Contribution of REDD+ payments to the economy of rural households in Nepal

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) is a global climate change mitigation strategy. Under the proposed REDD+ framework, financial incentives are provided, primarily to developing countries, for forest conservation to reduce carbon emissions. Projects labelled as REDD are being implemented in a wide variety of settings in different countries. Developing an effective benefit-distribution mechanism between implementing agencies and local communities is a key challenge for the implementation of REDD+. We examined whether the REDD+ payment mechanism adopted in a REDD+ pilot project in Nepal is beneficial to the local forest users. We estimated economic contribution of the REDD+ payments to the total household income, calculated the role of payment in reducing income inequality at the household level and examined socio-economic heterogeneity represented by wealth and ethnicity among the payment recipient households. REDD+ payment provided economic benefits to the poorest households but the economic contribution of the payment to the household economy is very nominal and is insufficient to invest in livelihood enhancement activities. REDD+ payment to some extent helps to reduce income inequality among the households. Social heterogeneity of a household overshadowed household wealth status during the payment distribution among the sampled households creating social tension. Therefore, either alternative payment models or investment in community projects might yield better outcomes.     

中国大城市拆迁安置居民补偿方式与受益率测度 ——以南京为例

拆迁安置补偿是城市内城改造与扩张过程中涉及拆迁居民利益的核心问题,拆迁安置家庭多个特征因影响补偿方式和受益率。针对补偿方式不同与受益率不同,分别采用二项逻辑回归与多元线性回归模型,对南京市4个安置区的349户拆迁安置居民家庭进行了实证分析,结果表明：① 对于实物补偿和货币补偿,城中村拆迁安置居民家庭和夫妻双方职业均为“无业”的家庭更容易获得实物补偿。② 单从经济角度来讲,城中村拆迁安置家庭成为拆迁安置家庭中的最大受益者,7人及以上的大家庭、高学历家庭也是货币补偿中的受益者。但其受益并非是由市场化的结果造成,而是市场作用与计划经济旧有制度的共同使然。因此,建立公平合理的补偿机制是解决问题的关键。     

内蒙古半农半牧区农户生计资产与生计方式研究——以科右中旗双榆树嘎查为例

基于可持续生计框架,采用统计分析和深度访谈法,将研究区293户农户按生计活动类型划为牧户（牛户、羊户、牛羊户和马户）、种植户和非农户,并按农户生计资产总值进一步划为高、中、低3个等级类型,进而分析了不同类型和不同等级农户的生计资产与生计活动及方式的依存关系。研究发现：各类农户的生计资产均值差距明显,牧户最高,为0.37,种植户为0.25,非农户为0.21;牧户的劳动力、草场、牲畜、现金、贷款等资产均值最高,种植户的农机和耕地资产均值最高,非农户的社会资产均值最高。目前,半农半牧区的农户仍然以旱作种植业和草地畜牧业为主要生计,但农牧业生产均面临较大的资源环境压力;非农户只占15.3%,且面临非农就业机会不足、个人技能缺失、语言障碍和务农时间与用工季节的冲突。最后,提出了提高农户收入和改善农户生计的对策建议。     

基于HLM和GWR的汪清县农村贫困成因探究

明确贫困成因是提高精准扶贫效率和稳定脱贫成效的基本前提。对偏远少数民族聚居区——吉林省汪清县农村贫困成因进行解析,采用多层线性模型(HLM)同时分析了家庭层次和环境层次因素对农村贫困家庭年纯收入的影响,并利用地理加权回归方法(GWR)探索了环境层次变量影响的空间异质性。研究结果显示： ① 汪清县贫困农户家庭层次因素对家庭年纯收入的影响强于环境层次因素,但环境层次因素的影响作用亦不可忽视; ② 剔除环境层次因素的影响后,绝大多数家庭层次因素对贫困家庭年纯收入存在显著影响; ③ 环境层次因素能够在不同程度上解释家庭层次因素影响效应的差异性; ④ 环境层次因素的影响在不同区域的作用方向和强度上存在显著差异。最后从村域发展环境、医疗就业、区域内部贫困差异方面提出改善建议。     

