酒东坳陷营尔凹陷下白垩统储层孔隙特征及其影响因素研究

酒东坳陷营尔凹陷油气储层以低孔、低渗和特低孔、特低渗为特征,储层物性差严重制约着该区油气的勘探和开发。本文通过岩石薄片、铸体薄片、荧光薄片、X衍射、扫描电镜和压汞分析等手段对该区孔隙特征及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,该区储层孔隙类型主要以长石、硅质岩屑、石英和碳酸盐胶结物的粒间溶蚀孔隙和粒内溶蚀孔隙为主,纵向上在下沟组下段和赤金堡组顶发育有两个次生孔隙带。近物源快速堆积的沉积环境导致储层分选磨和圆差,矿物成分成熟度低,这是储层物性较差的根本原因。从成岩作用角度看,压实作用是导致储层物性变差的主要因素;粘土矿物和碳酸盐胶结物充填了大部分孔隙。胶结作用一方面充填于孔隙中使储层物性变差,另一方面又为后期溶蚀溶解奠定了物质基础。有机质热演化以及粘土矿物在成岩转化过程中释放的酸性水溶蚀及溶解作用产生大量次生孔隙,这是深部储层得以改善的主要原因。     

靖安油田上三叠统长6储层成岩作用研究

通过对5条剖面和11口探井的综合研究确定了长6储层的成岩作用阶段,对影响储层物性重要的自生矿物形成进行了探讨,认为靖安油田上三叠统延长组6段储层经历了压实、胶结、溶蚀等一系列复杂的成岩作用,成岩现象十分丰富,特征明显。从储层成岩作用研究表明,早成岩期的压实作用、多种矿物胶结作用是使储层物性变差、孔隙度降低的两个重要的成岩作用;而溶蚀作用,特别是浊沸石胶结的溶蚀是储层物性变好的重要成岩控制因素。     

煤源岩孔隙演化与煤成油气初次运移研究

通过加水热模拟实验对一褐煤样的生烃特征进行了研究,并利用压汞法研究了在热演化过程中煤源岩孔隙结构变化特征。结果表明煤源岩热解产物的形成和煤成油气初次运移与煤源岩孔隙结构之间有着密切的关系。在低温阶段,煤源岩中出现了较多的大孔隙和裂隙,此时主要是液态产物形成和排驱运移;在高温阶段,煤源岩大孔隙和裂隙消失而微小孔隙大量形成,此时主要是热解气大量形成和排驱运移。     

柴西南昆北油田切6区路乐河组储层孔隙结构及物性特征

路乐河组(E₁₊₂)是柴达木盆地昆北油田切6区主要含油气层系,储层特征(特别是孔隙结构和物性特征)认识不清严重阻碍了油田的开发。综合运用岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、压汞及实验测试等,对该区储层孔隙结构及物性特征进行研究,明确储层物性的控制因素。研究表明:路乐河组储层岩性以砾岩和砂岩为主,岩石类型主要为长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度较低;储层孔隙类型包括原生孔隙、次生孔隙以及裂缝,以原生粒间孔为主,占总孔隙的70.3%;孔隙喉道形状主要为缩小型状和管束状,孔隙直径主要分布于20~40 μm,根据压汞曲线形态将孔隙结构分为4类,以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类孔隙结构为主;路乐河组储层为特低孔低渗储层,孔渗相关性较好,储层物性受岩性、沉积相和成岩作用等综合控制。储层物性较好的岩性为不等粒砂岩和细砾岩,沉积微相为分流河道和河口坝,压实作用、胶结作用使储层物性变差,而溶蚀和破裂作用较好地改善了储层物性。     

塔里木盆地巴楚—麦盖提地区泥盆系储层特征及影响因素

通过钻井岩芯、岩石薄片及铸体薄片观察,结合压汞分析等手段,分析了塔里木盆地巴楚—麦盖提地区泥盆系储层岩石学特征及物性演化特征。研究结果表明:泥盆系储层岩性以石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩为主。泥盆系东河塘组沉积环境为滨岸沉积,前滨滩砂物性最好,原生孔隙发育,属于特低孔特低渗储层;克孜尔塔格组为三角洲--潮坪沉积,以水上分流河道砂体物性最好,次生孔隙发育,属于特低孔特低渗--低孔低渗储层。储层砂体中压实作用、硅质胶结作用十分普遍,硅质胶结多以加大边形式存在;碳酸盐胶结在储层中相对发育,充填于岩石孔隙或交代其他碎屑颗粒,降低储层孔隙度与渗透率,表现为破坏性成岩作用;溶解作用对储层影响较大,有助于提高储层物性,表现为建设性成岩作用。     

