中国生态脆弱区高温热浪和干旱历史变化特征分析北大核心CSCD

高温热浪和干旱是影响陆地生态系统最主要的极端天气气候事件。已有关于中国高温热浪和干旱历史变化的定量研究主要针对全国范围、地理分区或单一区域,对于我国生态脆弱区相关极端事件的历史变化特征尚不清楚。本文利用中国CN05.1格点化观测数据集中的日最高气温观测资料和全球逐月标准化降水蒸发指数格点数据,分析了中国典型生态脆弱区1980~2014年发生的高温热浪和干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明:1980~2014年中国生态脆弱区的年高温日数和热浪次数整体呈增加趋势,两者变化趋势的空间分布类似。在空间分布上,高温热浪显著增加的区域主要位于北方生态脆弱区的中部和西部以及南方生态脆弱区的东部。其中,高温热浪增长显著的面积比率在西南岩溶山地石漠化脆弱区最高,在南方农牧脆弱区最低。区域平均来看,除南方农牧脆弱区较少发生高温热浪外,各脆弱区高温日数和热浪次数均呈现增加趋势,且除北方农牧林草区外,其余脆弱区增加趋势显著。北方生态脆弱区高温和热浪的发生频率和年际变化在20世纪90年代中期起均迅速增加。此外,中国生态脆弱区东部多呈现变干趋势且中等和极端干旱发生月数增多,其余地区则多变湿且极端干旱发生月数减少;区域平均来看,除西南岩溶山地石漠化脆弱区区域平均的干旱发生月数呈现显著增加趋势以外,其他区域的干湿和干旱发生月数的变化趋势小且不显著。     

基于地统计分析的中国省域交通运输系统碳排放时空特征研究

以30省域为研究单元,基于能源消耗测算了中国省域2003-2014年交通运输系统的碳排放量,探究了中国省域交通运输系统碳排放的时空分布特征及演变规律。结果表明：中国交通运输系统碳排放量持续快速增长,空间上表现为东高西低,南北方向呈"倒U"型的特征,且区域间相对差异逐渐减小。新疆、青海、甘肃这3省均为冷点地区,热点地区主要分布于东部沿海,历年交通运输系统碳排放重心基本位于河南省南部偏东地区,呈现东北-西南的方向格局,并向正北转变。不同时期交通运输系统碳排放数据变异的随机成分不同,且结构化差异呈减弱态势,而整体空间效应范围不断增大,溢出效应逐渐增强。     

黑龙江省冬、夏季低温的区域特征

用 REOF法对黑龙江省 1957～2004年冬季和夏季平均气温变化进行分区,并研究了各区低温的变化特征.结果表明,黑龙江省冬季平均气温可以分为 5个区,夏季 4个区.冬季各区各级别低温年份主要出现在 1960年代和 1970年代, 1980年代初期以来出现全省范围的低温仅有 2000年（强低温）.夏季各区各级别低温年份大多出现在 1950年代末期至 1980年代初期, 1980年代中期以来发生的低温都是区域性的,仅 1993年的范围较大,东部区、西部区、东南区出现不同程度低温, 2002年东部区遭受中低温危害.     

基于统计方法的典型冬季海温变率分类研究

选取国家气候中心监测业务中代表区域海温变率的25项海温指数,利用聚类分析法,对1951—2014年冬季的海温指数进行系统聚类,研究全球海温(除北冰洋外)变率的主要类型。通过分析区域海温之间的关联性,将全球海温指数分为了四类,结合四类指数指示海区空间分布和时间演化特征,提出了四类具有不同演变特征的冬季海温分布特征类型:ENSO区海温异常东部型(Ⅰ类)、ENSO区海温异常中部型(Ⅱ类)、西太暖池与北大西洋海温年代际变化型(Ⅲ类)及赤道信风洋流与西边界流作用下的海温异常扩散分布型(Ⅳ类)。Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类指数均表现出明显的年际变化特征,而Ⅲ类指数表现出明显的年代际变化特征。并根据聚类结果对各个类别的指数进行了综合,将全球海温变率合并为较少的自由度,为进一步研究全球海温演变以及多海区海温异常的协同作用对气候变率的影响打下基础。     

