和喜马拉雅带,中二叠世末期(大约263Ma)侵位的皮康过铝质S型花岗岩以及同期发生的松多榴辉岩的高压变质作用和区域性角度不整合指示现今的冈底斯弧背断隆带在那时经历了同碰撞造山事件。中生代岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素成分表明,冈底斯弧背断隆带和中冈底斯带存在以古元古代甚至太古宙物质为特征的古老基底物质,而北冈底斯带和南冈底斯则分别以中—新元古代新生地壳和显生宙新生地壳为特征。已有高质量年龄数据和锆石Hf同位素指示冈底斯带中北部地区在大约110Ma发生了带状岩浆大爆发并伴随着幔源物质显著增加。新的可靠的锆石U-Pb年龄指示喜马拉雅带东部措美(Comei)地区大面积出露的白垩纪火成岩侵位于132Ma左右,代表了新近在藏南和澳大利亚南西部识别出的经历了强烈变形和深位侵蚀的Comei-Bunbury大火成岩省的残余。以这些新资料为基础,讨论了西藏南部的晚古生代—中生代构造岩浆演化历史和特提斯演化过程。     

Late Triassic sedimentary records in the northern Tethyan Himalaya:Tectonic link with Greater India

The Upper Triassic flysch sediments(Nieru Formation and Langjiexue Group)exposed in the Eastern Tethyan Himalayan Sequence are crucial for unraveling the controversial paleogeography and paleotectonics of the Himalayan orogen.This work reports new detrital zircon U-Pb ages and whole-rock geochemical data for clastic rocks from flysch strata in the Shannan area.The mineral modal composition data suggest that these units were mainly sourced from recycled orogen provenances.The chemical compositions of the sandstones in the strata are similar to the chemical composition of upper continental crust.These rocks have relatively low Chemical Index of Alteration values(with an average of 62)and Index of Compositional Variability values(0.69),indicating that they experienced weak weathering and were mainly derived from a mature source.The geochemical compositions of the Upper Triassic strata are similar to those of graywackes from continental island arcs and are indicative of an acidicintermediate igneous source.Furthermore,hornblende and feldspar experienced decomposition in the provenance,and the sediment became enriched in zircon and monazite during sediment transport.The detrital zircons in the strata feature two main age peaks at 225-275 Ma and 500-600 Ma,nearly continuous Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic ages,and a broad inconspicuous cluster in the Tonian-Stenian(800-1200 Ma).The detrital zircons from the Upper Triassic sandstones in the study area lack peaks at 300-325 Ma(characteristic of the Lhasa block)and 1150-1200 Ma(characteristic of the Lhasa and West Australia blocks).Therefore,neither the Lhasa block nor the West Australia blocks likely acted as the main provenance of the Upper Triassic strata.Newly discovered Permian-Triassic basalt and mafic dikes in the Himalayas could have provided the 225-275 Ma detrital zircons.Therefore,Indian and Himalayan units were the main provenances of the flysch strata.The Tethyan Himalaya was part of the northern passive margin and was not an exotic terrane separated from India during the Permian to Early Cretaceous.This evidence suggests that the Neo-Tethyan ocean opened prior to the Late Triassic and that the Upper Triassic deposits were derived from continental crustal fragments adjacent to the northern passive continental margin of Greater India.     

对西藏岗巴上白垩统的新认识

在前人研究的基础上对岗巴地区上白垩统的划分做了厘定 ,进一步建立了晚白垩世的 1 2个浮游有孔虫化石带。根据岩性特征及化石带的研究 ,上白垩统被划分为赛诺曼期至土仑早期的冷青热组 ;土仑中期至三冬期的岗巴村口组和康潘期至马斯特里赫特期的宗山组。该区赛诺曼期与土仑期的界线位于冷青热组上部 ,以 H elvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica的初现为标志。     

