三峡工程一期蓄水后长江口及其邻近海域沉积地球化学研究

对采自长江口及其邻近海域的29个表层沉积物中的31个元素(或氧化物)的含量进行了富集因子和变异系数分析,探讨了元素的来源和分布特征,结合沉积环境和沉积物分布特征,Q型聚类分析结果表明研究区可划分为五大沉积地球化学区,相关分析和R型因子分析揭示了长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中元素分布的主要影响因素。     

Coprostanol levels and organic enrichment in sediments of the Bilbao estuary (north of Spain)

An assessment was made of the distribution of the faecal sterol coprostanol (COP) in sediments in the Bilbao estuary. Concentrations of COP ranged from 135.15 to 10.77 μg g⁻¹ dry weight, from the inner to the open estuary, with a mean value of 51.43 μg g⁻¹; the highest concentrations were found near the mouths of several tribularies flowing into the estuary. Comparisons with other published values indicate that sediments from the Bilbao estuary are affected by sewage pollution in a similar degree to that reported for other estuaries in the world. Organic enrichment and anaerobic sediment conditions prevail in three-fourths of its watercourse bed. Since the spatial distribution of several organic sedimentary parameters could be clearly correlated with COP levels, we can conclude the existence of major pollution by the addition of untreated sewage, coming from mainly domestic sources. The implementation of a sewerage treatment plan by the local water authority needs the monitoring of reliable sewage tracers, such as faccal sterols, to assess the effectiveness of the plan in reducing the effects of pollution.     

海南岛近海表层沉积物分散元素的富集特征与污染评价

对海南岛周边海域表层沉积物中7种分散元素镓(Ga)、锗(Ge)、铷(Rb)、铊(Tl)、镉(Cd)、碲(Te)和硒(Se)的分布与富集特征,及其与沉积物粒度、总有机碳和有机氮的相关性进行了较系统的分析,并分别利用内梅罗综合指数法和污染负荷指数法对这些元素的污染情况进行了初步评价。结果表明,分散元素的富集与沉积物粒度、有机碳和有机氮的含量有密切关系,除Te外,其它6种分散元素均表现出在粉砂或黏土质,以及有机碳和有机氮含量高的沉积物中趋于富集;沉积物的分散元素污染总体上呈轻微程度,但在局部海域(如海南岛西北部、西部、东南部近海海域以及陵水和三亚段海域)接近中等污染程度,说明这些区域受人类活动的影响较大,应引起海洋环境保护主管部门的重视。     

Heavy metal pollution in Wellington Harbour

Heavy metal analysis of the < 20 μm fraction of marine sediments from Wellington Harbour and Waiwhetu Stream have shown that the Waiwhetu Stream is easily the most polluted area in the Wellington Harbour system with Pb and Zn in the extremely polluted category and Cu, Cd, and Hg in the moderately to strongly polluted category. These elements have different distributions in the stream sediments reflecting their different sources from adjacent factories. In Wellington Harbour itself, the central basin of the harbour suffers from minimal pollution. Pb, and to a lesser extent Zn and Cu, are the main pollutants and local enrichment of these elements is noted in Lambton Harbour basin, off Pencarrow and Moa Point outfalls, in Evans Bay, and off Petone and Kaiwharawhara. The geochemical data do not enable us to identify the source of the pollutants unambiguously. A summary of the history of waste discharges into the harbour suggests that heavy metal pollution may have been higher in the past.     