关于我国北方干旱化及其转折性变化

过去半个世纪,中国经历了北方的"西湿东干"和东部的"南涝北旱"的降水分布格局。近十几年来,这种降水长期变化的分布格局是维持还是发生了变化?针对这个问题,本文基于年降水观测数据、自矫正的帕尔默干旱指数scPDSI、地表湿润指数SWI及GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）卫星数据反演的陆地水储量（TWS）对中国区域干旱化问题进行了再分析。结果表明,近16年（2001~2016年）,中国东部地区（100°E以东）"南涝北旱"的格局正在发生显著的变化,长江上中游及江淮流域已转为显著的干旱化趋势,而华北地区的降水已转为增加趋势,东部"南旱北涝"的格局基本形成;北方过去的"西湿东干"也转变为"西干东湿"的空间分布特征。显然,中国区域的降水格局在2001年后发生了明显的年代尺度转折性变化,两种常用干旱指数scPDSI和SWI的分析也证明了这一点。但GRACE的陆地水储量（TWS）的分析却显示,最近16年来,中国东部"南涝北旱"的格局仍未发生变化,北方大部分地区仍然处于干旱化的时段,且有加剧的趋势,其原因有待于进一步研究。     

大别山区地形降水特征分析

利用2012—2014年地面自动站与中国区域CMORPH(Climate Prediction Center Morphing)多卫星降水数据相融合的逐时降水量数据集,分析大别山区的降水时空分布特征。2012—2014年大别山区年平均降水量978.5mm,降水大值区出现在大别山主峰的东南侧,降水主要集中在5—7月,且呈现明显的地形降水特征。从时间变化情况看,降水量呈现单峰的特征,7月降水量最大。从空间分布情况看,大别山及其东部地区是强降水的频发区,出现暴雨日数最多的区域位于主峰及其东侧。降水中心表现出显著的季节变化特征,冬季降水中心位于大别山区的东南部,进入春季以后降水中心向西北方向移动,北抬至大别山主峰北侧,进入秋季(9月以后)以后降水中心逐渐向南回落。大别山区大气环流的季节性变化及其与地形的相互作用是造成大别山区出现明显地形降水(与降水随海拔先增加后减小)和降水季节性变化的主要原因。     

全球变暖背景下青藏高原气温周期变化与突变分析

利用青藏高原地区自1956年建站以来126个站的逐月平均温度与北半球温度距平序列,分析了高原地区气温变化的时空特征。利用相关方法研究了高原温度分布型的变化特征。通过Mann-Kendall方法和小波分析方法分析了高原内部不同区域温度周期变化和均值突变的时间顺序和空间变化。结果表明:在全球变化背景下,青藏高原温度突变存在空间上的不一致,1980年代和1990年代均有突变发生,高原东部、东南部突变较早,北部、西北部和西部次之。高原南部的突变时间最晚。均值突变和周期变化并不是同步一致的,两者在空间分布上没有必然的联系。最后,通过温度变化的对比分析,讨论了其预测结果和实际观测的差异。     

中国西北东部近50 a降水异常分布及变化特征

基于主成分分析和旋转主成分分析方法,应用陕、甘、宁、青4省（区）170个测站的降水量观测资料,分析了西北东部1961-2010年降水量区域分布、地域相关和年际变化特征。结果表明：西北地区东部降水异常在空间上主要表现为较高的整体一致性,其次表现为东西相反和南北相反的变化趋势。西北地区东部降水异常存在4个基本相关的区域：陇东南和陕西中南部区、陇中宁夏和陕北区、青海高原区和河西走廊区。近50 a来,陇中宁夏和陕北区、河西走廊区各年代降水呈反位相变化;陇东南和陕西中南部区、青海高原区1961年以来的前40 a各年代变化趋势一致,本世纪初的10 a变化相反。河西走廊区、青海高原区则向湿转变,陇中宁夏和陕北区、陇东南和陕西中南部区干旱程度更为明显。     

中国大陆夏季水汽稳定同位素空间特征

大气降水的水汽来源主要是海洋,而借助降水稳定同位素空间分布格局可以反演水汽输送路径,进而示踪水汽来源。利用全球降水同位素监测网数据,基于GIS平台完成了中国大陆夏季大气降水δD、δ¹⁸O和过量氘空间格局表征。中国大陆夏季氢氧稳定同位素空间分布存在着地域分异,其成因与不同水汽源及诸多环境效应密切相关。非季风区内的西北内陆高值中心与欧亚大陆自蒸发及经由西风带输送的大西洋水汽相关,青藏高原高值则是由高程效应所造成。季风区内大气降水稳定同位素总体呈现出自东南向西北递减趋势,多由纬度效应、大陆效应共同作用而形成;我国西南地区氢氧稳定同位素明显低于同纬度东南地区的,西南地区地形复杂和气流暖湿造成的雨量效应应该是主因。过量氘空间格局则与中国大陆三大气候带分界线基本吻合,区分了西北内陆低值区、青藏高原高值区及东部的自西南向东北递减趋势显著区。依据季风区内大气降水过量氘空间分布特征,大体推断出中国大陆西南夏季风与东南夏季风的区域影响分界可能在"长沙—西安"一线附近。     