塔里木盆地西南地区上白垩统生物丘

塔里木盆地西南部昆仑山前缘地区上白垩统依格孜牙组中发育一套固着蛤生物丘,横向上由西向东沿阿克彻依、乌依塔克、依格孜牙、吐依洛克、阿尔塔什至莫莫卡一线呈串珠状展布。丘基下部为潜在的生油岩———藻泥晶灰岩,上部为生物碎屑滩,主体丘核为簇状固着蛤灰岩,丘顶藻席可见清楚的上超。生物丘下伏地层及盖层均为膏泥岩,形成了一个顶底圈闭。     

塔里木盆地K2-E旋回层序与海平面变化

塔里木盆地西南缘K₂-E海相含碳酸盐岩地层中可识别出七种类型的高频旋回层序,主要有潮下缓坡型、台地型、台地边缘型碳酸盐旋回层序及以碎屑岩为主的潮间－潮上型旋回层序。平面上,不同类型高频旋回层序成为特定古地理背景下台地碳酸盐沉积体系、滨岸沉积体系和冲积沉积体系沉积层序的代表。纵向上,各类高频旋回层序的有序叠加,其类型的变化反映了沉积环境、沉积相的演变过程。研究结果表明,研究区各类高频旋回层序下部单元至上部单元微相的转变是受高频率海平面变化的影响,低频率海平面升降控制了高频旋回层序的叠加形式,造成沉积环境由下至上滨岸→碳酸盐台地→滨岸→河流的变化。正是由于不同周期海平面变化旋回的叠加形成了塔里木盆地西南缘K₂-E的复合海平面变化旋回层序。     

青藏高原晚白垩世地层区划

对青藏高原晚白垩世地层进行了系统的梳理,开展了青藏高原晚白垩世地层区划的初步研究,共划分出3个地层大区、12个地层区、12个地层分区。详细介绍了各个地层区的上白垩统的地层命名系统及发育情况,其中青藏高原北部祁连-柴达木-巴颜喀拉-羌塘地层大区主要为河湖相沉积的陆相地层系统;青藏高原中部班公湖-双湖-怒江地层大区主要为一套陆相磨拉石沉积地层;青藏高原南部冈底斯-喜马拉雅地层大区主要以海相地层、海陆过渡相地层为主。     

Integrated biostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic framework for Upper Cretaceous strata of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain, USA

Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-Maastrichtian stages) strata of the eastern US Gulf Coastal Plain represent a relatively complete section of marine to nonmarine mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sediments. This section includes three depositional sequences which display characteristic systems tracts and distinct physical defining surfaces. The marine lithofacies are rich in calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera which can be used for biostratigraphic zonation. Integration of this zonation with the lithostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of these strata results in a framework that can be used for local and regional intrabasin correlation and potentially for global interbasin correlation. Only the synchronous maximum flooding surfaces of these depositional sequences, however, have chronostratigraphic significance. The sequence boundaries and initial flooding surfaces are diachronous, and their use for correlation can produce conflicting results. The availability of high resolution biostratigraphy is critical for global correlation of depositional sequences.     

东特提斯喜玛拉雅侏罗纪菊石年代地层学研究新进展

西藏南部拉弄拉地区的侏罗纪菊石资料研究表明 ,该地有特提斯喜玛拉雅地区最完整的侏罗纪菊石层序 ,据此可与西北欧标准菊石带以及其他地区菊石层序对比。     

Chalk thickness trends and the role of tectonic processes in the Upper Cretaceous of southern England

A series of six thickness maps created at a formation scale for the Chalk of the Southern and Transitional Chalk provinces of SE England reinforce the difficulty in determining the controls on Chalk deposition. However, at the broad scale, they do appear to show that thickness patterns in the Cenomanian to Turonian chalks of the West Melbury Marly Chalk, the Zig Zag Chalk and the Holywell Nodular Chalk show correspondence with the underlying Mesozoic extensional basin structure. The major exception to this is the south Dorset area which was uplifted in the Early Cretaceous as an eastern extension to the Cornubian Ridge. The younger New Pit Chalk and Lewes Nodular Chalk show a switch toward thicker successions on the London Platform and thinner, more uniform successions across the Mesozoic basins to the south. This change may indicate some initial basin inversion starting in the mid Turonian which caused a shift in the main locus of Chalk deposition toward East Anglia. The work potentially suggests multiple control-modes shaping the geometry of Chalk deposits, involving an interplay of: 1) long-lived basin-defining faults and structural blocks acting to shape large-scale thickness trends through differential compaction and interaction with relative sea level change; 2) smaller scale structures that may function to more effectively dissipate stress created by intra-Cretaceous tectonic events, producing more localised/sub-regional thickness and facies variations; 3) early basin inversion reflecting the broader basin-scale response to intra-Cretaceous tectonics, potentially responsible for regional shifts in patterns of sedimentation.     

