Provincial carbon footprints and interprovincial transfer of embodied CO2 emissions in China

Natural Hazards - This study applied the interprovincial input–output model to calculate the carbon footprint of 30 provinces and the interprovincial transfer of embodied CO2 emissions in...     

Study of the impact of energy consumption structure on carbon emission intensity in China from the perspective of spatial effects

Natural Hazards - From now until 2030, China will be in a sprint to achieve reductions of 40–45% in carbon emission intensity by 2020 and 60–65% by 2030 compared to 2005; rigid...     

我国海洋地质碳封存研究进展与展望

我国海洋地质碳封存潜力巨大,主要碳封存目标区与主要CO2排放源匹配性良好,可以为碳中和目标的实现提供重要助力。论文分析了我国开展海洋地质碳封存的必要性,介绍了国内外海洋地质碳封存工作的研究进展; 指出海洋地质碳封存区划研究、海洋地质碳封存与资源协同性研究、海洋地质碳封存数据库建设以及海洋地质碳封存示范工程的实施是当前工作的重点。研究可为我国碳中和目标的实现提供数据支撑和技术储备。     

中国重晶石出口竞争力分析

重晶石是我国的优势矿产,中国是全球重晶石第一大资源国、第一大生产国和第一大出口国。中国凭借优势的重晶石资源、优良的矿石品质、低廉的重晶石价格等,多年来在全球重晶石出口贸易方面一直居于首位。但随着印度和摩洛哥等国重晶石出口的增加,中国重晶石出口已面临强有力的竞争,目前中国出口占全球出口量的比例已下降至40%左右。为了保持我国重晶石在国际贸易中的优势地位,重晶石行业应该提高产品质量,调整产品结构,增加高附加值产品品种,完善出口政策,形成大型外贸集团,进一步增强外贸出口的竞争力,真正使我国从一个钡产品生产大国向能够生产多种高档次产品、竞争力强大的钡产品强国迈进。     

Silcrete: an Australian perspective

We know how most rocks are formed. Silcrete is something of an enigma, for although there are many interpretations of the origins of individual silcrete bodies, such as those in the Paris Basin, England, Botswana and central Australia, an overarching hypothesis capable of explaining all occurrences is still to be found. This paper reviews the literature of research on predominantly Australian silcretes as well as reviewing their occurrence, mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology. Silcrete ages and paleoclimatic significance are also reviewed. Most silcretes are formed low in landscapes along fluvial tracts or lakes but, some may form at breakaway margins as a result of lateral groundwater movement. Following silicification and landscape inversion, many silcretes are left high in the landscape. Most silcretes must form in climates where there is an abundance of water, perhaps seasonally, and of organic acids. The age of a silcrete can be constrained by the fossils it may contain; ages of Australian silcretes so established range through most of the Cenozoic. Lacking fossil evidence, sediments of known stratigraphic age that have been silcreted can only provide a maximum age for the silcrete. Many silcretes in eastern Australia are overlain by basalt, but the age of the basalt can only give the minimum age of the silcreted host below it, not of the silcrete. Silcretes commonly exhibit a number of fabrics; externally glerp structures (also called cockade, ropy or botryoidal), and internally pedogenic and geopetal titaniferous grain-cap fabrics. We conclude that silcretes are formed by the precipitation of silica in various forms, almost always along with titania as anatase, at the time of cementation. Anatase occurs either where it is precipitated or by illuviation, commonly becoming concentrated as geopetal caps or coatings on larger detrital framework grains. This implies that the fluids moving the cementing components largely move downward through the silcreted host. Alternating Ti-rich and Ti-poor laminae in the caps show this process can be repetitious.     

Mantle Degassing and Diamond Genesis：A Carbon Isotope Perspective

The effect of Co2 and CH4 degassing from the mantle on the carbon isotopic composition of diamond has been quantitatively modeled in terms of the principles of Rayleigh distillation.Assuming the δ^13 C value of -5‰ for the mantle,the outgassing of CO2 can result in the large negative δ^13 C values of diamond,whereas the outgassing of CH4 can drive the δ^13C values of diamond in the positive direction.The theoretical expectations can be used to explain the full range of δ^13 C values from-34.4‰5 to 5‰ observed for natural diamonds.It is possible that diamond formation was triggered by the degassing of Co2 and/or CH4 from the mantle and the associated fractional crystallization of carbonate-bearing melt.     

