世界各国日像仪主要性能比较

本文是世界各国日像仪的天线阵性能汇集,包括日、俄、法、中、美等专用日像仪及美国、印度、巴西等兼作日像仪的天线阵,列出了几个典型天线阵列排列及接收系统。附录中列出了等口径及不等口径天线阵列的灵敏度及动态范围计算公式,同时列出了视场、角分辨率等公式。便于读者自行分析,计算,比较各天线阵列性能。     

射电天文相控阵馈源技术发展综述

相控阵馈源是近年在射电天文领域新兴的一种阵列天线接收系统,在射电望远镜焦平面上以矩形、六边形等方式排布电小天线单元阵列.通过波束合成对各个阵元施加不同的激励,调控各个阵元的幅度与相位,使得各波束相互交叠、相位中心紧密相邻,从而能够对焦平面区域进行完全采样,实现连续的视场覆盖以提高巡天效率.从焦平面阵列出发,对比介绍了相...     

月基低频天线技术研究

月基低频天线是近年来射电天文技术领域的研究热点之一。由于地球电离层的屏蔽,频率在30 MHz以下的电波在地面上难以有效观测。月球表面尤其是月球背面被证实是进行低频射电天文观测的绝佳地点。通过对国内外月基低频天线研究现状的调研,阐述了月基低频天线相较地基低频天线在低频射电观测上的优势,介绍了月基低频天线国内外研究的现状,详细论述了国家天文台月球与深空探测重点实验室的交叉偶极子阵列天线设计方案。利用电磁仿真软件HFSS对该阵列天线进行了建模和仿真,给出了仿真结果。仿真结果表明,交叉偶极子阵列天线具有较高的增益,方向性较好,具有分辨来波方向的能力。最后介绍了月基低频天线的关键技术,为了满足航天器有效载荷小型化、轻量化、可折叠的设计要求,给出了交叉偶极子阵列天线单元的一种卷尺型设计方式。     

组成干涉阵列的阵元数目问题研究

使用模拟干涉成像实验对组成干涉阵列的阵元数目进行讨论,假设分别使用从20个到100个天线组成干涉阵列,使用基因遗传优化的方法得出随天线数目的增加在旁瓣水平、能量覆盖率和平均方差等3种评价标准下的性能变化曲线,通过拟合得出天线数目与各种评价效果的函数对应关系,又进一步讨论了使用效果截断、增加阵元效率等方法为设计干涉阵列的阵元数目提出合理方案,为太阳低频射电阵列阵元数目的确定提供参考。     

四阵元微带天线阵列试制与测试

将阵列天线放置于射电望远镜焦平面处,结合波束合成网络,可以同时观测一片天区,实现更大的视场覆盖。由于需要对各个阵元的幅度和相位进行调控,阵列天线实际就是一个小型相控阵,因此在做阵列设计时,除了需要结合反射面焦面场分布及望远镜拟实现的视场以外,阵列自身的性能验证可以参照传统相控阵进行。设计并加工了工作在1.27 GHz的2×2矩形排布的微带贴片天线阵列,阵元间距为0.7倍波长。经实测,各端口S11均在-10 dB以下,4阵元合成后波束增益为12.54 dBi,通过为对应阵元添加理论偏移30^°的延时线,实测阵列的波束扫描角度为28.3^°。上述实测数据与仿真结果相比虽略有差异,这和阵列加工及馈电端口焊接有关,但相关工作为之后更多阵元的阵列天线设计、研制及测试积累了经验,尤其对性能验证具有较高的指导意义。     

射电日像仪灵敏度测量

灵敏度是射电望远镜的一个重要性能指标,它反映了望远镜监测弱信号的能力。基于明安图射电频谱日像仪(Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radioheliograph,MUSER)的调试观测,给出了日像仪灵敏度的测量方法,对天线系统以及整个阵列的灵敏度进行测量分析,得到了日像仪系统整体的灵敏度性能参数。测量同时给出了天线系统的效率以及接收机系统的增益,这将为下一步日像仪展开常规的科学观测提供参考。     

ALMA：一个神奇组合的天线阵

不久前的一天,我非常有幸参观了位于海拔5000米智利南托（Chajnator）高原上的ALMA“射高望远镜阵列天文观测站”。ALMA是阿塔卡玛大型毫米/亚毫米阵（The Atacama Lange Millimerter/submillimeter Array）的缩写。由题图我们可以看到该阵列的现状,这是ALMA全部阵列的一半,预计在2013年可以完成合并,最终成为共66个天线的阵列。我不由地想到这些独立的天线可以共同作用而组成一人望远镜会是多么的壮观,这是世界最大的天文工程！回到海拔3000米的“运行支持设施中心”,我在周围散步时看到了正在组装调试的天线,并且近距离的观察了一过程。更多的图片将附加在报导的最后。     