毛乌素沙地库伦生态经济圈结构、效益及农牧民行为

以户为单位的库伦生态经济圈作为毛乌素沙地牧区最基本的生产单位,与沙地生态系统稳定和区域经济发展密切相关。本文基于鄂托克前旗1986年和2020年户库伦土地利用数据及390户2020年生态经济问卷调查数据,阐明户库伦土地的生态系统服务价值分布规律及不同价值背景下经济圈结构模式、效益和农牧民生计行为的一般特征。结果表明：户库伦生态系统服务价值呈正态分布模式,为0～4.5亿元,其中中低（50万～300万元）及中高（300万～700万元）价值户库伦在全旗所占比例最高（59.04%、23.17%）;低（0～50万元）及高（700万元以上）价值户库伦数较少（12.43%、5.36%）;库伦生态经济圈均为以畜牧为主、农林为辅的农林草畜复合生态产业发展模式,经济效益随库伦土地的生态系统服务价值增加而增大;农牧户消费支出结构具有相似性,农牧业生产投入、礼节性支出和交通费用支出比例较高,占比分别为37.92%、22.71%、13.28%,且随着收入增加渐增;近35年区域生态环境显著改善,极大地提高了农牧户经济效益和生活水平。     

尼泊尔生态服务消费模式演变研究（英文）

本研究基于FAOSTAT数据库中尼泊尔林业数据和食物消费数据,采用实物量核算方法,依据生物产品生产性土地类型归类,研究了尼泊尔农田、森林、草地、水域及综合生态系统的消费水平、结构及生态服务消费模式的动态变化,揭示了尼泊尔生态服务消费模式演变的主要因素。研究结果表明,1961–2018年尼泊尔农田、森林、草地、水域及综合生态系统服务消费总量平均分别为7.26 Tg yr^-1、6.38 Tg yr^-1、1.10 Tg yr^-1、0.02 Tg yr^-1和14.76 Tg yr^-1,均呈现波动增长态势;除年人均森林消费量波动降低外,其余生态系统和综合生态系统年人均消费量均波动增加,且增速持续增大。1961–2018年尼泊尔生态服务消费可分为1961–1984、1985–2007和2008–2018年三个时期,生态服务消费模式依次为“木–谷–奶”模式、“木–谷–蔬–根-奶-糖”模式和“木–谷–蔬–根–糖–果–奶”模式。驱动因素分析表明,生态系统供给能力(生产能力、进口能力和出口能力)和...     

重庆市武隆县农地流转下农业劳动力对耕地撂荒的不同尺度影响

在农地流转市场日趋完善的背景下,农户间的耕地流转无疑会缓解因部分农户劳动力不足造成的耕地撂荒现象,但仅从农户尺度上分析难以揭示农业劳动力数量与耕地撂荒间的关系。运用重庆市武隆县17 个乡镇40个自然村的308 份农户调查数据,通过二分类Logistic 回归模型、简单相关和偏相关分析,从农户和村庄两个层次上探讨农业劳动力对耕地撂荒的影响程度及农地流转对两者关系的影响。结果显示：① 农户尺度上亩均农业劳动力对耕地是否撂荒的影响不显著,而在村庄尺度上显著。② 亩均务农劳动力与耕地撂荒规模的偏相关回归分析中,控制耕地流转和不控制流转条件下,农户尺度上两者的偏相关系数和简单相关系数分别为-0.138 和-0.027,前者在1%水平上显著,而后者不显著;村庄尺度上,控制流转和不控制流转的相关系数分别为-0.273 和-0.294,均在5%水平上显著。③ 在农地流转市场较为完善的地区,选择在村庄尺度上进行农业劳动力对耕地撂荒影响分析研究是比较合理的。     

Land,Labor, and Rural Development: Analyzing Participation in India's Village Dairy Cooperatives

Livestock-based livelihoods are currently being promoted by international development agencies as part of global efforts to combat poverty. India's dairy development program, organized around village cooperatives, has become an important model for such efforts. This article aims to identify household characteristics that influence membership in India's rural dairy cooperatives by comparing two villages representing different degrees of success. Utilizing logistic regression methods, data collected through a comprehensive survey of all households in the two villages are analyzed to examine (1) how variables describing animal ownership, agricultural attributes, and household labor availability contribute to explaining membership in the dairy cooperative; and (2) whether factors influencing membership differ across the two villages. Our results indicate that although agricultural property ownership influences cooperative membership in both villages, the kind of dairy animal used and labor utilized for dairying work also have a significant and context-specific effect on household participation.     

Adult Mortality and Natural Resource Use in Rural South Africa: Evidence From the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance Site

There is little empirical evidence on the association between household experience with HIV/AIDS and shifts in the use of natural resources in developing countries, where residents of rural regions remain highly dependent on often-declining local supplies of natural resources. This study examines household strategies with regard to fuelwood and water among impoverished rural South African households having experienced a recent adult mortality and those without such mortality experience. Quantitative survey data reveal higher levels of natural resource dependence among mortality-affected households, as well as differences in collection strategies. Qualitative interview data provide insight into subtle and complex adjustments at the household level, revealing that impacts vary by the role of the deceased within the household economy. Resource management and public health implications are explored.     

