基于防治地质灾害四大体系编制地质灾害防治规划——以陕西省铜川市为例

根据《国务院关于加强地质灾害防治工作的决定》,围绕调查评价体系、监测预警体系、防治体系和应急体系的建设工作编制铜川市地质灾害防治规划。旨在为铜川市政府指导地质灾害防治工作提供决策依据,也为铜川境内各区县编制地质灾害防治规划提供指导。我国目前尚无地质灾害防治规划技术要求,该文章为我省乃至全国市级地质灾害防治规划的编制提供示范。     

Spatial plans and urban development trajectory in Kumasi,Ghana

This research uses empirical data to explore the link between spatial plans and ‘actual development’ occurring in Kumasi, Ghana. The research found that urban development is determined by both spatial plans and spontaneous informal development patterns (i.e. self-organisation). However, self-organisation is more widespread compared to spatially planned neighbourhoods. This phenomenon was expressed in a context of uncertainty created by weak institutional planning system which promote and reinforce haphazard development disregarding urban planning requirements. These findings provide a perspective on urban development that differs from that occurring in cities of developed countries, where planning institutions in consultation with urban residents determine the patterns of urban development. Unfortunately in Kumasi, self-organisation is not viewed as important in mainstream planning system. The paper concludes that more needs to be done in terms of understanding self-organisation processes, and the way they could be integrated into mainstream planning process to respond more fully to the urban development challenges in Kumasi.     

Re-orientation of the city plan: Strategic planning and design competition in China

Rather than being abandoned along with the demise of the centrally planned economy, city planning as a profession is flourishing in China. New hybrid plans such as strategic development plans (concept plans) have been invented, and the planning procedure has become more flexible. Design competition and planning consultancy are widespread. This paper examines the development of new strategic development plans and design competition. It is argued that city planning has been re-orientated from a technical rationale, i.e. allocating state development projects to the city, to the imperative derived from market-oriented development, i.e. consolidating competitiveness during inter-city competition. The contradiction between market and planning is that while the status of city planning has been raised and its approach is becoming more strategic, the actual functionality of city planning has become more instrumental.     

Neighbourhoods and the implementation of city plans

This article addresses the alternatives posed by urban decentralization as a new institutional framework within which change in city planning goals and administrative practices can take place. Considering that, traditionally, the professions of city planning and public administration have been haunted by a low level of implementation of plans and a high level of dissatisfaction with public-service delivery, the attempt is made to identify the root causes of the two shortcomings. In the process, the thesis is sustained that neighbourhoods endowed with formal decision-making powers have the potential to increase the degree of implementation of plans and to ensure greater efficiency in, and satisfaction with, the delivery of public services. A case study provides a data base to illustrate a number of working hypotheses.     

Regional planning in the U.S.S.R.: Methodological principles and practice

Regional planning in the U.S.S.R. is part of a comprehensive and hierarchical spatial and sectoral planning system. Four levels are described: (a) the national level, involving the total settlement system; (b) the major regional level, handling major development schemes; (c) the minor regional level, with plans for administrative districts; and (d) the urban level, where city master plans are produced. The amount of detail and scale of working increased downwards through the hierarchy. The most pressing problem is planning for the emergence and growth of cities of 100,000 population or more. Moscow city-region is used as an illustration.     

Supportive elements to the decision-making process in the emergency planning of the Angra dos Reis Nuclear Power Complex,Brazil

Accidents in nuclear power plants are problems of great complexity, mainly due to their consequences, such as the population evacuation from the enterprise influence area. The decision-making and emergency plans must be well articulated and require good local geographic space knowledge and the interactions of their environments. This study is a contribution to the emergency plans for the Almirante Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant, currently the only nuclear complex in Brazil, located in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro. The study confirmed the region’s main geoenvironmental aspects as winds and rainfall, landslides and population density were evaluated as important elements in the local emergency process. Their integrated analysis supported scenario identification and critical regional points and highlighted population evacuation escape routes. These important results characterized the support to local emergency management actions and guidelines. Furthermore, the geographic information systems was configured as an integrated spatial and temporal analysis platform to associate meteorological, geological/geomorphological and socio-economic data, playing a key role to support the evacuation planning in the event of nuclear power plant accidents.     