海南小海表层沉积环境及重金属污染综合评价

利用2008年在海南小海采集的30个表层沉积物样品,对其进行了TP、TN、TOC、石油类和Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As重金属元素含量的测定,并采用综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对该区重金属的污染程度进行了评价,结果显示:(1)研究区表层沉积物中TP含量呈中部高沿岸带低的特征,这可能是由于沿岸带初级生产力高于小海中部,所消耗的磷营养盐较多的缘故;TOC和TN的含量则表现为与TP含量分布相反的特征,即沿岸带高而中部低,这可能是由于沿岸带人为活动对小海沿岸碳、氮元素含量的影响较大的缘故。Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和As 7种重金属元素均表现出在小海中部附近海域和北坡镇沿岸带出现高值,而在小海北边入口处和梅开-英豪沿岸带出现低值的分布特征,这可能与在北坡镇附近的工业区排水时向该海域输入了含有这些重金属元素的污染物所致,而其它区域则受工业排污影响较小,也可能与入海口的潮汐水动力的稀释作用有关。(2)研究区综合污染指数(ISQJ)、潜在生态危害污染指数(ERI)的最大值分别为2.283和240.0,平均值也较高,分别达1.494和151.0,各重金属元素的潜在生态危害系数(Eri)大小顺序为:Hg>Cd>Pb>As>Cu>Cr>Zn,反映出研究区将达到中等污染程度的现状,而某些海域的污染程度已达到重污染水平,研究区受Hg和Cd元素污染较为严重。由此可见,小海的沉积环境已受到较为严重的破坏,未来该海域应该重视重金属Hg和Cd元素的污染治理,以避免小海沉积环境的进一步恶化。     

Potential rates and environmental controls of denitrification and nitrous oxide production in a temperate urbanized estuary

Denitrification may play a major role in inorganic nitrogen removal from estuarine ecosystems, particularly in those subjected to increased nitrate and organic matter loads. The Douro estuary (NW Portugal) suffers from both problems: freshwater input of nitrate and organic load from untreated wastewater discharges. To assess how these factors might control sediment denitrification, a 12-month survey was designed. Denitrification potential and nitrous oxide (N₂O) production were measured at different locations using the slurry acetylene blockage technique. Denitrification rate ranged from 0.4 to 38 nmol N g⁻¹ h⁻¹, increasing towards the river mouth following an urban pollution gradient. N₂O production, a powerful greenhouse gas implicated on the destruction of the ozone layer, was significantly related with sediment organic matter and accounted for 0.5–47% of the N gases produced. Additional enrichment experiments were consistent with the results found in the environment, showing that sediments from the upper less urban stretch of the estuary, mostly sandy, respond positively to carbon and, inversely, in organic rich sediments from the lower estuary, the denitrification potential was limited by nitrate availability. The obtained results confirmed denitrification as an important process for the removal of nitrate in estuaries. The presence of wastewater discharges appears to stimulate nitrogen removal but also the production of N₂O, a powerful greenhouse gas, exacerbating the N₂O:N₂ ratio and thus should be controlled.     

Metal binding by humic acids in recent sediments from the SW Iberian coastal area

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Mn and Co were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry both in recent sediments from different locations of the Huelva littoral (SW Iberian Peninsula) and in their humic acid (HA) fractions in order to evaluate distribution and binding capacity of those trace elements to HAs. In addition, elemental composition (C, N, S) and δ¹³C values were determined to appraise the sources of organic matter in the area. This study involved the comparison of selected samples taken from different environments including the estuary of the Guadiana River, the main fluvial system of the region, the Tinto and Odiel estuary system and the proximal shelf. Significant positive correlations were found among Cu, Zn, As and Pb in bulk sediments, suggesting a common origin of all of those elements: the mining activities and pyrite deposits located hinterland. On the other hand, results for Cr, Co and Ni pointed to the basic rocks from the low basin of the Guadiana River as their main source. Elemental (C, N) and isotopic (δ¹³C) composition of sediments indicated a significant contribution of autochthonous plankton in coastal shelf sediments, whereas estuarine and riverine sediments showed a major contribution of terrestrial biomass. Geochemical values for their corresponding HAs suggested a greater terrestrial contribution in the sedimentary OM of the coastal shelf sediments than in bulk sediments, which evidenced the influence of coastal currents and sediment fluxes. Humic acids sequester considerable amounts of Cu and Zn contributing to reduce the bioavailability of these contaminants.     