塔里木盆地巴楚-麦盖提地区泥盆系东河塘组储层孔隙结构特征及其影响因素

通过对钻井岩心的镜下观察并结合压汞分析测试研究表明,塔里木盆地巴楚-麦盖提地区泥盆系东河塘组储层砂体孔隙类型以原生孔隙为主,其次为次生孔隙; 其中原生孔隙以剩余粒间孔隙为主,次生孔隙以溶蚀孔隙为主。孔隙喉道细,孔渗条件差,属于特低孔超低渗、超低孔超低渗储层。孔隙结构可分为3 类,以第Ⅲ种类型为主( 75%) 。储层孔隙结构特征受成岩作用及沉积作用的影响,其中成岩作用是主要的影响因素。     

苏北高邮凹陷戴一段砂岩矿物和孔隙成岩机理的探讨

苏北盆地高邮凹陷下第三系戴一段岩层是主要的产油层系.通过对不同埋深的砂岩、泥岩和有机质的分析,表明砂岩的颗粒、胶结物、孔隙的性质发生了一系列的成岩变化,长石矿物的溶蚀所形成的大量次生孔隙是本区砂岩储集层的明显特征.在两个不同深度上出现的次生孔隙密集带,具有不同的成因机制(有机质的脱羧基作用和矿物的交代作用),并分别控制着低成熟、高成熟石油及天然气的分布.     

Porosity and microstructure characterization of building stones and concretes

The microstructure of building materials greatly influences engineering properties like permeability, strength and durability. To determine this microstructure, different techniques were developed, each with its own limitations. The purpose of this study on concrete and natural building stones was to compare and to combine data obtained by X-ray computed micro-tomography (micro-CT), water absorption under vacuum and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Pore-size distribution curves ranging from 10 nm to 1 mm and total porosity results were obtained. Furthermore, micro-CT revealed the presence of an interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and of micro-cracks inside the aggregates of the concrete samples after mercury intrusion. Micro-CT visualized mercury inside large air bubbles within the concrete samples. Both micro-CT and MIP were compared and their respective advantages and disadvantages discussed.     

Cyclic Characteristics of the Physical Properties of Key Strata in CBM Systems Controlled by Sequence Stratigraphy—An Example from the Gujiao Block

Multiple coal seams and interbedded rock assemblages formed in vertical progression due to the influence of multiple stages of sea level transgressions.Based on mercury injection experiment,low temperature liquid nitrogen experiment,porosity and permeability experiment and breakthrough pressure experiment,the vertical variation characteristics of coal-bearing strata in Gujiao block are explained in detail.The results of the mercury injection and low temperature liquid nitrogen experiments show that the pore structure characteristics fluctuate with increasing depth in the strata,with fewer micropores followed by transition pores.The BET specific surface area and average pore diameter of the Shanxi Formation are generally larger than those of the Taiyuan Formation.Due to the continuous cyclic sequence stratigraphy changes,the porosity,permeability,breakthrough pressure and breakthrough time of the samples show a certain cyclicity.Within the same sequence,the porosity is larger,and the permeability is smaller near the maximum flooding surface.Although the permeability of the sandstone samples is higher,the porosity is lower,and the breakthrough pressure and breakthrough times are greater.The strata in the study area formed in an oxidized environment that was affected by freshwater,and the pore structure of different lithologies is quite different.After the formation of sandstone,the intergranular pores generally underwent filling with secondary quartz,clay minerals and organic matter,resulting in low porosity and permeability.     