Chasing Chinese Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) Harvesters in the Himalayas: Harvesting Practice and Its Conservation Implications in Western Nepal

The Chinese caterpillar fungus is famous for its high market value, unusual life history, and significant medicinal uses. It is harvested by very poor communities and sold for an extraordinarily high price. Most of the studies on this species are focused on therapeutic uses, chemical analyses, ecology, and trade. However, harvesting techniques and intensity of the harvests remain undocumented. We document harvesting techniques, trends of harvest, and perceptions of the Chinese caterpillar fungus harvesters in Dolpa, Nepal, based on surveys, focus-group discussions, and direct observations. Along with increasing market value, intensity of the harvest has been increasing. The Chinese caterpillar fungus harvest has now become the second most important livelihood strategy for the local communities, after agriculture. Reported per-capita harvest based on the first day of collection has declined over the last 4 years, apparently because of the decline in the stock and the increasing number of harvesters.     

限制开发区域农户薪柴消费的影响因素分析——以云南省怒江州为例

本文以位于国家限制开发区域的云南省怒江州为例,利用654份农户调查问卷和logistic回归模型对农户薪柴消费的影响因素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,农户薪柴消费与家庭总人口、是否外出打工、所在行政村是否在自然保护区、所在行政村海拔是否大于2000米、所在行政村到县城的距离正相关,与上年现金支出、是否有现金补贴、住房条件负相关。在保持其他变量不变的前提下,所在行政村海拔大于2000米的农户使用薪柴的概率比海拔在2000米以下的农户高64.70%;在自然保护区的农户消费薪柴的概率是自然保护区外农户的3.26倍;所在行政村到最近县城的距离每增加1公里,农户使用薪柴的概率增加6.12%;对农户进行现金补贴会使薪柴消费概率下降38.39%。在此基础上,对限制开发区域的环保政策、财政政策、人口政策、产业政策、投资政策提出了有针对性的调整建议。     

山地农村社会经济缓慢发展的实证分析--以河南省上河村为例

通过实证调查,山地农村社会经济发展呈下滑态势,指出:人力资源外流、兼业弱化、农户投入减少且偏向生活投资、农民负担日渐加重等是山地农村社会经济缓慢发展的主要原因,提高山地农村社会经济发展的主要措施包括:大力发展山地农村的文化教育,发挥当地的林业优势,积极有效引导劳动力合理流动,增加农民收入渠道,加强农村市场建设,切实减轻农民负担等。     

农地整理对农户农地投入意愿的影响研究——基于农地整理区域农户问卷调查的实证分析

研究农地整理对农户农地投入意愿的影响,对完善农地整理绩效评价和农地整理政策意义重大。依据湖北省3个县(市、区)的188份农地整理区域农户抽样调查数据,构建Logistic模型进行农地整理对农户农地投入意愿的影响分析。结果表明:(1)农户对农地整理的满意度是影响农户流动资本投入意愿和固定资本投入意愿的关键因素,农户对农地整理的满意度越高,其流动资本投入意愿越弱,固定资本投入意愿越强;(2)农地整理的效果在不同土地规模、不同年龄和不同兼业类型农户中有所差异,土地规模大、非老龄、纯农户以及第一类兼业农户的固定资本投入意愿更强。     

Resettlement and Climate Impact: addressing migration intention of resettled people in west China

ABSTRACT

The relationship between climate change and human displacement is an important topic of global concern. China is a special case due to a high level of government control enforcing the ecological migration of millions of people since the mid-1980s. Little research has addressed how resettled people adapt to climate impacts in ecologically vulnerable resettlement areas and what factors influence their intentions to relocate again or adapt locally. Employing a social-ecological system approach, this study builds a conceptual econometric framework which differentiates two steps that drive migration intention at the household level. The study uses this approach to examine the role of both contextual and household factors in motivating the migration intentions of resettled people in the largest environmental resettlement area of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, where household survey data were collected in 2012. This framework enabled an analysis, first, of how local contextual factors and household factors shape the severity of climate impacts on households and, second, how these factors interact with the experience of climate impacts to further influence a household’s migration intention as a response to climate impacts. The results show that some contextual factors (such as limited use of water-saving techniques, little practice of cultivating aridity-resistant crops, and lack of government support), strong local social networks and being in receipt of low rates of financial remittances have significant associations with adverse climate impacts experienced by resettled households, and also with their anticipated further relocation to respond to these impacts.     

Sustainable Household Capability: which households are doing the work of environmental sustainability?