Estuarine refugia and fish responses to a large anoxic,hydrogen sulphide, “black tide” event in the adjacent marine environment

The fish fauna of the Berg River Estuary was sampled from the mouth to 40 km upstream using a small-meshed seine-net before (summer 1993), during (summer 1994) and after (summer 1996) a low-oxygen, hydrogen sulphide “black tide” event that caused a mass mortality of fish in St Helena Bay. These data were compared to determine how the species composition, abundance and distribution of the fish fauna of the Berg River Estuary differed before, during and after the event as well as to ascertain which species, if any, found refuge in the estuary. The overall catch-per-unit-effort of 1637 fish.haul⁻¹ during the event was almost double the 932 fish.haul⁻¹ and 643 fish.haul⁻¹ in the years before and after respectively. All the fish recorded alive in the estuary during the event were species known to have some degree of estuarine association. No representatives of the purely marine species found dead on the adjacent shoreline were recorded live in the estuary during the event. Of the 10 estuarine-associated species sampled, 5 extended their range and/or modal peaks of abundance further upstream during the event. One species, Liza richardsonii, was abundant enough to examine its size distribution in different breaches of the estuary. Large/adult fish were concentrated further upstream than small/juvenile fish, which appeared to be unable to escape tidal currents and were concentrated at the edge of the low-oxygen front. Collectively this circumstantial evidence indicates that (1) fish used the Berg Estuary as a refuge from low-oxygen conditions in the marine environment during the “black tide” event, and (2) the ability to secure refuge in the estuary was restricted to species described as “estuarine-associated” or “estuarine-dependent”.     

Pre- and post-collisional depositional history in the upper and middle Bengal fan and evaluation of deepwater reservoir potential along the northeast Continental Margin of India

The Bengal fan is the largest submarine fan in the world that has formed as a result of high sediment transport from the Himalaya by the Ganga–Brahmaputra river system. The Himalaya was formed as a result of the collision between the Eurasian and Indian plates. The initiation of this collision known as “soft” collision occurred around 59 Ma, whereas, the major collision, known as “hard” collision took place around 15 Ma ago. Prior to the collision, sediments into the Bay of Bengal were derived from the northwest by relatively smaller river system like Mahanadi–Godavari. The switching of river systems with time was not distinct but gradational. In the post- collision period, the sediment input from the NW was masked in most instances because of rapid sediment supply from the Himalaya to the north. Pre-collisional sediment dispersal pattern from the NW was largely affected by pre-existing basement high known as 85°E Ridge; this ridge was submerged during the post-collisional period. Post-collisional sediments are commonly referred to as the Bengal fan sediments and show huge accumulation along the shelf and beyond. High resolution 2D seismic data acquired along a corridor covering the upper, middle and distal parts of the present day active Bengal fan system indicates that the fan has prograded southward with time because of continuously increasing sediment supply and has, therefore, masked the effect of eustacy. The present day geometry of the fan shows a single active canyon and an associated single active fan. The active channel shows typical meandering pattern that shifts laterally with time. The seismic facies analysis indicates that both the pre- and post-collision basin has significant hydrocarbon potential. The thermogenic model is best suited for modeling source rock maturity in the pre-collision basin whereas both biogenic and thermogenic models best explain source rock maturity in the post-collision, younger Bengal fan. The wedge out against the 85°E Ridge is considered to be one of the important play types for hydrocarbon exploration in the deeper part of the basin. On the other hand, the channel levee complexes and frontal splay/basin floor fan are the possible target areas for petroleum exploration in relatively younger Bengal fan deposits.     