面向新疆奇台110 m射电望远镜宽带双极化Vivaldi馈源设计

射电望远镜一般要在宽频段内进行连续观测, 但传统相控阵天线设计方法难以兼顾宽频带和大角度扫描特性. 紧耦合天线的设计方法为宽带大角度扫描天线提供了新的设计思路, 基于此设计了一款宽带双极化 Vivaldi相控阵馈源. 首先结合Wheeler提出的连续电流片概念及等效电路对紧耦合原理进行理论分析, 然后针对Vivaldi天线分析了阵元间的强耦合能够有效拓展天线的工作带宽. 在此基础上设计了一款宽带Vivaldi相控阵馈源. 馈源阵列由8×9 Vivaldi天线阵元组成, 该阵列的工作带宽为2-8GHz, 并且能够在E面和H面均实现±$45^\circ$的扫描特性. 最后对该馈源阵列进行了样机加工和测试, 测试结果与仿真结果具有较好的一致性.     

倒“V”型栅板偶极子天线设计

射电天文在HF-VHF频段采用天线组阵的方式进行观测,根据平方公里阵列(Square Kilometre Array, SKA)的要求,每个阵列单元天线的增益、结构一致性、稳定性、阻抗变化趋势和极化纯度等方面需要达到较高指标,才能满足太阳、木星、再电离纪元等多种测量在极化测量、天线跟踪稳定性以及接收机宽带匹配等方面的需求。根据SKA requirement 2165:极化纯度2135-38和每极化方向灵敏度2814-15提出的性能需求,以及在总结原有设计的经验后,针对10～90 MHz频段,设计了一种适用于HF-VHF的新型倒“V”型栅板偶极子天线,具有重量轻、风阻小等优点,在10～90 MHz的超宽频段内阻抗变化缓慢、极化纯度良好。其中,在阻抗变化方面,天线的阻抗实部从0.8Ω到631.132Ω变化,优于低频射电阵列(Low Frequency Array, LOFAR)的天线,降低了接收机匹配难度和噪声;在极化纯度方面,天线整体轴比小于0.41 dB,对于太阳射电爆发等强极化信号具有良好的极化隔离度。     

地网对VHF天线性能影响的分析研究

基于VHF频段射电天文干涉阵列的天线,研究地网以及不同环境对天线辐射特性包括增益、方向图、谐振点等参数的影响。结果表明,无地网条件下,天线在干燥土壤和沙地的增益分别是3.06 dB和1.44 dB,且存在明显的旁瓣和后瓣;天线在潮湿土壤和沙地的增益分别是4.33 dB和4.25 dB。增加地网后,天线在干燥土壤和沙地的增益分别是4.87 dB和4.97 dB,潮湿土壤和沙地分别是4.39 dB和4.40 dB,方向图不存在明显的后瓣和旁瓣,谐振点稳定在27.0 MHz和69.5 MHz处,且在此之间的频段上,驻波比均满足银河噪声限制条件。由此可以得出结论:在干燥土壤和沙地上铺设地网时,VHF天线性能最好,噪声最低,这对大规模的VHF天线阵列的基础构建环境选择至关重要。     

Fitting a line to a sine

In the numerical integrations of the outer planets, when the inner planets are not considered, the initial conditions are determined by least square adjustment with a complete ephemeris. In the present work, we compute the resulting uncertainty on the initial conditions by the analysis of the very simple problem which consists in fitting by least squares a straight line to a sine curve. Explicit formulae for the computation of the error due to the fitting process are given. In particular, fitting over an integer number of periods is very close to the worst case. The determination of the initial conditions in the LONGSTOP project (Milani,et al., 1987) is analysed as an example. It is shown that the uncertainty on the main frequencies of the secular system due to the determination of the initial conditions is of the order of 0.01 arcsec/year.     

The formation of a ring galaxy during a head-on collision between a disk and a spherical galaxy

The tidal force effects of a spherical galaxy passing head-on through a disk galaxy have been studied at various regions of the disk galaxy and for various orientations of the disk galaxy with respect to the direction of relative motion of the two galaxies. The density distribution of the disk galaxy is taken to be, (r)=_ce^–4r/R , where _c is the central density andR is the radius of the disk. The density distribution of the spherical galaxy is taken to be that of a oolytrope of indexn=4. It is found that as a result of the collision, through the central parts and the outer parts of the disk galaxy remain intact, the region in between these two regions disrupts. Thus a ring galaxy with a nucleus embedded in the ring-i.e., a ring galaxy of the RN-type, is formed.     