我国大陆极端高温基于去趋势波动及排列熵法的时空分布特征研究

为进一步掌握我国大陆极端高温的时空分布特征,利用去趋势波动分析法确定全国83 个站点极端高温阈值,通过排列熵方法检测全国10 个区的极端高温周期和突变。结果表明,我国大陆极端高温频数主要以7 年、10～13 年和16～20 年三大周期变化;突变主要发生在1960 年代、1970 年代末和1980 年代初;1950 年代初极端高温频率年值最大,而后急剧下降,直至1980 年代中后期才出现明显的增长趋势;极端高温年频数均值南方较北方大,且大、小频数分布区域集中。      

Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Atmospheric CO2 in East China Based on Data from Three Satellites

East China (23.6°–38.4°N, 113.6°–122.9°E) is the largest developed region in China. Based on CO₂ products retrieved from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), the spatial and temporal distributions of CO₂ mixing ratios in East China during 2014–17 are discussed, and the retrieved CO₂ from AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) and OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2), as well as WLG (Waliguan) background station observations, are compared with those of GOSAT. The annual CO₂ retrieved from GOSAT in East China ranged from 398.96 ± 0.24 ppm in 2014 to 407.39 ± 0.20 ppm in 2017, with a growth rate of 2.82 ± 0.15 ppm yr^?1, which were higher than in other regions of China. The seasonal cycle presented a maximum in spring and a minimum in summer or autumn. Higher values were mainly concentrated in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province, and lower values were concentrated in Jiangxi and the north of Fujian Province. CO₂ observed in Fujian and parts of Jiangxi increased by less than 1.0 ppm during 2014–15, but enhanced significantly by more than 5.0 ppm during 2015–16, perhaps influenced by local emissions and global impacts. We calculated year-to-year CO₂ enhancements in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–17 that were relatively low and stable, due to the region’s carbon emissions control and reduction policies. The annual and seasonal amplitudes of CO₂ retrieved from AIRS were lower than those from GOSAT in East China, probably owing to the CO₂ retrieved from AIRS better reflecting the characteristics of the mid-troposphere, while GOSAT is more representative of near-surface CO₂. The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of CO₂ retrieved from OCO-2 were close to those from GOSAT in East China.     

Impact of climate and socioeconomic changes on fire carbon emissions in the future: Sustainable economic development might decrease future emissions

Fires and their associated carbon and air pollutant emissions have a broad range of environmental and societal impacts, including negative effects on human health, damage to terrestrial ecosystems, and indirect effects that promote climate change. Previous studies investigated future carbon emissions from the perspective of response to climate change and population growth, but the compound effects of other factors like economic development and land use change are not yet well known. We explored fire carbon emissions throughout the 21st century by changing five factors (meteorology, biomass, land use, population density, and gross domestic product [GDP] per capita). Compared to the historical period (2006–2015), global future fire carbon emissions decreased, mainly caused by an increase in GDP per capita, which leads to improvement in fire management and capitalized agriculture. We found that the meteorological factor has a strong individual effect under higher warming cases. Fires in boreal forests were particularly expected to increase because of an increase in fuel dryness. Our research should help climate change researchers consider fire-carbon interactions. Incorporating future spatial changes under diverse scenarios will be helpful to develop national mitigation and adaptation plans.     

The geography of urban greenhouse gas emissions in Asia: A regional analysis

This paper aims to advance two objectives: (1) identify and explore greenhouse gas emissions from urban areas in Asia at the regional level; and (2) explore covariates of urban greenhouse gas emissions. We use the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research estimates for carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and sulfur hexafluoride from 14 source activities for the year 2000, which are allocated on a 1/10° global grid. We extract emissions for 3535 urban extents all with populations over 50,000, accounting for approximately 91% of the region's urban population. We use regression analysis to associate emissions with urban area and growth, economic, and biophysical characteristics. Our findings suggest that urban areas account for between 30 and 38% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions for the region and that emission per capita averages from urban areas are lower than those at the national level. Important covariates for total urban greenhouse gas emissions include population size, density and growth rate, income per capita, development status and elevation. This is a first and preliminary assessment of regional baseline trends using these data and this top-down analysis.     

