盐田藻垫生长与环境因子关系的研究

本文研究测定了卤水浓度、营养盐、温度、光照强度、pH等环境因子对盐田藻垫生长的影响。提出了利于藻垫生长的上述环境因子的最适范围及最适点：1．卤水浓度为6—12°Be。2．在无机氮0～8mg／L，无机磷0～0．8mg／L的范围内，藻垫生长随营养盐浓度的增加而增加。3．温度为30℃。4．在自然条件下，光照越强越有利于藻垫生长。5．pH为8．5。     

醋酸对海链藻生长的影响

为进一步研究、探讨和开发海洋硅藻,研究了醋酸对海洋硅藻海链藻(Thalassiosira sp．)生长的影响。结果表明,pH值为8．0～9．0时,以醋酸调节pH值时海链藻的生长率高于用盐酸调节pH值时的生长率。1次性添加10～100mg／L醋酸都可促进海链藻生长;每日1次添加5～60mg／L的醋酸时,可明显提高海链藻的生长率。     

均匀设计在后棘藻培养基中的应用

将均匀设计的方法应用于一种海洋微藻：后棘藻（Ellipsoidion)培养基的优化。设计了硝氮、氨氮、磷酸盐三因素各五个浓度水平的试验，根据均匀设计表设计了10种培养基，检测细胞浓度、脂肪酸含量和产量。结果表明：在硝氮、氨氮浓度均为1．92mmol/L，磷酸盐浓度为0．082mmol/L，细胞浓度达到最大值167．23mg/L。在硝氮浓度为0．84mmol/L，氨氮浓度为3．38mmol/L，磷酸盐浓度为0．07mmol/L时，EPA含量达到最大值7．748％。在硝氮浓度为0．915mmol/L，氨氮浓度为1．92mmol/L，磷酸盐浓度为0．072mmol/L时，EPA产量达到最大值9．999mg/L。     

不同保存方法的大黄鱼肌肉样品基因组DNA提取及RAPD分析

以－20℃冷藏、70％（V／V）乙醇、含50mmol/dm^3 EDTA的70％（V／V）乙醇和10％（V／V）福尔马林保存等方法处理大黄鱼肌肉样品，进行了DNA的提取及RAPD分析，并与新鲜样品作了对照。实验结果表明，鲜活样品以及冷冻保存、70％（V／V）乙醇以及含50mmol/dm^3EDTA的70％（V／V）乙醇保存的样品均可得到高质量的DNA，大小在21kbp左右，含量为100μm/cm^3左右。而从10％（V／V）福尔马林保存样品也能提到DNA，但其DNA得率低，约10μg/cm^3。分别以上述提取的DNA为模板进行RAPD扩增，未见有明显的差异。     

锶诱导的氧化胁迫对叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria inornata)的影响

采用不同浓度的锶胁迫方法研究了叉鞭金藻生长、叶绿素、MDA含量及三种抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、GPX活性的变化。结果表明，在实验设计的各种Sr^2 浓度内叉鞭金藻均能生长，但Sr^2 浓度较高时生长受到不同程度的抑制，细胞数量比对照组分别减少15．9％和51．0％；叉鞭金藻中叶绿素含量随着Sr^2 浓度的升高而降低，呈负相关关系；叉鞭金藻中MDA含量在较低Sr^2 浓度下稍呈下降趋势，但与对照组相比并无显著差异，而在23．04mmol／L Sr^2 浓度时是对照的1．25倍；低Sr^2 浓度时，叉鞭金藻中蛋白质含量没有大的变化，当浓度超过5．76mmol／L时则引起蛋白质含量下降；叉鞭金藻中抗氧化酶SOD在低Sr^2 时分别降低12．5％、7．5％和9．5％，高Sr^2 时显著升高，为对照组的85．7％；CAT、GPX活性在低Sr^2 浓度时差别不大，但当浓度为23．04mmol／L时升高显著，比对照组分别增加了19．8％和74．4％。     

利用啤酒废水养殖螺旋藻研究

利用啤酒废水养殖极大螺旋藻(Spirulina marima),研究了废水成分、氮源、藻密度和光照等培养条件对藻生长和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,曝气处理的啤酒废水养殖的螺旋藻,相对生长率与CFFRI培养基的几乎一致．蛋白质含量第6天最高,为0．2886g／g干质量,小于CFFRI培养基养殖的。实验确定曝气处理废水养藻的最佳条件是用NaOH调废水pH、藻初始密度取53．8mg／L、光照在1000～10000 1x范围,添加尿素或碳酸氢钠或曝气8h／d。经PSB处理的啤酒废水养殖的螺旋藻,蛋白质为0．4825g／g干质量,与CFFRI培养基养殖的相近。用光合细菌(PSB)处理的废水养藻应控制废水pH为7．0且废水与PSB的体积比为3：1。     

亚硝基肌(NTG)对雨生红球藻的诱变效应

用浓度分别为0，0．5，1，1．5，2，2．5，3，3．5g／L的亚硝基胍(NTG)处理雨生红球藻(Haematococcus Pluvialis)，处理后的藻细胞分别置于100mL三角烧瓶培养，3d后用细胞计数测定抑制率。结果表明，NTG浓度为2．5g／L时生长K值最大，为0．389；藻液的细胞干质量最大．为0．711g／L；虾青素含量也最多，为1．86975 mg／L，之后随着浓度的增加反而下降。     

凡纳滨对虾对东北碳酸盐型半咸水的适应性

采用急性毒性实验法，研究了碱度和pH对凡蚋滨对虾幼虾的毒性效应，观察了幼虾在东北地区碳酸盐型半咸水水域的生存能力。结果表明，pH为8．03～8．37时，碱度对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的24，48和96h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为12．92，11．16和10．67mmol／L，生存的安全浓度(SC)为2．50mmol／L。碱度为5．37～42．06mmol／L时，pH对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的24，48，72和96h半致死值(LpH50)分别为9．26～8．64，9．14～8．62，9．10～8．80和9．00～8．80。幼虾在碱度为38．78mmol／L、pH为9．41、盐度为3．29的天然半咸水水域存活5～9h。认为高碱度、高pH是东北地区碳酸盐型半咸水水域移植凡纳滨对虾的主要障碍。     

海洋微藻多糖提取纯化条件的研究

研究了提取介质、超声条件和洗脱条件对海洋微藻多糖提取纯化效果的影响。实验结果表明不同pH的提取介质可以提取得到不同种类的多糖，超声条件以300W、20min最佳，用葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex-G200柱(长50cm，直径2cm)纯化粗多糖，当加样量为4ml，用0．2mol／L NaCl溶液洗脱效果最好。     

单条固定线虫基因组DNA提取及18S rRNA基因PCR扩增

根据线虫18S核糖体RM基因PCB扩增效果比较了丙酮、乙醇、乙醇 0．05mol／L FDTA(pH8．0)和5％海水福尔马林4种固定剂,碱裂解和蛋白酶K处理2种单条线虫基因组DNA提取方法的优劣。用乙醇固定的样品最适合制备RR模板DNA,而5％海水福尔马林固定的样品能最完整地保持样品形态。蛋白酶K处理获得的DNA较碱裂解获得的更适合PCR扩增。结果有助于分子生物学方法在海洋线虫分类、多样性和生态学研究中的应用。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.