辽西上白垩统大兴庄组地层层序及时代

辽宁西部白垩系上统大兴庄组主要分布于锦州、义县地区,在朝阳波罗赤、阜新碱锅等地也有零星出露。除阜新等地区为中基性火山熔岩及火山碎屑岩外,均为中酸性、酸性火山熔岩、熔岩碎屑岩、火山碎屑岩、火山碎屑沉积岩及次火山岩。角度不整合覆于白垩系下统义县组、九佛堂组、沙海组之上,平行不整合覆于白垩系孙家湾组之上,K—Ar同位素年龄值为80．83Ma,属晚白垩世。该期火山活动以爆发—喷溢交替进行为特点,间有次火山岩侵入,活动强度微弱,分布局限。     

The carinate bird Ichthyornis from the Upper Cretaceous of Mexico

A well-preserved right humerus collected from the upper Austin Group at Ejido Piedritas in Coahuila, Mexico is referable to the carinate bird Ichthyornis. This occurrence extends the known distribution of Ichthyornis to the southwest, and is among a younger (Coniacian-Campanian) group of specimens, recovered generally to the south of older (Cenomanian-Turonian) Ichthyornis specimens. The southward shift in occurrence of Ichthyornis may accord with the withdrawal of subtropical marine biota from the Western Interior Seaway of North America during the Late Cretaceous.     

特提斯喜马拉雅带东段列麦白云母花岗岩年代学及成因

列麦白云母花岗岩位于特提斯喜马拉雅东段,侵位于雅拉香波穹窿边部早古生代浅变质岩中。为揭示其形成时代及成因,本文对其开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素及岩石地球化学研究。结果表明列麦白云母花岗岩具有高SiO_2(71.08%～71.49%)、Al_2O_3(15.55%～15.72%)和K_2O(4.32%～4.57%),高的A/CNK比值(1.17～1.21),低的CaO/Na_2O比值(0.22～0.28),属于高钾钙碱性过铝质花岗岩;富集Rb、Th和Hf,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Ti,稀土元素呈轻稀土(LREE)富集,重稀土(HREE)相对亏损的向右倾斜的配分模式(LREE/HREE=16.57～17.91),具有弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.78～0.79)。与二云母花岗岩比较,列麦白云母花岗岩具有较高的Rb含量(204.1×10~(-6)～293.8×10~(-6))、较低的Sr(134.6×10~(-6))及显著的重稀土分馏效应。锆石新生边年龄为48.5±1.1 Ma(MSWD=2.1),代表其结晶年龄,该年龄为目前报道的最早年龄,其初始Hf同位素组成ε_(Hf)(t)=-6.4～-2.3,显示物源为壳源性质,二阶段模式年龄介于731～839 Ma之间,表明成岩物质形成于新元古代;核部继承锆石年龄变化在135.7～3339.2 Ma之间,表明其源岩为早白垩世沉积岩,是在印度与欧亚大陆主碰撞阶段,陆-陆碰撞导致地壳缩短加压升温,引起早白垩世沉积岩部分熔融而形成的。     

