Temporal and spatial variations in the biogeochemical cycling of cobalt in two urban estuaries: Hudson River Estuary and San Francisco Bay

Despite the fact that Co is an essential trace element for the growth of marine phytoplankton, there is very limited information on the cycling of this trace metal in the marine environment. We report here the distribution of dissolved (<0.4 μm) and particulate (>0.4 μm) Co in surface waters of the Hudson River Estuary (HRE) and San Francisco Bay (SFB). Samples were collected during several cruises (from 1990 to 1995 in SFB and from 1995 to 1997 in the HRE) along the whole salinity gradient. Dissolved Co concentrations (mean±1 standard deviation) were nearly identical in magnitude in both estuaries despite differences in climate, hydrography, riverine-flow conditions and land-usage (HRE=0.91±0.61 nM; SFB=1.12±0.69 nM). Dissolved Co levels in each system showed non-conservative distributions when plotted as a function of salinity, with increasing concentrations downstream from the riverine end-members. Desorption from suspended particulates and sewage inputs, therefore, seems to be the major processes responsible for the non-conservative behavior of Co observed. Mass balance estimates also indicated that most of the estuarine Co is exported out of both estuaries, indicating that they and other estuarine systems are principal sources of this essential trace element to the open ocean.     

Sea ice,hydrological, and biological processes in the Churchill River estuary region,Hudson Bay

A conceptual scheme for the transition from winter to spring is developed for a small Arctic estuary (Churchill River, Hudson Bay) using hydrological, meteorological and oceanographic data together with models of the landfast ice. Observations within the Churchill River estuary and away from the direct influence of the river plume (Button Bay), between March and May 2005, show that both sea ice (production and melt) and river water influence the region's freshwater budget. In Button Bay, ice production in the flaw lead or polynya of NW Hudson Bay result in salinization through winter until the end of March, followed by a gradual freshening of the water column through April–May. In the Churchill Estuary, conditions varied abruptly throughout winter–spring depending on the physical interaction among river discharge, the seasonal landfast ice, and the rubble zone along the seaward margin of the landfast ice. Until late May, the rubble zone partially impounded river discharge, influencing the surface salinity, stratification, flushing time, and distribution and abundance of nutrients in the estuary. The river discharge, in turn, advanced and enhanced sea ice ablation in the estuary by delivering sensible heat. Weak stratification, the supply of riverine nitrogen and silicate, and a relatively long flushing time (∼ 6 days) in the period preceding melt may have briefly favoured phytoplankton production in the estuary when conditions were still poor in the surrounding coastal environment. However, in late May, the peak flow and breakdown of the ice-rubble zone around the estuary brought abrupt changes, including increased stratification and turbidity, reduced marine and freshwater nutrient supply, a shorter flushing time, and the release of the freshwater pool into the interior ocean. These conditions suppressed phytoplankton productivity while enhancing the inventory of particulate organic matter delivered by the river. The physical and biological changes observed in this study highlight the variability and instability of small frozen estuaries during winter–spring transition, which implies sensitivity to climate change.     

钱塘江河口段长周期泥沙冲淤和河床变形

通过对钱塘江河口段50多年连续水下地形资料的整理和分析,给出了该河口段在遭遇连续丰、枯水文年时的长周期泥沙冲淤特点,以及相应塑造的顺直、弯曲两种河势在河床形态与演变上的差异。研究结果认为,长周期泥沙冲淤和河床变形是钱塘江河口段保持冲淤平衡的一种自动调整手段;与冲积河流不同的是,钱塘江河口段通过河型、比降、断面等因素的调整来改变进入该河口段潮流量的大小。     

天津永定新河口海区海底表层沉积物的污染

天津滨海分布着广泛的淤泥质海岸。这些淤泥质海岸因附近河流携带大量污染物入海而不同程度地受到了污染。以天津永定新河入海口附近浅海区海底表层沉积物为对象,研究了海底表层沉积物中硫化物、有机碳、石油类、重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg)和总铬的含量及其分布规律。利用单项标准指数法对沉积物的污染状况进行了分析。结果表明,沉积物中硫化物污染十分严重,总铬污染较严重,重金属污染轻微,没有有机碳和石油类污染。它们对沉积物污染程度的顺序为硫化物>总铬>Cu>Pb>有机碳>Hg>Cd>Pb>石油类。调查区污染物来源主要是通过永定新河输入的。     

