测井评价稠油层等级的新方法

从测井信息中提取油和水的重量百分比,最能反映稠油层质量的特征.用油和水的重量百分比评价稠油层等级,是一种新概念.测井评价稠油层等级的新方法,就是根据这一新概念建立的.本文论述了新方法的物理基础,建立了测井评价稠油层等级的数学公式,并且给出了评价法则和应用范例.     

准噶尔盆地砾岩油藏水淹层的测井评价方法研究

基于对准噶尔盆地某砾岩油藏的淡水水淹机理的实验认识,考察了砾岩油藏水淹层的测井响应特征,形成了一套定性识别水淹层和划分水淹级别的方法.在该基础上,按照"岩心刻度测井"的原则,统计建立了一套适用于该砾岩油藏淡水水淹层的测井评价方法.该方法在7个区块17口井的测井解释结果表明,水淹级别按6级划分的解释符合率达85%左右.     

铀矿层真实厚度的确定和最佳测井点距

本文讨论了最佳测井点距的选择原理,其最佳值大致为8—12.5cm.并从原理上分析了矿层解释厚度增大的主要原因:根据离散测量值所作的分层解释结果必然导致矿层解释厚度的增大.大量的模型测量结果完全证实了理论分析的正确性,并且还提出了合适的解决办法.     

铀矿层真实厚度的确定和最佳测井点距

本文讨论了最佳测井点距的选择原理,其最佳值大致为8-12.5cm.并从原理上分析了矿层解释厚度增大的主要原因:根据离散测量值所作的分层解释结果必然导致矿层解释厚度的增大.大量的模型测量结果完全证实了理论分析的正确性,并且还提出了合适的解决办法.     

密度测井和中子测井的相关性及其在识别天然气层中的应用

伽马射线与地层介质的康普顿（Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ）效应是密度测井的理论基础，介质对伽马射线的康普顿吸收系数取决于介质的原子核性质及其体积密度．（超热或热）中子测井主要反映地层介质的减速性质，而后者主要取决于介质的含氢量．介质含氢量是由介质的组分及其体积密度决定的．本文从上述两种测井方法的测量原理出发，从理论上证明了这两种测井方法并非两种互相独立的测量手段．对于含油气盆地常见沉积岩石及矿物，两种测井测量结果具有相关性．这一结论为密度、中子测井方法组合地质应用提供了理论依据，利用密度－中子测井的相关性可有效地识别轻质油气层特别是天然气层．实例表明，无论水层还是油气层，两种测井曲线均具有良好的相关性．利用这种相关性明显改善了识别天然气层和划分油－气界面的精度．     

密度测井和中子测井的相关性及其在识别天然气层中的应用

伽马射线与地层介质的康普顿（Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ）效应是密度测井的理论基础,介质对伽马射线的康普顿吸收系数取决于介质的原子核性质及其体积密度．（超热或热）中子测井主要反映地层介质的减速性质,而后者主要取决于介质的含氢量．介质含氢量是由介质的组分及其体积密度决定的．本文从上述两种测井方法的测量原理出发,从理论上证明了这两种测井方法并非两种互相独立的测量手段．对于含油气盆地常见沉积岩石及矿物,两种测井测量结果具有相关性．这一结论为密度、中子测井方法组合地质应用提供了理论依据,利用密度－中子测井的相关性可有效地识别轻质油气层特别是天然气层．实例表明,无论水层还是油气层,两种测井曲线均具有良好的相关性．利用这种相关性明显改善了识别天然气层和划分油－气界面的精度．     

密度测井和中子测井的相关性及其在识别天然气层中的应用

伽马射线与地层介质的康普顿（Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ）效应是密度测井的理论基础，介质对伽马射线的康普顿吸收系数取决于介质的原子核性质及其体积密度．（超热或热）中子测井主要反映地层介质的减速性质，而后者主要取决于介质的含氢量．介质含氢量是由介质的组分及其体积密度决定的．本文从上述两种测井方法的测量原理出发，从理论上证明了这两种测井方法并非两种互相独立的测量手段．对于含油气盆地常见沉积岩石及矿物，两种测井测量结果具有相关性．这一结论为密度、中子测井方法组合地质应用提供了理论依据，利用密度－中子测井的相关性可有效地识别轻质油气层特别是天然气层．实例表明，无论水层还是油气层，两种测井曲线均具有良好的相关性．利用这种相关性明显改善了识别天然气层和划分油－气界面的精度．     