Ranking the risk of CO2 emissions from seagrass soil carbon stocks under global change threats

Seagrass meadows are natural carbon storage hotspots at risk from global change threats, and their loss can result in the remineralization of soil carbon stocks and CO₂ emissions fueling climate change. Here we used expert elicitation and empirical evidence to assess the risk of CO₂ emissions from seagrass soils caused by multiple human-induced, biological and climate change threats. Judgments from 41 experts were synthesized into a seagrass CO₂ emission risk score based on vulnerability factors (i.e., spatial scale, frequency, magnitude, resistance and recovery) to seagrass soil organic carbon stocks. Experts perceived that climate change threats (e.g., gradual ocean warming and increased storminess) have the highest risk for CO₂ emissions at global spatial scales, while direct threats (i.e., dredging and building of a marina or jetty) have the largest CO₂ emission risks at local spatial scales. A review of existing peer-reviewed literature showed a scarcity of studies assessing CO₂ emissions following seagrass disturbance, but the limited empirical evidence partly confirmed the opinion of experts. The literature review indicated that direct and long-term disturbances have the greatest negative impact on soil carbon stocks per unit area, highlighting that immediate management actions after disturbances to recover the seagrass canopy can significantly reduce soil CO₂ emissions. We conclude that further empirical evidence assessing global change threats on the seagrass carbon sink capacity is required to aid broader uptake of seagrass into blue carbon policy frameworks. The preliminary findings from this study can be used to estimate the potential risk of CO₂ emissions from seagrass habitats under threat and guide nature-based solutions for climate change mitigation.     

全球长期减排目标与碳排放权分配原则

全球长期减排目标将对世界未来的碳排放形成严重制约,减排义务的分担原则涉及各国的发展空间,事关根本利益。部分发达国家倡导人均排放趋同原则,回避发达国家的历史责任,中国等发展中国家提出人均累积排放趋同原则,强调公平性。按人均累积排放量计算,发达国家自工业革命以来的CO₂排放量已远超出其到2050年前应有的限额,其当前和今后相当长时期的高人均排放都将继续挤占发展中国家的排放空间。因此,发达国家在哥本哈根会议的中近期减排承诺中必须深度减排,以实现全球长期减排目标下的排放轨迹,并为发展中国家留有必要的发展空间。同时必须对发展中国家给予充足的资金和技术支持,作为对其过度挤占发展中国家发展空间的补偿,使发展中国家能够在可持续发展框架下,提高应对气候变化的能力。我国在对外坚持公平原则,努力争取合理的排放空间的同时,对内要加强向低碳经济转型,努力实现保护全球气候和国内可持续发展的双赢。     

陆表自然和人文要素相互作用——“全球变化及应对”重点专项研究进展

在国家重点研发计划支持下,项目提出了陆表不均一性检测和订正的新方法,解决了渐变型不均一性检测和订正的难题,构建了中国地表太阳辐射、气温、地温、风速和降水等参数均一化站点和格点数据集,修订了关于中国地表风速变化趋势、增温格局及其形成机制的结论。融合多源数据,构建并验证了千米级、流域级或县域级的电厂、人口、生物质能、取水量、氮排放、二氧化碳排放等影响自然系统的关键人文要素历史和未来预估数据集。构建了未来关键人文要素情景,研制了碳中和目标下甲烷和氧化亚氮排放情景和用于驱动全球模式的未来情景,预估了中国碳中和战略的实施对全球变暖的减缓作用,发现中国碳中和对远期和中期全球变暖的减缓作用显著。给出了中国各省份水体氮排放安全阈值及超越时间,阐明了中国粮食产量与氮施肥的关系,提出了在保障粮食安全的前提下减少水体氮排放的有效途径,指出重构城乡养分循环体系是同时保障粮食安全和恢复水质的必要途径。发现全球饱和水汽压差的年际变化与大气二氧化碳浓度上升速率的年际变化显著相关,阐明了饱和水汽压差变化在调控生态系统生产力中的重要角色以及多因素耦合作用在生态系统生产力变化中的复杂影响。建议更全面细致地评估中国各种碳中...     