长江供沙量减少对水下三角洲发育影响的初步研究——近期证据分析和未来趋势估计

根据1951～2000年大通站实测水文资料和长江口地形图,分析了长江入海泥沙量的变化趋势及其对水下三角洲冲淤演变的影响.从20世纪60年代末开始,长江入海泥沙量出现减少趋势,90年代输沙量相对于60年代下降了1/3.流域大量修建水库是导致河流入海泥沙减少的根本原因.在此背景下,长江口门外的水下三角洲淤积速率从1958～1978年时段的55mm/a下降为1978～1998年时段的11mm/a.考虑三峡工程等多种人类活动的可能影响,估计本世纪上半叶和下半叶的河流入海泥沙量将分别减少约60%和40%.尝试建立了三角洲冲淤对河流供沙量响应的概念公式,并据此对本世纪长江三角洲的演变趋势做了初步预测:三角洲的总体淤涨速率将急剧下降,口门外水下三角洲将出现严重侵蚀.     

长江河口水沙分流和输移的探讨

据2002年9月长江口同步实测水文资料,运用标准水文法,对南、北支和南、北港的落潮分水分沙比和净泄分水分沙比进行了计算。结果表明,两者存在差异,后者更能反映分水分沙在长江河口演变中的作用,“涨潮汇沙比”更能揭示北支泥沙的倒灌。水沙平衡分析结果表明,观测期间北支仍趋于淤积,南支有冲刷迹象。经多站水沙综合分析,揭示了长江口水沙运动具有径流“主体南泄”、汊道“副淤主刷”和水沙“输移分异”等特征,并指出水沙“输移分异”是北港泥沙输运大于南港的原因之一。     

Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter in Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuarine and East China Sea shelf sediments

To examine the source and preservation of organic matter in the shelf sediments of the East China Sea (ECS), we measured bulk C/N and isotopes, organic biomarkers (n-alkanes and fatty acids) and compound-specific (fatty acids) stable carbon isotope ratios in three sediment cores collected from two sites near the Changjiang Estuary and one in the ECS shelf. Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter were observed between the estuarine and shelf sediments. The concentrations of total n-alkanes and fatty acids in the shelf surface sediments (0–2 cm) were 5–10 times higher than those in estuarine surface sediments but they all decreased rapidly to comparable levels below the surface layer. The compositions of n-alkanes in the estuarine sediments were dominated by C₂₆-C₃₃ long-chain n-alkanes with a strong odd-to-even carbon number predominance. In contrast, the composition of n-alkanes in the shelf sediment was dominated by nC₁₅ to nC₂₂ compounds. Long-chain (>C₂₀) fatty acids (terrestrial biomarkers) accounted for a significantly higher fraction in the estuarine sediments compared to that in the shelf sediment, while short-chain (<C₂₀) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the shelf surface sediments than in the estuarine sediments. Stable carbon isotopic ratios of individual fatty acids showed a general positive shift from estuarine to shelf sediments, consistent with the variations in bulk δ ¹³C_TOCTOC. These contrasts between the estuarine and shelf sediments indicate that terrestrial organic matter was mainly deposited within the Changjiang Estuary and inner shelf of ECS. Post-depositional diagenetic processes in the surface sediments rapidly altered the chemical compositions and control the preservation of organic matter in the region.     

Physical control of sediment carbon content in an estuarine tidal flat system (Nanakita River, Japan): A mechanistic case study

Temporal variations in sediment carbon content were tracked by sampling every 2 weeks for 6 to 33 months at 6 tidal flat stations with different carbon content levels (0.05–1.64%) in a single estuary. Three temporal series of current velocity at 5 cm above the sediment were also obtained. Non-cohesive and cohesive sediment stations differed in patterns of temporal variation in sediment carbon content, suggesting the difference in processes controlling sediment carbon content. In the stations of non-cohesive sandy sediment with relatively low carbon content (0.05–0.15%), sediment carbon content fluctuated within ranges specific to each station. In these stations, current velocity data suggested that frequency of sand resuspension washing out sediment carbon controls sediment carbon content level. In the stations of cohesive sediment with relatively high carbon content (0.77–1.64%), sediment carbon contents showed some unusual upward and downward peaks, recovered to usual levels specific to the stations, and was always kept higher than that in the non-cohesive sediment stations. We speculate that in the cohesive sediment stations, sand inputs may significantly control processes establishing the consolidated sediments with various carbon content levels. Spatial transitions from non-cohesive to cohesive sediments and from low to high sediment carbon contents likely occur as sand resuspension at spring tides become more irregular and less frequent. Based on these results, conceptual models describing physical processes controlling sediment carbon content at the studied stations were proposed.     