辽东湾表层沉积物的重金属污染特征与质量评价

本文研究了辽东湾表层沉积物中重金属的分布及污染特征,评价其生态风险及环境质量。对辽东湾表层沉积物8种重金属（As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）的空间分布进行了研究,采用Hankanson法和I_geo（地累积指数）分析了该海域重金属潜在生态风险,并评价了该海域的环境质量。在辽东湾葫芦岛附近海域、西南部六股河口东南部海域以及西部近岸海域表层沉积物中As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn含量偏高。地累积指数法及生态风险指数法对重金属污染程度评价结果一致,辽东湾生态环境具有潜在危害的重金属主要是Cd、Hg和As,8种重金属潜在生态风险系数由高到低依次为Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、As、Zn、Ni和Cr,各站位重金属综合潜在生态风险指数均大于150,生态风险总体上处于中等生态风险等级。Cd和Hg是该海域沉积物重金属中主要污染物,局部区域达到中、中-强污染程度。环境质量评价表明,辽东湾表层沉积物重金属引发有害生物效应的可能性不大,但Cd和Hg显著富集,应予以重视。     

Spatial and vertical distributions of elements in sediments of the Colorado River delta and Upper Gulf of California

The abundance of major components (Fe, Ca, K, and organic carbon) and trace elements was analyzed in surface sediments and core samples from the Colorado River delta (CRD) and the Upper Gulf of California (UGC) using instrumental neutron activation analysis.The spatial distribution patterns of the elements studied are consistent with the model of sedimentary dynamics proposed for this area [Mar. Geol. 158 (1999) 125]: intense tidal resuspension of sediments in the delta with subsequent transport of suspended particulate matter in a southerly direction, followed by sedimentation of fine-grained material in a depocenter near the southwestern margin of the UGC. Concentrations of most of the elements are higher in the surface sediments of this depocenter. The gradual mixing of terrigenous and marine biogenic materials, normally expected for the estuarine sediments, was not detected in the CRD–UGC system because of homogenization of the sediments by tides and wind.Vertical profiles of element contents in samples of the sediment core collected in the depocenter area revealed (i) almost no anthropogenic contamination of the area by environmentally important trace elements such as Cr, Co, Sb, and As; (ii) a twofold decrease of Fe, Sc, Cr, and Co in upper core sediments; and (iii) the enrichment of the sediments at 60–62 cm depth in the core, in calcium carbonate, Ca, Sr, and the Eu_n/Sm_n shale-normalized ratio along with a depletion in this layer of Fe, Sc, Cr, Co, light rare-earth elements (REEs), and some other elements of terrigenous origin, presumably caused by the dilution of fluvial terrigenous material by biogenic carbonates, which were probably introduced at this level in the sediments by the action of a strong episodic winter storm, followed by the advective transport of shell fragments from the coastal clam banks or as a result of strong planktonic bloom.     

Meiobenthos in estuary part of ha long bay (gulf of tonkin, south china sea, vietnam)

The distribution of the taxonomical composition and the density of meiobenthos depending on some factors of environment has been studied in bottom sediments of the northern estuary part of Ha Long Bay (Cua Luc estuary). The basic factor of influence on meiobenthic community structure was the granulometric composition of sediment. The greatest taxonomic diversity is noted in the silted sands, lowest — in the silty sediments. The density of meiobenthic community was higher in the silty sediments. Slightly expressed correlation between the density of nematodes and the percentage of silty particles in the sediments is detected (Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.49±0.21, p=0.035). The nematodes were dominant at all stations. In total, representatives of 66 species of nematodes belonging to 17 families and 52 genera were identified.     

秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中微塑料和重金属污染特征

基于密度分离原理,利用饱和NaCl溶液对秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中的微塑料进行了浮选和分离提取,采用显微红外光谱方法分析附着在滤膜上的微塑料颗粒形貌和材质。结合扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectrometer,SEM-EDS)对微塑料样品进行微观形貌观察及微区成分的分析。并采用地累积指数(Geo Accumulation Indexes,Igeo)和富集系数(Enrichment Factors,EF)分析砂质沉积物中重金属Hg、Cd和Pb污染水平和富集特点。分析砂质沉积物中烧失量(Loss on Ignition,LOI)、总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)、总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)以及碳氮的稳定同位素组成(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N),探讨有机质的可能来源。结果表明:秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中有纤维类、发泡类、薄膜类3种微塑料,以纤维类的微塑料为主。微塑料表层富集有Si、Al、Mg、Fe和Ca等元素...     