The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: an exploratory analysis

The purpose of this paper is to describe global urban greenhouse gas emissions by region and sector, examine the distribution of emissions through the urban-to-rural gradient, and identify covariates of emission levels for our baseline year, 2000. We use multiple existing spatial databases to identify urban extent, greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂, N₂O, CH₄ and SF₆) and covariates of emissions in a “top-down” analysis. The results indicate that urban activities are significant sources of total greenhouse gas emissions (36.8 and 48.6 % of total). The urban energy sector accounts for between 41.5 and 66.3 % of total energy emissions. Significant differences exist in the urban share of greenhouse gas emissions between developed and developing countries as well as among source sectors for geographic regions. The 50 largest urban emitting areas account for 38.8 % of all urban greenhouse gas emissions. We find that greenhouse gas emissions are significantly associated with population size, density, growth rates, and per capita income. Finally, comparison of our results to “bottom-up” estimates suggest that this research’s data and techniques are best used at the regional and global scales.     

Recent climatic change,greenhouse gas emissions and future climate: The implications for India

Summary In this paper, we discuss past climatic trends over India, greenhouse gas emissions due to energy consumption, forest and land-use changes, climate change scenarios for the year 2050, potential consequences for agriculture and cyclone activity and the possibility that India might limit the increasing trend in its emissions.India's mean surface air temperature has increased significantly by about 0.4°C over the past ccntury. Neither monsoon nor annual rainfall shows any significant trend. On average, there has been a rise in sea levels around India over recent decades, though considerable uncertainties exist in the accuracy and interpretation of the available data.Carbon emissions from the energy sector amount to 71 MT a year, equivalent to all other sectors combined. From land-use data, a marginal net sequestration of 5.25 million tonnes of carbon occurred during 1986. Following the IPCC guidelines, methane emissions from rice and livestock are estimated at 17.4 and 12.8 Tg/year, respectively.According to recent climate model projections, India may experience a further rise in temperature of 1 °C by the year 2050, about four times the rate of warming experienced over the past 100 years. A modest increase in precipitation amounts might occur. Cereals production is estimated to decrease and the nutrition security of the population-rich but land-hungry region of India might be hampered. An increase in local tropical cyclone activity may occur over thc next century, posing added problems as large areas in the coastal regions have a dense population.About 70% of the electricity generation in India is from coal-based power stations. Altering this dependence significantly to reduce emissions would imply a substantial change in the present energy policy of India. There is great potential for improving energy efficiency and conservation. The adoption of cleaner coal-technologies should be considered, as must the development of renewable, non-conventional energy sources. In all cases, serious institulional barriers and resource limitations need to be addressed. The scope for carbon sequestration is limiled by land availabilily and other factors. It is argued that any response to global warming must be located firmly in the framework of sustainable development.With 5 Figures     

河北省贸易隐含二氧化碳排放及其影响因素研究

针对全球气候变化而引发国家间减排责任的争吵,需要各国从生产和消费的角度来认识二氧化碳排放,国家内部区域之间减排责任的分担也应该从生产和消费两个角度加以认识。为此,本文利用投入产出分析方法和EEBT(双边贸易隐含排放)核算方法核算河北省的二氧化碳排放,发现河北省生产型二氧化碳排放远大于其消费型二氧化碳排放,其中国内流出/流入引发的二氧化碳排放量较大。在利用SDA(结构分解分析法)分析影响贸易隐含二氧化碳排放变化因素时,发现行业二氧化碳排放强度变化对隐含二氧化碳排放具有积极影响,而国民经济行业之间技术经济关系的变化对隐含二氧化碳排放具有消极影响。因此,河北省在利用技术手段降低行业二氧化碳排放强度的同时,还要筛选关键性部门加以重点管理。同时,河北省贸易隐含二氧化碳排放及其影响因素变化对国家制定区域减排责任也有较强参考价值。     

中国大陆黑碳气溶胶排放清单

The detailed high-resolution emission inventory of black carbon (BC) from China in the year 2000 was calculated. The latest fuel consumption data including fossil and biomass fuels, and socio-economic statistics used were obtained from government agencies, mostly at the county level, and some new emission factors (Efs) from local measurements were also used. National and regional summaries of emissions were presented at 0.2°×0.2°resolution. Total BC emission was 1499.4 Gg in 2000, mainly due to the burning of coal and biomass. The BC emission estimated here is higher than those in previous studies, mainly because the emissions from coal burning by rural industries and residences were previously underestimated. More BC aerosols were emitted from eastern China than western China. A strong seasonal dependence was observed for BC emissions, with peaks in January and December and low emissions in July and August; and this seasonality is mainly due to patterns in residential heating and the open burning of crop residues.