Depositional environment, sand provenance, and diagenesis of the Basal Salina Formation (lower Eocene), northwestern Peru

The Basal Salina Formation is a lower Eocene transgressive sequence consisting of interbedded shales, siltstones, and conglomeratic sandstones. This formation occurs in the Talara basin of northwestern Peru and is one of a series of complexly faulted hydrocarbon-producing formations within this extensional forearc basin. These sediments were probably deposited in a fan-delta complex that developed along the ancestral Amotape Mountains during the early Eocene. Most of the sediment was derived from the low-grade metamorphic and plutonic rocks that comprise the Amotape Mountains, and their sedimentary cover. Detrital modes of these sandstones reflect the complex tectonic history of the area, rather than the overall forearc setting. Unlike most forearc sediments, these are highly quartzose, with only minor percentages of volcanic detritus. This sand is variably indurated and cemented by chlorite, quartz, calcite, and kaolinite. Clay-mineral matrix assemblages show gradational changes with depth, from primarily detrital kaolinite to diagenetic chlorite and mixed-layered illite/smectite. Basal Salina sandstones exhibit a paragenetic sequence that may be tied to early meteoric influx or late-stage influx of thermally driven brines associated with hydrocarbon migration. Much of the porosity is secondary, resulting from a first-stage dissolution of silicic constituents (volcanic lithic fragments, feldspar, and fibrous quartz) and a later dissolution of surrounding carbonate cement. Types of pores include skeletal grains, grain molds, elongate pores, and fracture porosity. Measured porosity values range up to 24% and coarser samples tend to be more porous. Permeability is enhanced by fractures and deterred by clay-mineral cements and alteration residues.     

微生物-矿物接触作用对金属硫化物溶解的影响——氧化亚铁硫杆菌参与黄铜矿溶解的初步研究

在表生条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的参与能够有效促进黄铜矿的氧化分解,前人研究认为微生物对黄铜矿的溶解有直接和间接作用,但相对贡献仍存在争议。利用透析膜将细菌和黄铜矿隔离,模拟对比了黄铜矿与氧化亚铁硫杆菌不接触和直接接触时的溶解行为。利用等离子光谱(ICP-AES)测定两种实验条件下溶液中Cu2+离子的浓度变化,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了两种条件下黄铜矿表面特征的变化和次生产物特征。实验发现在两种模式下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌均不同程度提高了黄铜矿的溶解速率;直接接触模式比非接触模式对黄铜矿氧化分解的促进作用更显著。     

Thermal conductivity of carbonate rocks

The thermal conductivities of several well-defined carbonate rocks were determined near 40°C. Values range from 1.2 W m^?1C^?1 for a highly porous chalk to 5.1 W m^?1C^?1 for a dolomite. The thermal conductivity of magnesite (5.0) is at the high end of the range, and that for Iceland Spar Calcite (3.2) is near the middle. The values for limestones decrease linearly with increasing porosity. Dolomites of comparable porosity have greater thermal conductivities than limestones.Water-sorbed samples have expected greater thermal conductivities than air-saturated (dry) samples of the same rock. An anomalously large increase in the thermal conductivity of a water-sorbed clayey dolomite over that of the same sample when dry is attributed to the clay fraction, which swells during water inhibition, causing more solid-to-solid contacts within the dolomite framework.Measurements were made with a Colora Thermoconductometer. Chemical and mineralogical analyses were made and tabulated. Porosity of the rocks was determined by mercury porosimetry and also from density measurements. The Iceland Spar Calcite and magnesite were included for reference.     

Thin section and S.E.M. textural criteria for the recognition of cement-dissolution porosity in sandstones

Cement-porosity relationships are described from the Lower Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group and the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group in the United Kingdom. Calcite cemented sandstones display a variety of replacement textures, with preferential replacement of grains and of overgrowth faces with high free-surface energy. Dolomite and siderite cemented sandstones display similar textures but replacement is less specific and euhedral overgrowth surfaces are commonly embayed by carbonates. Examination of the more porous sandstones with the scanning electron microscope reveals a range of pitting and embayment textures in authigenic overgrowths and in detrital grains. These range from small ‘v’-shaped notches and pits, through regular and irregular shaped embayments, into large depressions. These textures appear to be morphologically similar to the quartz surfaces seen in thin sections of carbonate cemented sandstones, and are interpreted to have been formed by the dissolution of pore-filling and grain replacive authigenic carbonates. This is confirmed by examination of experimentally exhumed overgrowth surfaces from carbonate cemented sandstones. These textures indicate that part of the intergranular porosity in these sediments is secondary in origin, and has been generated by the dissolution of carbonate cements. The identification of such textures may lead to a more confident interpretation of the nature of intergranular porosity in the subsurface.     