页岩气地球物理测井评价综述

页岩气是指生成、储集和封盖均发生于页岩体系中,或游离于基质孔隙和天然裂缝中,或吸附于有机质和粘土矿物表面,或溶解于沥青和水中,在一定地质条件下聚集成藏并具有商业价值的生物成因和/或热解成因的天然气.在页岩气勘探开发中,地球物理测井是识别、评价页岩气储层并为后期完井提供指导参数的重要手段.页岩气属于极低孔极低渗的范畴,且具有很强的非均质性和各向异性,常规油气藏测井解释评价方法已不再适用,必须建立新的页岩气测井解释评价体系才能够对页岩气藏做出准确评价.评价页岩气藏的潜力涉及对多种因素正反面影响的权衡,包括页岩矿物组分和结构、粘土含量及类型、干酪根类型及成熟度、流体饱和度、吸附气和游离气存储机制、埋藏深度、温度和孔隙压力等.其中,孔隙度、总有机碳含量和含气量等对于确定页岩储层是否具有进一步开发价值非常重要.本文针对国外尤其是美国近期页岩气勘探开发的现状进行了广泛的文献调研,综述当前国外页岩气地球物理测井技术的发展现状,针对勘探开发的不同阶段介绍常用的含气页岩的测井系列,然后总结页岩气测井响应特征,并详细论述了页岩气储层评价方法及储层评价的重要参数,包括有机碳含量、岩石矿物组分及含量、孔隙度、含气量及岩石力学参数,最后提出我国页岩气地球物理测井研究存在的问题和发展趋势.     

基于开发动态的水淹层测井综合评价方法——以南苏丹P区块为例

由于南苏丹P区块没有可用于确定油层水淹程度的密闭取心新井资料,且单层生产及试油数据非常少,开采与完井时间间隔较长,地层水性质相同导致底水水淹与油水同层难以识别,因此,水淹层解释难度较大.本文首先根据区块地质特征与开发特征及水淹层水源和水进方向,归纳总结出研究区油层的水淹类型为边水与注入水推进水淹型和底水推进水淹型,注水水淹和边底水水淹在电阻率测井响应特征上均表现为电阻率值的明显降低.其次,采用新老井相同层位测井信息对比方法,结合相邻老井生产动态测试结果,确定出新井典型水淹层,分析水淹层测井响应特征,优选出深侧向电阻率、浅侧向电阻率、深浅侧向电阻率幅度差、深侧向电阻率与冲洗带电阻率幅度差等4个水淹敏感参数,其中深侧向电阻率和深浅侧向电阻率幅度差为最有效的水淹识别参数.利用深侧向电阻率值与深浅侧向幅度差交会,建立了水淹层定性识别图版,利用该图版可有效地区分水淹层与水层和油层.基于储层岩性物性测井响应特征分析,采用岩心刻度测井方法,建立了水淹层泥质含量、孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度等参数定量解释模型,利用计算的驱油效率值可有效地划分弱水淹、中水淹、强水淹.综合水淹层定性识别图版法以及定量解释方法,结合邻井生产动态,建立了水淹层综合测井评价方法,经实际井验证证明该方法结合了静态测井解释与动态生产数据在水淹层评价中优势,提高了水淹级别测井综合评价准确性.采用开发初期井连井剖面对比方法,确定出油水同层顶界面海拔深度,再结合邻井开发动态,寻找出新井水源,判断出新井水淹类型.对于底水水淹类型,新井不存在油水同层,只能为水淹层;对于边水水淹类型,将解释油水同层或水淹层海拔深度高于最高油水同层顶界面海拔深度的储层判定为水淹层,而海拔深度低于最高油水同层顶界面海拔深度的储层判定为油水同层,经实际井验证证明该方法可有效地区分底水水淹层与油水同层.     

NEW EVIDENCES OF THE HOLOCENE FAULT IN SUQIAN SEGMENT OF THE TANLU FAULT ZONE DISCOVERED BY SHALLOW SEISMIC EXPLORATION METHOD

The fault F₅ is considered as the most active fault in the Tanlu fault zone(Yi-Shu fault zone), which is located from Weifang of Shandong Province to Jiashan of Anhui Province, with a length of 360km. It has always been a focus of concern to many geoscientists because of its complexity and importance. But, for a long period of time, there exists biggish indetermination in the accurate position and active ages of the fault F₅ in Suqian section of Tanlu fault zone. Seismic reflection exploration is the main technique in present urban active faults detecting. In order to investigate the spatial distribution, characteristics and activities of the fault F₅ in covered terrains, we carried out a systematic survey to the fault with shallow seismic prospecting method and obtained the accurate position and development characteristics of the fault. The results show that the fault F₅ continues to develop toward south rather than ending at the Huancheng South Road of Suqian City. F₅ is mainly composed of two main faults, which dip in opposite directions and almost vertically. Near the Sankeshu town, F₅ is composed of three faults with right-stepping, forming a small pull-apart basin with length of 6km, width of 2.5km, controlling the deposition of Neogene and Quaternary strata. By combining the results of composite drilling section and trenching, we make a conclusion that the western branch of fault F₅ is a Holocene active fault, and the eastern branch is a Pleistocene active fault. Our general view is that fault F₅ is a Holocene active fault.     

