北京一次持续霾天气过程气象特征分析

2013年1月10-14日,北京平原地区出现了水平能见度在2 km以下、以PM_2.5为首要污染物、空气质量持续5 d维持在重度以上污染水平的霾天气。综合分析此次霾天气过程的天气形势、北京地区常规和加密气象资料以及城郊连续观测的PM_2.5浓度资料。结果表明：此霾过程期间,北京高空以平直纬向环流为主,受西北偏西气流控制,没有明显冷空气南下影响北京地区,地面多为不利于污染物扩散和稀释的弱气压场;大气层结稳定、风速小(日平均风速小于2 m·s^-1)、相对湿度较大（日平均相对湿度在70 %以上）、逆温频率高强度大,边界层内污染物的水平和垂直扩散能力差;北京城区及南部的京津冀地区人类活动排放污染物强度大,在相对稳定和高湿的天气背景下,受地形和城市局地环流的影响,北京本地污染物累积和区域污染物输送以及PM_2.5细粒子在高湿条件下的物理化学转化等过程共同作用造成此次北京城区及平原地区污染物浓度快速增长并持续偏高,高浓度PM_2.5对大气消光有显著影响,造成低能见度和持续霾天气。     

关中一次重污染天气过程气象特征分析

利用常规观测资料、风廓线资料、PM2.5质量浓度资料及HYSPLIT-4模式,对2016年12月31日—2017年1月6日陕西关中盆地一次霾重污染天气过程的气象特征进行了分析。结果表明:此次过程发生在500hPa纬向平直气流、地面东高西低的典型环流形势下,稳定的大气层结和边界层逆温强烈抑制了污染物的垂直扩散;边界层风场存在500m之下的偏南风、500~1 000m偏北风和1~1.5km的纬向小风速区的三层结构特征,弱偏南风的水汽输送、弱对流不稳定和中高层的弱纬向风的阻挡,使得污染物在边界层内充分混合并堆积。污染物质量浓度与低层风关系密切,当低层为弱偏南风时,相对湿度逐渐上升,PM2.5质量浓度升高;反之,当气流转为偏北风时,相对湿度明显下降,PM2.5质量浓度降低。输送至西安的气团路径共有西北、偏南及本地路径三类,西北气流携带的大颗粒污染物、偏南气流的增湿效应及污染物的输送和本地污染源的叠加,共同造成了盆地的重污染天气的发生,其中直行偏南路径占比最高为38%,本地路径次之,占比25%。     

哈尔滨春季一次罕见重度霾天气成因分析

利用气象、环境、卫星遥感火点监测等资料,从环流形势、气象要素、污染物和污染传输特征等方面对哈尔滨2018年4月4日夜间至5日白天罕见重度霾天气成因进行分析。结果表明,此次重度霾天气首要污染物为PM2.5,污染最重时PM2.5浓度高达507μg?m-3,秸秆焚烧是污染物的主要来源,既有本地源又有外地源,利用HYSPLIT模型模拟出这次重度霾天气污染传输特征。重度霾时段,近地面风速小,为1.5m·s-1左右,最小为0.1m·s-1,风向呈弱气旋性辐合、湿度增大有利于形成霾。低层存在较强的贴地逆温,逆温层顶高度约为100m,逆温强度约为1.5℃/100m,不利于污染物在垂直方向上扩散。地面均压场和高空弱高压脊、暖锋锋区和暖平流为这次重度霾天气提供了有利的大气环流背景条件。     

常州地区一次持续性霾天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料对2013年12月1—8日常州地区一次持续性严重霾天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:常州地区此次持续性霾天气过程中高纬地区高层环流较平直,低层为弱西南暖湿气流,冷空气势力较弱;2013年11月30日常州地区位于地面"L"型高压顶部,偏西风对常州上游地区污染物的输送和12月1日清晨出现的逆温层,导致扩散条件较差是此次霾过程爆发的主要原因;持续的地面均压场控制和频繁出现的逆温层为霾提供了维持机制,12月9日的强冷空气造成了此次霾过程消散。持续性霾天气过程期间,温度露点差减小,相对湿度增大,风力减小,多为偏西偏南风,且近地面多为弱的上升运动,为霾的维持提供了稳定的层结和充足的水汽。常州地区此次霾天气过程的主要污染物为颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10),部分SO_2、NO_2及O_3等污染物通过协同转化作用生成颗粒物,导致霾粒子浓度剧增是此次霾过程爆发的重要内因;后向轨迹模式的模拟结果也表明常州上游地区污染物的输送对此次霾过程亦有贡献。     

山东一次大范围持续性霾过程的气象条件分析

2016年12月30日至2017年1月8日，山东出现了以PM2.5为首要污染物、持续几天、大部地区重度以上污染的霾天气。基于多种实况观测资料和ERA Interim再分析资料，分析了此次过程天气背景和边界层特征等。结果发现：高空平直纬向环流、地面弱气压场、典型的静稳天气，有利于霾维持较长时间。此次过程期间有3次冷空气影响，冷空气的强度影响霾的变化，弱冷空气难以破坏近地层逆温结构，并会从上游向下输送污染物，有利于污染物的累积；较强冷空气带来较强的垂直运动，破坏了静稳天气形势，有利于污染物的扩散及清除。此次过程稳定层结形势下，边界层高度是一个对霾有指示意义的物理量。边界层高度和AQI的变化呈滞后负相关关系，边界层高度降低之后对应AQI指数升高。逆温层长时间的存在是此次霾持续的重要条件，另外由于地理原因东南风增湿和逆温层顶高度降低都会导致污染物浓度增大，使霾加重。     