辽宁海岸带沉积物的化学特征及其相互关系的研究

本文利用辽宁海岸带沉积物的1856个化学样品的分析资料,探讨了该区沉积物的化学要素含量与分布特征,并着重分析了各化学要素间的相互关系及其与沉积环境的关系等。     

长江口沉积物中重金属的含量分布及其与环境因素的关系

长江是我国最大的河流,全长6,300公里,径流量每年达1万亿立方米,同时,携带着5亿吨的泥沙和溶解矿物进入东海水域.长江入海处有中国最大的城市上海,每年有大量的工业和生活污水流入长江口.因此,研究长江口沉积物中重金属的含量分布,对于环境污染和河口沉积过程的研究是有意义的.     

Zooplankton community structure in a highly turbid environment (Charente estuary,France): Spatio-temporal patterns and environmental control

Zooplankton assemblages were studied from January 2007 to January 2008 along the salinity gradient of the Charente estuary (France). A Lagrangian survey was performed monthly at five sampling stations defined by salinity (freshwater, 0.5, 5, 15 and 25) in order to collect zooplankton and measure the main environmental parameters (concentrations of suspended particulate matter, particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll a and phaeopigments). A combination of multivariate cluster analysis, species indicator index and canonical correspondence analysis was used to relate the spatio-temporal patterns of the zooplankton assemblages with environmental drivers. The estuary was divided into three different zones by means of environmental parameters while four zooplankton assemblages were identified along the salinity gradient. The Charente estuary appeared as one of the most turbid systems in Europe, with suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration reaching 3.5 g l⁻¹ in the Maximum Turbidity Zone (MTZ). Algal heterotrophy and microphytobenthos resuspension from the wide mudflats could be responsible for the relatively high chlorophyll a concentrations measured within this MTZ. Salinity and SPM affected significantly the spatial distribution of zooplankton species while temperature and river flow seemed to control their temporal variations. From a zooplanktonic viewpoint, the highly turbid Charente estuary seemed to match an “ecotone–ecocline” model: the succession of species assemblages along the salinity gradient matched the concept of ecocline while the MTZ, which is a stressful narrow area, could be considered as an ecotone. Although such ecoclinal characteristics seemed to be a general feature of estuarine biocenoses, the ecotone could be more system-specific and biological compartment-specific.     

Rare earth elements in suspended and bottom sediments of the Mandovi estuary, central west coast of India: Influence of mining

Rare earth elements (REEs) in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) of the Mandovi estuary indicated that the mean total-REEs (∑REE) and light REE to heavy REE ratios are lower than that of the average suspended sediment in World Rivers and Post-Archean average Australian shale. High ∑REE were associated with high SPM/low salinity and also with high SPM/high salinity. Although the ∑REE broadly agree with SPM levels at each station, their seasonal distributions along transect are different. SPM increased seaward in the estuary both during the monsoon and pre-monsoon, but consistently low at all stations during the post-monsoon. The mean ∑REE decreased marginally seaward and was <25% at sea-end station than at river-end station. Spatial variations in ∑REE are maximum (64%) during the pre-monsoon. Strong to moderate correlation of ∑REE with Al, Fe and Mn in all seasons indicates adsorption and co-precipitation of REEs with aluminosilicate phases and Fe, Mn-oxyhydroxides. The ratio of mean ∑REE in sediment/SPM is low during the monsoon (1.27), followed by pre-monsoon (1.5) and post-monsoon (1.62). The middle REE- and heavy REE-enriched patterns with positive Ce and Eu anomalies are characteristic at every station and season, both in SPM and sediment. They also exhibit tetrad effect with distinct third and fourth tetrads. Fe-Mn ore dust is the most dominant source for REEs. However, the seasonal changes in the supply of detrital silicates, Fe-Mn ore dust and particulates resuspended from bottom sediments diluted the overall effect of salinity on fractionation and distribution of REEs in the estuary.     