安宁河断裂带小相岭段古地震的新证据及最晚事件的年代

沿安宁河断裂带小相岭段发现了古地震的地表破裂遗迹。在两个场地开挖了横跨主断裂的探槽 ,以研究这里的晚全新世古地震。结果表明 ,在最近的大约 2 30 0a中 ,该断裂段至少发生过 4次伴有地表破裂的古地震事件 ,平均复发间隔为 6 0 0～ 70 0a。这里的最晚事件很可能发生在公元 15世纪 ,并且有可能发生在公元 14 80年。最晚事件沿地表断层产生了 3m的平均左旋位错 ,这相当于一次矩震级为 7 5± 0 3的走滑型大地震的同震平均位错量     

日本俯冲带应力产生与传播的数值模拟

用三维有限元模拟了日本地冲带，分析了板块推力、板块拉力、动态闭锁断层和解耦板间地震对上覆板块内部应力状态的贡献，表明大洋板块推力是海沟。岛弧地区挤压应力的主要来源，这种应力仅有小部分传播到上覆板块内部，软流圈的蠕变能促进这个应力传播过程使岛弧区的应力增大，由密度差异引起的板块拉力产生了分散的挤压应力和拉张应力。断层闭锁导致应力局部集中，板间地震的断层错动只对破裂附近小范围的应力状态产生影响     

THE ACTIVITY FEATURES OF XIADIAN FAULT ZONE REVEALED BY RONGJIABAO TRENCH AND ITS PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATION

The time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the active faults based on the quantitative study of seismo-geology has the vital practical significance for the earthquake prevention and disaster management because it describes the seismic risk of active faults by the probability of an earthquake that increases with time and the predicted magnitude. The Poisson model used in the traditional probabilistic method contradicts with the activity characteristics of the fault, so it cannot be used directly to the potential earthquake risk evaluation of the active fault where the time elapsing from the last great earthquake is relatively short. That is to say, the present Poisson model might overestimate the potential earthquake risk of the Xiadian active fault zone in North China because the elapsed time after the historical M8 earthquake that occurred in 1679 is only 341a. Thus, based on paleoearthquake study and geomorphology survey in the field, as well as integrating the data provided by the previous scientists, this paper reveals two paleo-events occurring on the Xiadian active fault zone. The first event E₁ occurred in 1679 with magnitude M8 and ruptured the surface from Sanhe City of Hebei Province to Pinggu District of Beijing at about 341a BP, and the other happened in (4.89±0.68)ka BP(E₂). Our research also found that the average co-seismic displacement is ~(1.4±0.1)m, and the predicted maximum magnitude of the potential earthquake is 8.0. In addition, the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of great earthquakes for Xiadian active fault zone in the forthcoming 30a is performed based on Poisson model, Brownian time passage model(BPT), stochastic characteristic-slip model(SCS)and NB model to describe time-dependent features of the fault rupture source and its characteristic behavior. The research shows that the probability of strong earthquake in the forthcoming 30a along the Xiadian active fault zone is lower than previously thought, and the seismic hazard level estimated by Poisson model might be overestimated. This result is also helpful for the scientific earthquake potential estimation and earthquake disaster protection of the Xiadian active fault zone, and for the discussion on how to better apply the time-dependent probabilistic methods to the earthquake potential evaluation of active faults in eastern China.     