This paper presents a framework for analysing which households are doing ‘their bit’ for sustainability in an era of climate change, using a two-stage cluster analysis of sustainable household capabilities. The framework segments households by their reported level of commitment to ‘pro-sustainability’ practices common to conventional government policies. Results are presented from a large-scale survey of Wollongong households, New South Wales, Australia. Results illustrate the importance of approaching household sustainability through everyday practices. Attention is drawn to the wide variation in participation in specific household sustainability practices. Investigation into sustainable household capability by household segments shows the limits of even the most committed households. Results show the importance of socio-cultural contexts in differentiating sustainable household capabilities—with women, suburban-detached households and lower income segments of the population ultimately doing most of the work of being sustainable.     

江汉平原乡村农户就业变迁及其影响因素研究

当代乡村就业变迁是透视乡村人地关系变化的重要视角。论文基于湖北省京山市乡村常住农户抽样调查和实地访谈数据,沿循类型—空间—模式的逻辑主线,通过变化率指数、就业转移矩阵揭示案例地区农户就业变迁特征;同时运用无序多分类Logistic回归模型进行影响因素分析。研究表明：① 2007—2017年乡村农户就业类型已由纯农就业主体演变为兼业就业主导,非农就业增加显著;② 农户就业区位距离衰减特征弱化,村域作为农户就业转移的出发源与回流汇地位突出;③ 村域纯农就业仍是乡村农户就业的主流模式,但就业方式多元化成为农户就业新趋势;④ 农户就业模式选择是农户就业需求、地方就业供给、环境就业媒介多因素综合作用的结果。研究结果能够为中国农区人地关系变化及乡村振兴战略实施提供科学信息。     

西南边疆民族地区农户收入的地理影响因素分析

基于云南省红河哈尼族彝族自治州13个县(市)、273个村庄、2774户农户的微观数据集,设计了一个两水平农户收入函数模型,实证分析地理因素对农户收入影响,得出以下主要结论:①样本农户收入61.25%的总变异由农户居住村庄的外部环境导致的,农户的人均耕地面积、受过农业技术培训的人数和生产经营结构对农户收入的影响效应在农户之间存在差异,可以利用地理因素进行部分解释。②地理因素导致农户耕地、林木等资源禀赋差异,直接影响农户收入。平原村农户比山区村农户的人均纯收入高14.53%;5km以内村庄农户比5km以外村庄农户人均纯收入高30.63%。③在控制地理因素和劳动力负担系数后,农户的物质资本、生产经营结构和人力资本中的劳动力素质对农户收入具有显著的正向影响,而劳动力数量具有显著的负向影响。④地理因素影响了农户的农业基础设施条件、外出务工等,从而间接影响了农户人均耕地、受过农业技术培训劳动力人数和生产经营结构对收入的效应。并提出了增加农户收入的政策建议。     

额济纳旗生态系统恢复的总经济价值评估

条件估值方法是当前国际上流行的衡量环境物品非利用经济价值的唯一方法。通过调查 居民针对不同环境状况变化的支付意愿，从而定量确定环境状况变化带来的经济效益和损失。 针对额济纳旗生态系统恶化的现状，以投标支付卡的方法设计了７００份调查问卷，调查了黑河 流域居民恢复额济纳旗生态系统的支付意愿。分析结果表明，用２０年时问将额济纳旗生态系 统恢复到２０世纪８０年代初水平，黑河流域共有９２．３％的居民家庭存在支付意愿，有支付意 愿家庭的平均支付意愿为每年每户３７．９６元，但随居仲区域不同存在一定差异，其中黑河干流 区域居比平均支付意愿为每年每户４０．１５元，要高于周边地区居民平均每年每户３２．１０元的支 付意愿。在综合考虑不同区域居民支付意愿的差异，生态系统经济效益折旧率的基础上将支付 意愿弃时空尺度上加总，得到恢复额济纳生态系统总经济价值为 １６．３７×１０８元。     

欠发达农区经济发展中的农户行为 以豫西山地丘陵区为例

根据对河南西部山地丘陵区10个县（市）332家农户的调查分析，欠发达农区制约区域发展的农户行为包括：（1）农户生产经营信息来源具奶大局限性；（2）农户收入严重依赖自然条件；（3）条件剩余劳动力转移存在着意识障碍，农民对非农业参与意识不强；（4）农户贷款积极性不高且贷款多为维持日常生活需要；（5）农户更加期望用新增加的收入改变家庭生活状况，而不是发展生产。进一步的量化模型分析，揭示了农户收入在山区，丘陵和平原环境下受相关变量影响程度的差异，以及自给性与商品性生产不同比例农户在区域发展中的作用。文章讨论了从农户行为角度研究发展问题，并基于对农户行为的分析，对研究区域的经济发展思路提出相关建议。