Dolomite-rock textures and secondary porosity development in Ellenburger Group carbonates (Lower Ordovician), west Texas and southeastern New Mexico

Pervasive early- to late-stage dolomitization of Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group carbonates in the deep Permian Basin of west Texas and southeastern New Mexico is recorded in core samples having present-day burial depths of 1.5–7.0 km. Seven dolomite-rock textures are recognized and classified according to crystal-size distribution and crystal-boundary shape. Unimodal and polymodal planar-s (subhedral) mosaic dolomite is the most widespread type, and it replaced allochems and matrix or occurs as void-filling cement. Planar-e (euhedral) dolomite crystals line pore spaces and/or fractures, or form mosaics of medium to coarse euhedral crystals. This kind of occurrence relates to significant intercrystalline porosity. Non-planar-a (anhedral) dolomite replaced a precursor limestone/dolostone only in zones that are characterized by original high porosity and permeability. Non-planar dolomite cement (saddle dolomite) is the latest generation and is responsible for occlusion of fractures and pore space. Dolomitization is closely associated with the development of secondary porosity; dolomitization pre-and post-dates dissolution and corrosion and no secondary porosity generation is present in the associated limestones. The most common porosity types are non-fabric selective moldic and vuggy porosity and intercrystalline porosity. Up to 12% effective porosity is recorded in the deep (6477 m) Delaware basin. These porous zones are characterized by late-diagenetic coarse-crystalline dolomite, whereas the non-porous intervals are composed of dense mosaics of early-diagenetic dolomites. The distribution of dolomite rock textures indicates that porous zones were preserved as limestone until late in the diagenetic history, and were then subjected to late-stage dolomitization in a deep burial environment, resulting in coarse-crystalline porous dolomites. In addition to karst horizons at the top of the Ellenburger Group, exploration for Ellenburger Group reservoirs should consider the presence of such porous zones within other Ellenburger Group dolomites.     

Weathering of sandstone lotus petals at the Angkor site: a 1,000-year stone durability trial

This article is based on field investigations carried out at Ta Keo and Banteay Srei temples (Angkor, Cambodia), which have similar environmental histories and display the same recurrent decorative pattern (lotus petal) in three different sandstone lithotypes. Based on two original scales of mechanical and chemical weathering, the degree of deterioration of c.2000 sandstone petals was visually assessed, resulting in the proposal of a durability scale. An explanatory scheme was provided, based on laboratory analyses of stone materials (ICP-AES, XRD, SEM-EDS, polarizing microscopy and mercury injection). The key drivers of sandstone durability are both mineralogical and petrophysical. The remarkable preservation of the pink sandstone is due to the quartzose nature of its clasts, the non-swelling clay content of its abundant matrix (kaolinite) and its porosity structure (large connected pores and probable non-connected porosity). The overall good preservation of the green sandstone is due to its extremely low porosity and specific surface area, associated with its strong cementation. The severe deterioration of the grey sandstone is due to its laminated structure (oriented biotites), the susceptibility to hygric swelling and solution of its binding agents (chlorite/smectite and calcite) and its porosity structure, which evolves during a two-stage weathering sequence. The first stage is characterized by a bimodal porosity due to the partial clogging of macropores by swelling clays, and the second stage by a substantial increase in porosity and the penetration of salts (barite and anhydrite). Conversely, oxidation phenomena associated with weathering can lead to a drastic reduction of porosity.     

一种新的储层孔隙成因类型--石英溶解型次生孔隙

石英作为碎屑岩储层中的一种难溶组分,普遍认为它和次生孔隙的形成关系不十分密切。研究认为泌阳凹陷核桃园组储层中的碎屑石英颗粒存在明显的溶解现象,并形成以石英直接溶解型孔隙为主的储集空间特征。石英颗粒被溶解的部分在薄片中所占的范围为 2 %～ 7%者常见,高者达 8%以上,在总孔隙中所占的相对含量也多数在10 %～ 35 %之间,早成岩B期是其最主要形成期。石英溶解型次生孔隙的大量存在为碎屑岩储层中SiO₂ 胶结物及次生孔隙成因等问题的解释以及储层预测和评价提供了新的可能性。     

Welded tuff porosity characterization using mercury intrusion,nitrogen and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether sorption and epifluorescence microscopy