特提斯喜马拉雅带中段桑秀组玄武岩的地球化学和岩石成因

桑秀组玄武岩仅仅分布在特提斯喜马拉雅带中段东部,古地理属大印度北缘.分别采用 XRF、 ICP MS和全岩同位素稀释法对这些玄武岩的主元素、微量元素和 Sr Nd同位素进行了系统分析,并用来推论其成因.结果显示,桑秀组玄武岩除了 MgO含量和相容元素含量较低表明其为演化岩浆以外,其高 TiO2、 TFeO和 P2O5含量 (分别平均为 3.46%、 10.90%和 0.51% )、轻重稀土明显分馏 [(La/Yb)N=8.4～ 10.2]、 Ti/V、 Ti/Y和 Zr/Y比值高以及富集 Ba和 Th等不相容元素和高场强元素等特征与洋岛玄武岩 (OIB)相似;桑秀组玄武岩高 Sr [(87Sr/86Sr)t=0.707 370～ 0.709 904]和较低ε Nd(t)(=- 1.71～ 2.00)同位素组成以及微量元素地球化学指标等又显示了岩石圈地幔物质的印记;微量元素特征显示桑秀组玄武岩为大陆边缘裂谷背景下的碱性玄武岩,在源区物质低度部分熔融过程中不断有橄榄石等铁镁矿物的分离结晶,没有遭受地壳混染;桑秀组玄武岩的地球化学特征和同位素组成可与印度东缘的 Rajmahal玄武岩、印度洋 90° E海岭玄武岩和 Kerguelen OIB对比,提出桑秀组玄武岩可能是岩石圈地幔与地幔热柱或热点物质相互作用的产物,这种地幔热柱或热点可能与 Kerguelen热点的早期活动有联系.     

库车坳陷晚白垩世地层存在的证据和沉积相分析

库车坳陷是我国重要的能源基地之一,白垩系是其主要储层。长期以来,该坳陷白垩系的地层划分存在较大争议,其中是否存在上白垩统是争议问题焦点之一。笔者等根据发现的晚白垩世钙质超微化石,证实了库车坳陷巴什基奇克组上部地层属于晚白垩世并存在海相沉积;根据前人在库车坳陷及塔东北井下发现的晚白垩世介形虫、轮藻等化石,证实了这些地区也同样存在上白垩统,古城组是其晚白垩世陆相沉积的代表。若干露头剖面和井下岩芯晚白垩世钙质超微化石的发现,表明特提斯海水曾侵进到该盆地。该坳陷及塔东北地区晚白垩世存在海相和陆相两类沉积体系。     

Structural geology of the Upper Cretaceous Chalk Central Mass, Isle of Wight, U.K.

Remapping the Chalk of the Central Chalk Mass of the Isle of Wight between Carisbrooke (Newport), Calbourne and Shalcombe, including the Bowcombe Valley, has identified a complex series of tectonic ‘rolls’ and ‘flats’ in a region that has been interpreted to be a relay ramp between the Needles and the Sandown faults. A major new WNW trending fault at Cheverton throws the Chalk down by >50 m to the SW in a 80-100 m wide zone of faulting within which some chalk blocks have near vertical dips. The fault location and trend closely follows the edge of the Cranbourne-Fordingbridge High and could also reflect, for the first time, the surface expression of part of the Needles Fault, a major inversion reverse fault. Located along this fault zone deep Quaternary weathering of the Chalk and Quaternary gravel deposits are present. The trend of the Cheverton Fault brings it towards Gotten Leaze where a groundwater pumping station is located and groundwater springs regularly cause flooding on the Brighstone-Calbourne Road. Analyses of the jointing in the Chalk show that stratabound fracture patterns typical of the Chalk formations elsewhere in Southern England are present in the Central Mass. In addition, there are numerous small faults along which valleys have formed. Tectonic structure and lithology have had a profound influence on the geomorphology and groundwater flow in the Chalk in the Central Mass.     

阿尔卑斯-喀尔巴阡上白垩统大洋红层特征与对比

在前人研究的基础上,从时代、岩性、古生物、沉积速率、沉积环境等方面对阿尔卑斯—喀尔巴阡地区的上白垩统大洋红层进行了详细对比,发现研究区内上白垩统大洋红层最早出露于Cenomanian期,最晚可延续至古近纪,且在Campanian期出露最为广泛,其岩性以灰岩、泥灰岩和含泥灰岩为主,生物化石以浮游有孔虫为主,沉积速率较低且在各地不尽相似,在CCD面上、下均可以出现,沉积环境一般是大陆边缘盆地、斜坡和大洋盆地等远洋、半远洋环境。通过比较分析,为进一步深入研究上白垩统大洋红层提供较为全面的基础资料。