九龙江口沉积物中重矿物组成及其分布特征

利用1994年海岛调查和1999年执行福建省自然科学基金项目所采集的底质样品，分析研究了九龙江口表层沉积物中0.063～0.125mm粒级的重矿物组分、组合及其分布特征。结果表明，该粒级重矿物计有49种，其优势和特征矿物为磁铁矿、赤铁矿、绿帘石、钛铁矿、褐铁矿、角闪石、锆石、红柱石、黑云母等；重矿物的平均含量为9.38％；依据主要重矿物的含量和分布特征，将九龙江口划分为4个矿物组合区(Ⅰ．河道口门矿物区：Ⅱ．河口北部矿物区；Ⅲ河口南部矿物区；Ⅳ.湾口东部矿物区)，各区的矿物组合类型不仅与物质来源有关，而且受水动力条件和沉积环境的控制。     

概念性河口及长江口淤积机制分析模拟

为了探求河口淤积原因,从概念河口的角度出发,通过概化河口形态建立概念性河口模型,以二维水沙数学模型为工具,模拟分析了5种河口淤积机制;建立了长江口水沙二维数学模型,对长江口区域水沙特征及淤积状况进行了模拟分析。研究表明,建立概念性河口有助于研究不同形式河口的淤积机制,对于长江口水域,其不同区域淤积机制不一,其治理措施也应有所区别,找出河口不同区域起主导作用的泥沙淤积机制,有利于人们更合理地治理河口。     

鸭绿江洪季的河口最大混浊带

对 1 994年 8月在鸭绿江河口的水文和悬浮泥沙的观测资料进行分析。结果表明 ,在洪季鸭绿江河口的最大混浊带 ,出现在第一个河口锋面内侧。它的核心处盐度小于 1 ,从上游带入河口的细颗粒泥沙多数被河口第一锋面截留 ,还有一部分上游来沙穿过该锋面 ,聚集在河口第一和第二锋面之间。垂向密度环流作用和絮凝作用在鸭绿江洪季最大混浊带的维持过程中起着主导作用     

鸭绿江口浮游植物群落特征及与环境因子的关系

于2009年3月对鸭绿江河口进行了10个站的浮游植物生态调查,分析了该海域浮游植物的种类组成、优势种类、群落结构以及水平分布等特征参数.本次调查共鉴定浮游植物48种,其中硅藻种类最多,达41种,甲藻其次,为6种,金藻1种.浮游植物可划分为广温类群、暖水类群和暖温类群3个生态类群,以广温类群为主.浮游植物细胞数量平均4.67×108个/m3,细胞数量自河口向外海逐渐降低.其中,中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)占据绝对优势.浮游植物群落优势种单一且优势度较大,群落结构相对简单.相关性分析表明温度和盐度是浮游植物细胞数量的主要限制性因子.浮游植物数量受鸭绿江径流的影响较大.     

长江口大型工程对河口生境破碎化影响的初步研究

通过对工程海域26个站位的调查采样,研究分析了长江口深水航道治理一期工程对河口生境破碎化的影响。结果表明,工程已对长江河口区局部海域水体和底栖生境破碎化产生了明显影响,而对工程海域小尺度海洋水团、底栖生境和渔业资源生境的破碎化影响最大,造成局部小尺度海洋水团改变,部分渔业资源种类洄游通道、产卵场、肥育场、渔场生境破碎化。建议建立长江口生态特别保护区,加强对河口大型工程综合影响研究与生态修复,加强河口生态系统管理与执法力度,为长江口沿岸城市社会经济的可持续健康发展提供良好的海洋生态环境基础。     