Subsurface sequestration of carbon dioxide — an overview from an Alberta (Canada) perspective

To stabilize the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG), a huge reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions is required. Although some people believe that this necessitates a considerable reduction in the use of fossil fuels or fuel switching, other options are available that allow the use of fossil fuels and reduce atmospheric emissions of CO₂. Sequestration of CO₂ from fossil fuel combustion in the subsurface could prevent the CO₂ from reaching the surface for millions of years. Geological sequestration of CO₂ in deep aquifers or in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is a mature technology. Despite the huge quantities of CO₂ that can be sequestered in this way, this approach does not provide any economic benefit. This paper discusses a third option, which consists of injecting CO₂ in deep coal seams to sequester the carbon and enhance the recovery of coalbed methane (CBM). Waste CO₂ from CBM-fueled power plants could be injected into CBM reservoirs to produce more methane (CH₄) for the power plant. The 2:1 coal-sorption selectivity for CO₂ over CH₄ supports the feasibility of operating fossil-fueled power plants without atmospheric CO₂ emissions. Other CO₂ sequestration technologies, such as ocean disposal and biofixation, are briefly discussed and the suitability of these approaches is evaluated for use in Alberta, Canada.     

Forest energy plantations: an international perspective

Recognition of the limits to fossil fuel reserves and dramatic increases in the prices of many conventional fuel sources have promoted an interest in renewable energy resources. Biomass from forest plantations is recognized as one alternative with potential in many countries. This paper describes the general characteristics of forest energy plantations. The results of an extensive survey of forest energy development projects throughout the world are presented, therein providing an international perspective on the status of energy plantations. The potential contribution of forest energy projects in the developing nations is examined in greater detail.     

Impact paths of land urbanization on haze pollution: spatial nesting structure perspective

Natural Hazards - Haze is considered as one of the direct indicators of environmental pollution, whose generation is closely related to the urbanization and land uses. This paper studied a total of...     

The impact of economic growth,industrial structure and urbanization on carbon emission intensity in China

China’s macroeconomic policy framework has been determined to ensure steady growth, adjust the industrial structure and advance the socioeconomic reforms in recent years. And urbanization is supposed to be one of the most important socioeconomic reform directions. Meanwhile, China also committed to reduce carbon emissions intensity by 2020, then it should be noted that what kind of impact of these policy orientations on carbon emission intensity. Therefore, based on the historical data from 1978 to 2011, this paper quantitatively studies the impact of China’s economic growth, industrial structure and urbanization on carbon emission intensity. The results indicate that, first, there is long-term cointegrating relationship between carbon emission intensity and other factors. And the increase in the share of tertiary industry [i.e., the ratio of tertiary industry value added to gross domestic product (GDP)] and economic growth (here we use the real GDP per capita) play significant roles in curbing carbon emission intensity, while the promotion of population urbanization (i.e., the share of population living in the urban regions of total population) may lead to carbon emission intensity growth. Second, there exists significant one-way causality running from the urbanization rate and economic growth to carbon emission intensity, respectively. Third, among the three drivers, economic growth proves the main influencing factor of carbon emission intensity changes during the sample period.     

Terrain stability mapping on British Columbia forest lands: an historical perspective

Land management associated with forest practices in British Columbia (BC) over the last three decades has led to the development of terrain stability hazard mapping. Terrain stability mapping (TSM) in BC originated in the early 1970s, when forest harvesting was progressing from valley bottoms onto steep, unstable terrain, which led to an increase in harvesting- and road-related landslides. Since then TSM methods have been evolved. Beginning in the early 1970s, terrain hazards were incorporated into the forest inventory classification system to delineate environmentally sensitive areas for land-use planning. By 1974, operational terrain stability maps were introduced by the MacMillan Bloedel forest company on the Queen Charlotte Islands. In the 1980s, this method was adopted by other forest companies and government agencies along the BC coast and then extended to the BC interior in the 1990s. The system was refined over time, based on new knowledge and on the introduction of mapping standards, including standards for capture and presentation of digital maps. In 1995, reconnaissance terrain stability mapping and detailed terrain stability mapping were formalized with three and five hazard classes, respectively. More recently, qualitative and semi-quantitative approaches to predict landslide occurrence based on terrain and landslide inventories have been incorporated into the techniques for TSM.     

Implementing post-earthquake reconstruction plans in China: a resilience perspective

This paper offers a critical investigation on the implementation of reconstruction plans in China following Wenchuan Earthquake through the lens of disaster resilience. The analysis is built upon a resilience in planning framework which consists of nine attributes. Empirical cases of two typical towns in Wenchuan County, Weizhou and Yingxiu, are discussed and compared. This paper upholds an evolutionary perspective of resilience and argues that reconstruction planning is a contested and politically laden field for different stakeholders, such that social aspect resilience is key to understanding plan implementation.