2014年秋季长株潭城市群一次典型霾污染天气过程的气象特征及成因分析

利用长株潭地区地面空气质量监测资料、常规地面气象资料及NCEP再分析资料和MODIS火点监测资料,结合HYSPLIT4后向轨迹模式,对2014年10月1718日长株潭地区一次严重霾天气过程的空气污染特征和成因进行综合分析。研究表明,长株潭地区此次严重霾天气污染事件的主要污染物为PM2.5,安徽南部和江西西北部地区秸秆焚烧产生的颗粒物,经高空偏东北气流引导输送到长株潭地区,是这次大范围烟霾天气的主要来源。长株潭地区西部高空槽区宽广,槽前西南气流较为强盛,地面受均压场控制,水平风速弱,为严重霾污染天气的维持提供了有利的环流条件。中低层逆温和大气底层湿度的增加,使污染物粒子不断累积;近地面连续静（小）风和风向的频繁转变,不利于污染物粒子的水平扩散;中下层弱的下沉气流、较低的混合层高度有利于污染物的垂直累积,为此次重度霾污染天气的发展、加强提供了有利的气象条件。     

2013年初江苏连续性雾-霾天气的特征分析

利用FNL资料、污染物颗粒浓度资料以及常规气象资料对2013年1月12—16日江苏地区的连续性雾 霾天气过程的环流形势、地面气象要素特征、大气边界层结构及大气污染状况等进行了分析。结果表明：高空形势变化平稳、中低层的暖平流配合稳定少动的地面气压场为雾 霾天气的发生提供了有利的环流形势;持续变化较小的气压梯度和较低的风速以及相对湿度的增大和PM2.5、PM10的浓度的变化为雾 霾形成和发展提供了条件;雾 霾期间低层都存在不同程度的逆温现象,混合层高度与AQI呈反相关关系,当混合层高度越低,AQI就越高,污染就越严重,能见度就越差;相对湿度的升高和PM2.5在污染物颗粒中的富集,是导致能见度下降和持续污染的首要原因,而强冷空气带来的大风降温是污染物颗粒被快速清除的重要动力机制;影响南京的污染物来源为：黄海、安徽地区、北方污染物的输送和本地的局地污染。     

京津冀地区一次严重霾天气过程及其影响因素分析

利用大气污染监测资料、常规气象观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,对2013年1月9—17日京津冀地区一次严重霾天气过程的特征及其与气象条件的关系进行分析。结果表明：此次霾天气过程京津冀地区6个城市（北京、天津、石家庄、保定、邯郸、唐山）的PM10、SO2和NO2污染物日平均浓度均较高,变化趋势基本相同,其中PM10日平均浓度的变化幅度最大,峰值出现在11—13日之间;石家庄、保定和邯郸市的污染最严重,PM10日平均浓度最大值分别为0.94 mg·m－3、0.95 mg·m－3和0.82 mg·m－3。SO2和NO2日平均浓度的变化幅度较小,但浓度值均较大,基本为0.10 mg·m－3以上。影响此次霾天气过程的大范围环流形势为纬向型,存在较强的逆温层,弱下沉运动使近地层大气处于静稳状态,不利于污染物扩散,而近地面较小的风速和低层相对湿度小于90％为霾的形成提供了有利条件。另外,后向轨迹分析表明,此次污染过程京津冀地区的气团主要来自新疆地区,路径主要是从西北气流转为西南气流,携带南方的湿空气和污染物向京津冀地区输送。     

2020年江苏泰州一次持续性雾-霾过程特征和成因分析

2020年1月12—15日江苏泰州发生了一次较强的雾〖CD*2〗霾过程,利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料（1°×1°）及空气质量资料等,对此次过程的演变特征、成因、气团后向轨迹特征进行了分析,结果表明：此次过程具有日变化特征,霾期间对应的PM2.5和PM10浓度、空气质量指数相较于雾略高,这与大雾造成的湿沉降有关。此次东路冷空气对泰州影响较弱,前期易造成污染物在本地聚集。夜间至清晨相对湿度90%以上,风小,弱的垂直交换为雾的形成提供了较好的热、动力条件。白天相对湿度减小至80%,风速增至2 m〖DK〗·s-1,此时大气污染物浓度较高,雾转换为霾。13日900 hPa以上暖平流增强,边界层内逆温和90%以上相对湿度的存在,使得雾和霾均加强至最强。此外,分析气团的后向轨迹特征发现,霾天气期间500 m以下气团稳定少动。14日500 m以上清洁气团向低空补充,利于污染物的扩散,霾减轻。15日傍晚,风力增强并伴有降水出现,雾〖CD*2〗霾过程结束。     

2014年2月北京PM2.5污染过程及天气形势分析

2014年2月19—27日,北京出现了重度污染及以上水平的霾天气,严重危害着人们的身体健康。以北京该段持续污染过程为研究对象,基于同期气象数据与PM2.5 观测数据,利用SPSS统计软件分析了PM2.5浓度与气象因子间的相关性,探究区域周边城市PM2.5 污染变化特征及其与地面天气形势之间的关系。研究结果表明,在一定的气象条件下,PM2.5 浓度与风速、相对湿度分别呈显著的负相关、正相关,与气压呈负相关,与气温无显著相关关系。同时,比较该时段北京市与周边区域7个城市的PM2.5 浓度变化趋势及后向轨迹分析,发现北京市与周边城市在相似的气象背景条件下,污染过程具有区域性特征。华北地区处于地面高压均压场控制时,地面风速小,逆温层明显,大气层结稳定,区域扩散条件差,弱偏南气流主导时间长,受局地源积累和区域输送的影响,污染物浓度累积上升,可形成持续霾天气。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.