A NEW DISCOVERY OF ACTIVITY OF FUSHAN SECTION OF THE TAN-LU FAULT ZONE IN THE LATE QUATERNARY

The east branch fault of Tan-Lu fault zone extends from Fengshan Town of Sihong County on the north shore of the Huaihe River in Jiangsu Province, into Fushan Town of Mingguang City on the south shore of Huaihe River in Anhui Province. The landform changes from Subei plain on the north of Huaihe River to Zhangbaling uplift area on the south of Huaihe River. The terrain rises gradually with larger relief amplitude. The Fushan section of the Tan-Lu fault zone is located in Ziyang to Fushan area of Mingguang City. The fault is shown in the satellite image as a clear linear image, and the fault extends along the east side of a NNE-trending hillock. In this section the Quaternary strata are unevenly distributed, which causes some difficulties in the study of recent fault activity.In recent years, the author has found that the fault of the Fushan section of the Tan-Lu fault zone on the south of the Huaihe River still has a certain control effect on the landform and the Quaternary strata. Based on satellite imagery and geological data, we select the appropriate location in the Fushan section to excavate the Santang trench Tc1 and Fushannan trench Tc2, and clean up the Fushannan profile Pm, which reveals rich phenomena of recent fault activity. Santang trench reveals three faults, and the faulting phenomenon is obvious. One of the faults shows the characteristic of right-lateral strike-slip normal faulting; Fushannan profile reveals one fault, with the same faulting behavior of right-lateral strike-slip normal fault. Comprehensive stratigraphic sample dating results indicate that the fault dislocated the middle Pleistocene strata, late Quaternary strata and early Holocene strata. All our work shows that the fault of Fushan section has intensive activity since late Pleistocene, and the latest active age can reach early Holocene. The latest earthquake occurred at(10.6±0.8)~(7.6±0.5)ka BP. The faults exposed by trenches and profiles show the characteristics of right-lateral strike-slip normal faulting, which reflects the complexity of the tectonic stress field in the area where the fault locates.     

郯(城)—庐(江)断裂带赤山段晚白垩世晚期以来构造应力场

本文依据对晚白垩世晚期和晚更新世地层中发育的共轭剪节理分析,结合野外地质调查、断层泥显微构造分析以及地应力测量和区域构造应力场演化特征分析,反演了郯一庐断裂带赤山段及近侧地区晚白垩世晚期以来的构造应力场,得到:Ⅰ期,σ_1为近南北向,作用时间自古新世后至晚更新世之前;Ⅱ期,σ_2为北东东—南西西至近东西向,作用时间始于晚更新世后,其影响可能延续至今。两期应力均以水平方式作用为主,且分别与宏、微观构造形迹相对应。     

基于遗传算法地震短期综合预报分类系统在天山地震带的应用

应用“基于遗传算法的地震预报分类系统”建立天山地震带8个区的地震短期综合预报模型。在前人研究基础上对此分类系统的应用方法做了以下改进：以半年或一年样本窗内的地震活动资料预报未来3个月最大地震;采用阈值划分异常,区分高值和低值异常两类参数,再用异常持续时间进行地震环境信息编码;在研究区内,根据一年和半年样本窗和震级错半级的分档形式,形成4种地震环境信息编码方式。计算机自动运行此系统程序,寻找各自的预报模型。对预留样本的检验按震级区间进行规则对应率、虚报率和地震对应率、漏报率的效能评价,结果表明南天山各区检验情况好于北天山;对北天山预测出5级以上、南天山6级以上地震以及能给出有效重叠震级区间的模型加权后认为南天山中西段、柯坪块体区检验情况较好。结果还表明半年样本窗检验效能普遍高于一年窗,对较低震级的检验情况一般要好于较高震级。     

内蒙古东部古生代块体碰撞区的大地电磁测深研究——Ⅰ.观测与资料分析

内蒙古东部地区是古生代古亚洲洋闭合、中朝和西伯利亚块体碰撞区的中东段.本文分析了赤峰—东乌旗长约400km的剖面上12个点的大地电磁（MT）资料,介绍了数据处理方法,讨论了研究区的电性特征.研究区是一个二维性占主要成分的三维结构,受此影响,大多数点的视电阻率曲线含有明显的静态移动和畸变效应,对此采取了静态校正和畸变校正.校正后的视电阻率和相位及感应函数显示出:1.巴林右旗以南和西乌旗以北是两个相对的高阻值区,剖面中部的大兴安岭地区是相对的低阻值区;2.视电阻率曲线在周期大于1000s时普遍呈下降趋势,相应的相位则呈上升趋势,反映了该区上地幔高导层的存在;3.西拉木伦河北侧的早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带和锡林浩特杂岩带表现出横向上强的电性梯级变化.结合地质资料,初步认为上述两个电性梯级带是两个可能的地质分界线,分别对应中朝块体和西伯利亚块体早古生代和晚古生代的缝合带;4.东乌旗—西乌旗之间中地壳有一发育较好的高导层,观测中没有发现贺根山地区具有较深的“根”;5.赤峰—翁牛特旗之间电性存在较大差异,有可能表征了一个较大的断裂或地质界限.     

唐山近场地震动的半经验拟合

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