基于广播RTK边缘计算的北斗高精度地质灾害监测系统及应用分析

为提供全天候、全自动化、高精度变形监测服务,并最大限度降低空间环境因素对实时高精度定位的影响,基于数字调频广播（CDRadio）RTK（载波相位差分技术）边缘计算技术融合GNSS（全球卫星导航系统）核心解析算法,开发了具有自主知识产权、结构开放的“基于广播RTK边缘计算的北斗高精度地质灾害监测系统”,该系统能长时间稳定运行,并能满足功能性需求和非功能性需求在内的所有用户需要。以广西梧州市长洲区宝石园8号地块不稳定斜坡为例,通过分析2020年5—11月的监测数据表明:整个坡体处于蠕变阶段,坡顶前缘有向外侧蠕动且下沉的趋势,整个坡体有向东南方向倾斜发育的趋势。系统通过建立良好的系统信息交互平台,将系统形成的统计分析信息高速便捷地传递给用户,提高用户系统管理、决策、应用能力;充分挖掘系统数据资源,提供实时预报服务,提高信息采集、传输、处理、分析、预报的准确性、可靠性,全面提高地质灾害监测预警预报管理能力,更好地为各级管理部门的决策和指挥抢险救灾提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of the effects of uncertainty on the predictions of landslide occurrences using the Shannon entropy theory and Dempster–Shafer theory

Natural Hazards - One of the requirements for planning and decision-making to develop the infrastructures is to prepare the landslide occurrence hazard map. For this purpose, in this article, the...     

Implementing post-earthquake reconstruction plans in China: a resilience perspective

This paper offers a critical investigation on the implementation of reconstruction plans in China following Wenchuan Earthquake through the lens of disaster resilience. The analysis is built upon a resilience in planning framework which consists of nine attributes. Empirical cases of two typical towns in Wenchuan County, Weizhou and Yingxiu, are discussed and compared. This paper upholds an evolutionary perspective of resilience and argues that reconstruction planning is a contested and politically laden field for different stakeholders, such that social aspect resilience is key to understanding plan implementation.

     

Planning in Jordan: Coping with uncertainty

Jordan is an Islamic state with planning based on Islamic principles. The execution of plans, though, has been constrained by geopolitical realities. In the last decade Jordan has moved from strictly sectoral planning to a strongly focused system of regional planning in order to achieve more growth in less developed regions. The prospects for these regions and the country as a whole will turn on the success of the peace process in the region.     

北京市突发地质灾害监测预警信息平台功能需求研究

功能需求是地质灾害监测预警信息平台的首要任务,对整个平台具有举足轻重的作用。本文从数据管理、动态监测,预警分析、会商上报、应急管理、三维展示和系统管理7个方面,介绍了北京市突发地质灾害监测预警信息平台的功能需求,其中预警分析中模型的构建和实现,是预警结果科学性和准确性的关键步骤。平台的建设可实现北京市地质灾害防治网络化运作模式,提升地质灾害防治日常管理,监测预警.决策支持和应急处置能力。     

四川康定城地质灾害危险性分区评价

以康定城为例,提出了城市地质灾害危险性分区评价的新方法,建立了地质灾害易发性和地质灾害社会经济易损性评价因子指标体系与评价方法,在地质灾害易发性和易损性评价基础上,进行地质灾害危险性分区评价。其危险性等级划分标准与国务院地质灾害防治条例和突发地质灾害应急预案函中的划分标准一致,评价结果可直接用于城市地质灾害防治规划编制工作,为城市防灾减灾和实施地质灾害避让搬迁、监测报警和防治工程的实施提供了科学依据。     

Challenges in Norwegian coastal zone planning

The article identifies some of the challenges facing local structure planing of sea areas since the mid-1980s, and asks what has been achieved. This question concerns the quality of plans as tools for spatial ordering and development. On the basis of theories of communicative and strategic planning, a framework of assessment is evolved round two main concepts: the legitimacy and the flexibility of plans. These are supplemented with a conformance concept applicable to project planning. The article then examines specific planning problems and assesses processes and achievements in selected fish-farming communes on the coast of West and North Norway.     