东海季节性低氧海区柱状沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素对沉积环境变化的响应

氧化还原敏感元素(Redox Sensitive Elements,RSE)如V、Cr、Mo、U等,通常在氧化条件下呈溶解态,在还原沉积环境中除Fe、Mn外,RSE被还原成低价态转移至沉积物中富集积累,因此可以利用氧化还原敏感元素在沉积物中的富集情况反演沉积环境的氧化还原状况。本文通过研究东海内陆架季节性低氧海区Zb7沉积柱中氧化还原敏感元素V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、U的垂直分布、富集特征和比值,探究沉积环境氧化还原状况;发现RSE/Al和富集系数自1978年以来呈增加的趋势,但自2009年开始有所降低,整体RSE富集系数均小于3,未见明显富集。RSE比值V/Cr<2、Ni/Co<5、U/Th<0.75、0.25<(Cu+Mo)/Zn<0.55,以及Mo_EF/U_EF比值主要分布在0.08～0.3倍海水Mo/U值之间,均指示氧化的沉积环境。RSE/Al与Fe/Al、Mn/Al具有显著的相关性,表明RSE在剔除陆源碎屑输入后,主要通过与Fe、Mn氧化物结合进入沉积物,也指示氧化的沉积环境。研究结果与该区域溶解...     

Biodiversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes in a tropical bay: Cienfuegos, Caribbean Sea

Spatial and temporal biodiversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes were studied in Cienfuegos Bay, a tropical semi-enclosed basin in the Caribbean Sea. Taxonomic (to species level) and functional (biological trait) approaches were applied for describing the assemblage structure and relating it to abiotic environment based on a sampling scheme in six subtidal stations and three months. Biological trait approach added relevant information to species pattern regarding relationships between diversity patterns and the abiotic environment. The most common morphotypes were deposit feeding nematodes, with colonising abilities of 2–3 (in a scale from 1 to 5), tail conical cylindrical or filiforme and body slender; and their abundance were correlated with depth, organic matter and silt/clay fraction. In spite of a high turnover of species, functional diversity of assemblages did not change notably in space and time. A result probably due to sampling of the habitat pool of species and to low heterogeneity of the studied muddy bottoms. Chemical pollution (organic enrichment and heavy metals) and hydrodynamic regime possibly drove the biodiversity patterns. Spatial distribution of assemblages support the existence of two well differentiated basins inside the bay, the northern basin more polluted than the southern one. The low hydrodynamic regime would determine a poor dispersion of nematodes resulting in high spatial variance in the assemblage structure; and also the associated hypoxic conditions and pollutants in sediments can explain the dominance of tolerant nematode species such as Daptonema oxycerca, Sabatieria pulchra, Terschellingia gourbaultae, and Terschellingia longicaudata. A comparison of spatial–temporal patterns of biodiversity between Cienfuegos Bay and other semi-enclosed bays in temperate regions suggests several similarities: nematode assemblages are strongly influenced by anthropogenic disturbance, temporal trends are weak or overridden by spatial ones, and few cosmopolitan genera/species tolerant to pollution and hypoxic conditions are dominant.     

珠江口贫氧区沉积物中微量金属元素的地球化学特征

研究了珠江口贫氧区表层沉积物中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Fe和Mn含量的相互关系;探讨它们在迁移和固-液平衡过程相互作用的特征;研究了沉积物的环境因素和重要组分对其沉积-溶解作用的影响;研究了表层沉积物对它们的富集作用。结果发现,沉积物对Cu,Pb,Zn和Cd的富集系数(K)排列次序为K_(Cd)>K_(Pb)>K_(Cu)>K_(Zn)。K_(Cd)大于对照区和长江口的相应值。此结果说明,上述区域的表层沉积物中可能有自生的CdS。且贫氧水的表层沉积物中Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb和Cd的地球化学特性尚未有显著的改变。