晚更新世末至公元前7世纪的黄河流向和黄河三角洲

大约距今9600～8500a黄河在苏北北部入黄海.黄河口与其南侧的长江口相距100多千米.两条大河巨大数量的入海泥砂形成了黄河-长江复合三角洲.根据南黄海西部全新世海相沉积物厚度变化、苏北响水县陈家巷QCA孔沉积序列、阜宁以南、泰州以北里下河洼地早全新世沉积序列及苏北沿岸砂脊的物质组成判断,距今8500a左右黄河向北流注入渤海,距今8500～7000 a海面上升过程中没有形成黄河水下三角洲,距今7 000 a黄河三角洲又开始形成.     

闽江河口表层沉积物重矿物特征与物源示踪

对闽江河口近岸海域的230个表层沉积物样品和闽江20个表层沉积物样品进行重矿物分析,系统地研究了重矿物的分布特征及其物源指示。研究区共鉴定出重矿物27种,主要以普通角闪石、绿帘石、磁铁矿和黑云母为主。根据重矿物组合分布特征,将研究区分为两个矿物组合区,并划分为3个矿物组合亚区。闽江口近岸沉积区(Ⅰ-1区)矿物组合为普通角闪石-磁铁矿-绿帘石,受闽江物质影响很大;近岸混合沉积区(Ⅰ-2区)矿物组合为普通角闪石-磁铁矿-黑云母-绿帘石,受浙闽沿岸流携带物质和闽江物质共同影响沉积形成,闽江物质影响明显减弱;残留沉积区(Ⅱ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石-绿帘石-磁铁矿,主要为受后期改造的晚更新世海侵边界层。     

2011—2020年调水调沙前后黄河口海域浮游动物年间变化及影响因子

依据2011—2020年(2016年中断)黄河调水调沙工程实施前、后黄河口海域18个站位野外调查数据, 研究浮游动物种类组成和丰度变化及优势种更替, 以查明黄河口海域浮游动物的年间变动规律及调水调沙工程的影响。结果显示: 共记录浮游动物82种类(包括浮游幼体16类), 其中刺胞动物种类数最多, 共记录26种, 其次是桡足类出现23种。浮游动物种类组成的年间变化差异显著(P < 0.05), 2017年(未进行调水调沙)最低; 调水调沙前、后分别记录浮游动物69种和75种, 调水调沙前后种类数呈正相关(r=0.684, P=0.042); 调水调沙前后优势种更替率较高; 浮游动物丰度在2011—2015年较高, 2017—2020年相对较低, 调水调沙后浮游动物丰度年间变化达极显著水平(P < 0.01), 而调水调沙前后没有显著差异; 浮游动物丰度水平分布总体呈现从黄河口近岸到离岸递减趋势, 密集区位于黄河口北部近岸海域, 调水调沙后密集中心较调水调沙前向离岸海域略有推移。冗余分析表明, 对黄河口浮游动物年间变化影响较大的因子是叶绿素a浓度、溶解氧浓度和水温。研究表明: 2011—2020年调水调沙期间黄河口海域浮游动物丰度年间变动大于调水调沙前后变动, 调水调沙实施对浮游动物影响持续时间较短。     

福建省漳江口表层沉积物中滴滴涕的残留特征

采用GC-ECD方法分析了漳江口表层沉积物样品中滴滴涕（DDTs）的残留量,并对其来源和生态风险进行了分析与评价。结果表明,沉积物中DDTs的残留量平均为16.4 ng·g^-1,其4种异构体p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDD,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDT的平均残留量分别是4.12ng·g^-1,9.54 ng·g^-1,0.529 ng·g^-1和2.26 ng·g^-1。DDTs沿漳江呈波浪型分布,至佳洲岛分流前DDTs的残留比较高。组成特征显示DDTs主要为环境中的早期残留,且多为厌氧性生物降解,而在Z9站（江心岛后）近期可能有新的DDTs输入。与其它地区相比,漳江口表层沉积物中的DDTs残留属于中等水平。生态风险评价结果显示,86.7%的样品DDTs含量超过风险评估低值（ERL）,13.3%样品的含量超过风险评估中值（ERM）,说明存在较高的生态风险,对生态环境已造成一定的危害,必须引起重视。