江西省县(市)域生态环境综合评价

系统地探讨了江西省生态环境综合评价指标体系，以县（市）区域为基本单元，利用因子分析方法确定各主要生态环境评价因子的权重，进而对全省各县（市）进行生态环境综合评价，确定了生态环境类型，为江西省制定生态经济建设宏观规划，为生态环境的辩证施治，为国民经济发展和环境保护提供客观决策依据。     

Evaluating social capital in emergency and disaster management and hazards plans

Natural Hazards - Natural hazards and disasters pose a serious threat to society. Efficient hazard plans are a county’s prerequisite in preparing for potential disasters and serve as primary...     

四川泸定县泥石流灾害成因、特征与防治建议

泸定县地处川西高原与四川盆地的过渡地带,地质环境条件复杂,分布泥石流沟127条,发育密度054条10km-2。在遥感解译和地面调查基础上,论述了泸定县泥石流灾害成因、发生特征、危害和发展趋势,提出了相关防治建议。(1)成因表现为复杂的断裂构造导致流域内松散物源丰富,较大的相对高差提供了良好势能条件,而汛期集中强降雨则提供了动能条件,且雨量条件中当日雨量与前期有效降雨量之间具有幂函数关系; (2)发生特征表现出典型的空间群发性(包括2005-06-30群发性泥石流、2005-08-11群发性泥石流和2006-07-14群发性泥石流)与时间的夜发性; (3)危害方式主要包括淤埋、冲毁、侵蚀、堵河4种,泥石流已造成74人死亡; (4)发展趋势表现为泥石流沟多处于形成期和发展期(113条,占89%),发生的年际准周期由20a缩短至不足10a,且发生条(次)由4条(次)增加至44条次(2005年); (5)泸定县泥石流防治的突出问题表现为城镇泥石流问题、泥石流堵塞主河问题、风景区泥石流问题与冲沟泥石流问题,建议通过科学规划、风险防御体系构建、土木工程治理、监测预警等措施予以防御。     

临沭县耕地总量动态平衡工作初探

临沭县近几年工业发展势头较猛,但土地后备资源不足,经济发展对土地刚性需求大,保护资源与保障发展的双重压力较大。为此,临沭县重视土地利用总体规划,加强土地开发复垦和整理,强化耕地保护意识,加强耕地保护目标责任制,加大执法力度,实现了全县耕地总量的动态平衡。     

Limits to comprehensive planning

This paper postulates that larger more complicated organisms cannot be comprehended completely. Some of their important internal characteristics and dynamics are indeterminate. Certain external conditions and occurrences vitally affecting them cannot be predicted or treated as random events. The internal functioning of complex organisms and their interaction with the external environment cannot therefore be formulated analytically with the completeness, precision, and reliability required for truly comprehensive planning and decision-making. Limitations of rational and collective action by people are also involved in what comprehensive planning can and cannot accomplish, and how it is best conducted.     

地质灾害防治五年规划编制技术研究

地质灾害防治五年规划编制是一项重要的专项防灾减灾技术活动,但目前从国家层面还没有统一的编制技术标准。编制过程中因缺乏可靠的参考标准、模式和样板,致使规划的内容结构成果不统一,从而影响规划作用的发挥和实施效果。本文在总结经验的基础上,通过规划意义、编制程序、编制要点等多方面的分析研究,提出了规划编制提纲和内容编写的一些基本要求,阐述解析了规划编制的重点、难点和需要注意的问题。希望能够为科学完整编制地质灾害防治规划有所帮助。     

近10年来城市地质学研究和城市地质工作进展述评

首先回顾了近10年来城市地质学研究的进展。国际上,城市地质学研究主要集中在城市地质与城市规划的结合、城市地质环境和灾害风险评价等方面,国内则集中在城市地质调查方法、城市地质灾害防治方法等方面。然后回顾了近10年来城市地质工作的情况。国际上,建立城市地质环境动态监测体系是一个新动向。在国内,城市地质调查仍然是今后很长一段时间的工作重点。最后针对目前存在的问题提出了若干对策:城市地质学研究要结合城市发展过程中面临的重大问题,积极运用现代信息技术,大力培养专业人才,主动为城市规划建设服务,编制城市地质工作专项规划,建立城市地质工作成果流通机制等。