Porosity of welded tuff from Snowshoe Mountain, Colorado, was characterized by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), nitrogen sorption porosimetry, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) gas phase sorption and epifluorescence optical microscopy. Crushed tuff of two particle-size fractions (1-0.3 mm and less than 0.212 mm), sawed sections of whole rock and crushed tuff that had been reacted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid were examined. Average MIP pore diameter values were in the range of 0.01–0.02μm. Intrusion volume was greatest for tuff reacted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and least for sawed tuff. Cut rock had the smallest porosity (4.72%) and crushed tuff reacted in hydrochloric acid had the largest porosity (6.56%). Mean pore diameters from nitrogen sorption measurements were 0.0075–0.0187 μm. Nitrogen adsorption pore volumes (from 0.005 to 0.013 cm³/g) and porosity values (from 1.34 to 3.21%) were less than the corresponding values obtained by MIP. More than half of the total tuff pore volume was associated with pore diameters < 0.05μm. Vapor sorption of EGME demonstrated that tuff pores contain a clay-like material. Epifluorescence microscopy indicated that connected porosity is heterogeneously distributed within the tuff matix; mineral grains had little porosity. Tuff porosity may have important consequences for contaminant disposal in this host rock.     

柴达木盆地扎X井区上新统下油砂山组Ⅳ油层组成岩作用研究

柴达木盆地扎X井区目前是扎哈泉区块产量的主要贡献区,也是后期建产重要的潜力区。通过对X井区上新统下油砂山组Ⅳ油层组综合研究,认为其属于中孔中低渗储层,处于中成岩阶段A期。压实作用对储层物性的影响较小,胶结作用是孔隙减小的主要原因,溶蚀作用对孔隙的增加有一定的建设作用。     

辫状河三角洲水下分流河道储层特征

以海安南地区堡1断块泰州组一段为例,在岩石薄片和压汞资料分析的基础上,从砂体的内部结构入手对水下分流河道储层特征进行了研究,将泰一段储层的孔隙结构划分为三种类型。经研究表明：泰一段辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体内部结构单元为典型的中一低孔、中一低渗储层,碎屑组份成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低,储层孔隙类型以次生孔隙为主,原生孔隙较不发育;填隙物为泥质杂基和碳酸盐矿物胶结物,属长石岩屑质砂岩和岩屑长石质砂岩;成岩作用主要发育压实作用、胶结交代作用和溶解溶蚀作用等,塑性颗粒的变形、碎屑颗粒的破裂甚至错断、石英次生加大、方解石及铁白云石交代碎屑组份、溶蚀现象等均较普遍。对各结构单元孔隙结构类型参数分析表明,水下分流河道内部结构单元河道主体砂岩储集性能好于河道侧缘,认为岩相类型和沉积环境是影响储层物性的原生因素。     

北黄海盆地下白垩统致密砂岩储层特征及成因

北黄海盆地是我国近海勘探及研究程度均较低的中新生代叠合断陷盆地,下白垩统砂岩储层是主要的勘探目的层段,储层致密是制约该区油气勘探的“瓶颈”之一.通过岩心观察、薄片分析、扫描电镜观测、压汞分析、物性统计等研究,对北黄海盆地东部坳陷下白垩统的储层特征进行了研究,从沉积、成岩、埋藏史等方面对其致密化成因进行了探讨.结果表明,下白垩统储层以扇三角洲沉积为主,物性总体较差,属于特低孔特低渗的致密砂岩储层,储集空间主要有粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、微裂缝等次生孔隙,属孔隙—裂缝双孔介质储层,孔隙结构复杂.该储层特征主要受沉积相带、成岩作用及埋藏史等因素控制,储层砂体以长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩为主,成分及结构成熟度中等,原始储层物性差,高含量的塑性岩屑不利于原生孔隙的保存,沉积物粒度决定微裂缝的发育程度.成岩作用起主导作用,受早期深埋—中期抬升剥蚀—晚期再次深埋的这一特定埋藏过程影响,早期强烈压实,后期石英自生加大、方解石胶结、自生矿物晶出等胶结作用导致储层整体致密.长石的溶蚀和粘土化促进了次生孔隙的形成,但烃类充注时间晚、酸性流体活动弱,溶蚀作用受到抑制.后期构造作用产生的微裂隙则是改善储层物性的另一重要作用.