WR 7a: a V Sagittae or a qWR star?

The star WR 7a, also known as SPH 2, has a spectrum that resembles that of V Sagittae stars although no O  vi emission has been reported. The Temporal Variance Spectrum – TVS – analysis of our data shows weak but strongly variable emission of O  vi lines which is below the noise level in the intensity spectrum.
Contrary to what is seen in V Sagittae stars, optical photometric monitoring shows very little, if any, flickering. We found evidence of periodic variability. The most likely photometric period is   P _phot= 0.227(±14) d  , while radial velocities suggest a period of   P _spec= 0.204(±13) d  . One-day aliases of these periods can not be ruled out. We call attention to similarities with HD 45166 and DI Cru (= WR 46), where multiple periods are present. They may be associated to the binary motion or to non-radial oscillations.
In contrast to a previous conclusion by Pereira et al., we show that WR 7a contains hydrogen. The spectrum of the primary star seems to be detectable as the N  v 4604 Å  absorption line is visible. If so, it means that the wind is optically thin in the continuum and that it is likely to be a helium main sequence star.
Given the similarity to HD 45166, we suggests that WR 7a may be a qWR – quasi Wolf–Rayet – star. Its classification is WN4h/CE in the Smith, Shara & Moffat three-dimensional classification system.     

Chaos in a quasar model with a disk and a massive nucleus

We present a quasar model with a rotating disk and a massive nucleus. We use this model in order to characterize the motion in the model (regular or chaotic) and to connect the extent of the chaotic regions to the physical parameters of the model. Numerical experiments suggest that, there are connections between the extent of the chaotic areas and the parameters of the system. Furthermore, it is shown that the form of numerically found relationships can be expressed analytically. Comparison to previous work is also made. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Dynamics of a particle in a gravitational field of a homogeneous annulus disk

We formulate the problem of an infinitesimal particle moving in the space under the influence of the gravitational force induced by a homogeneous annulus disk fixed on a plane. We compute using different coordinates and in terms of an elliptic integral the potential associated to this problem. Also we study the symmetries of the associated potential. After that, we look at the dynamics in some particular cases, namely: in the line perpendicular to the plane that contains the annulus disk and passes through the center of the ring and on the plane that contains the massive annulus.      

Study of a Particular Model of Encounter Between a Comet and a Planet

The objective of this paper is to develop a simple model of an encounter between a comet and a planet, with a subsequent capture or an escape, and to study the potential consequences. The hypothetical scenario is as follows: a comet with a conic orbit meets close to one of its vertices (located near the ecliptic plane), a jovian planet, and transforms its orbit. There are two hypotheses which are made for the shock: this vertex becomes one of the final vertices and the orbital plane of the comet is unchanged during the encounter as it was the case for Brooks 2 in 1886. In this model, it was able to find an equation which was then used to obtain the pre‐ and post‐encounter orbits elements and the kind of orbit (ellipse, hyperbola, parabola) with respect to the initial inclination. The numerical experiments with the observed comets often provide pre‐encounter orbits with an aphelion point located near another jovian planet farther from the Sun, and so on with sometimes several planets, or with an aphelion point located beyond the Pluto orbit. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Dynamical properties of a centrifugally driven outflow from a disc near a black hole

The inclination of the field lines at the surface of the disc plays a crucial role on the nature of the magnetically driven flows. For the non-relativistic case, a centrifugally driven outflow of matter from the disc is possible, if the poloidal component of the magnetic field makes an angle of less than a critical 60° with the disc surface (Blandford and Payne 1982). We investigate the dynamical properties of the magnetically driven flows from the disc near a non-rotating black hole and find that the critical angle becomes larger than 60° when the flows start from the region near the black hole.     

Evolution of a binary system consisting of a helium star and a white dwarf

Results of evolutionary calculations for a close binary system with a central helium burning He-star filling its Roche lobe and an accreting white dwarf are presented. Values for the mass of the components and the degree of central helium exhaustion before the filling of the Roche lobe are varied. It is shown that in such a system the mass accretion rate will remain for a long time (2–4) Ö 10^–8 yr^–1 ifq<1 (q=M _He,2/M _CO,1). The obtained results are discussed in connection with pre-supernova I phenomenon.     

Further results from a model for a thin field-aligned electron beam in a plasma

A spread in parallel beam velocity is found to have little effect on the previous results from the model by Dungey and Strangeway (1976). However, examination of the eigenfunctions for the same model indicates that perpendicular temperature may be the key to beam stability.