     

The challenge of peripheral ports: an Asian perspective

The growth of ports peripheral to the dominant container hubs has been well documented in North America and Europe, and has led to the elaboration of several theoretical models. This paper applies these models to the situation in South East Asia where much of the growth in containerisation is taking place. While confirming the emergence of several peripheral ports that are mounting challenges to the major hubs, we demonstrate that the factors behind the challenges are different to those postulated in the literature. Issues of governance arising out of the complex restructuring of the global ports industry are singled out. We suggest that a new geography of container terminals based on management and operational strategies of private and public bodies involved in the port industry needs to be fashioned.     

关于中国北方水资源问题的再认识

特殊的地理地形和气候条件决定了中国洪涝干旱灾害频发。由于客观的禀赋条件,中国北方降水量小,水资源供需矛盾突出。在变化环境条件下,中国北方河川径流量呈现减少趋势,且随着经济社会的快速发展,区域需水较大幅度的增加,进一步加剧了北方水资源的供需矛盾;径流变化归因分析表明,人类活动导致的流域下垫面变化、工农业的快速发展及其他经济社会活动是北方河川径流减少的主要原因。实行最严格的水资源管理,加强节水型社会建设是解决北方水资源问题的根本出路。     

政府投资项目成功评价体系研究

政府投资项目是政府实现职能的一种重要方式。建立政府投资项目评价体系有利于促进政府投资项目的成功，有利于引导项目实施者科学施工。通过以绍兴地区为例的实证，运用层次分析方法构建了政府投资项目成功评价体系，值得借鉴和参考。     

关于中国北方水资源问题的再认识

特殊的地理地形和气候条件决定了中国洪涝干旱灾害频发.由于客观的禀赋条件,中国北方降水量小,水资源供需矛盾突出.在变化环境条件下,中国北方河川径流量呈现减少趋势,且随着经济社会的快速发展,区域需水较大幅度的增加,进一步加剧了北方水资源的供需矛盾;径流变化归因分析表明,人类活动导致的流域下垫面变化、工农业的快速发展及其他经济社会活动是北方河川径流减少的主要原因.实行最严格的水资源管理,加强节水型社会建设是解决北方水资源问题的根本出路.     

Destruction of the North China Craton: a perspective based on receiver function analysis

The North China Craton (NCC), which is composed of the eastern NCC and the western NCC sutured by the Palaeoproterozoic Trans‐North China Orogen, is one of the oldest continental nuclei in the world and the largest cratonic block in China. The eastern NCC is widely known for its significant lithospheric thinning and destruction during the Late Mesozoic. Models on the destruction of the eastern NCC can be principally grouped into two: (1) thermal/mechanical and/or chemical erosion, and (2) lower crustal and (or) lithospheric delamination. The erosion model suggests that the NCC lithospheric thinning resulted from chemical and/or mechanical interactions of lithospheric mantle with melts or hydrous fluids derived from the asthenosphere, whereas the delamination model proposes lithospheric destruction through foundering of eclogitic lower crust together with lithospheric mantle into the underlying convecting mantle. However, those models lack seismic evidence to explain the destruction process. Here, we analyse the crustal structure and upper mantle discontinuity by employing the H–k stacking technique of receiver function as well as the depth domain receiver function. Our results indicate deep mantle upwelling and lower crustal delamination beneath the eastern NCC, and suggest that either or both of these processes contributed to the unique lithospheric thinning and destruction of the eastern NCC. © 2013 The Authors. Geological Journal published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国岩溶地区碳汇研究进展与展望

20世纪90年代,我国率先开展了岩溶作用与碳循环研究。文章在系统总结相关研究进展的基础上,阐明岩溶碳汇的原理,提出基于地球系统科学理念的岩溶流域6种碳循环过程模式,揭示了岩溶碳汇的稳定性并回答有关学者对岩溶碳汇的质疑,从四大圈层的碳循环角度提出发掘岩溶地区碳汇潜力的新理念。在综述岩溶地区碳汇人工干预研究进展的基础上,分析了石漠化综合治理、岩溶土壤改良、水生生物固碳、加速岩溶过程等人工干预措施的碳汇潜力及研究应用方面的不足。提出了下一步岩溶流域碳汇调查研究监测和技术创新发展方向,以及固碳增汇试验示范工作思路。     

高纯石英的研究进展及发展趋势

石英是一种在地壳上大量分布,有着广泛工业用途和广阔应用前景的矿物。当石英晶体形成演化时,受结晶时环境条件、流体性质、结晶后遭受改造(如变质作用、构造变形和热扰动等)等影响,杂质元素如P、Ti、Ge、Al、B、Be、Ca、Na、K、H、Li等会或多或少存在于石英晶体中,因此在自然界不存在纯SiO₂组分的石英。同时,基于石英的微量元素组成,可以反演石英源区和形成演化过程,并用于研究岩石及矿床成因等科学问题。石英晶体内部杂质元素以类质同象替代、气液包裹体、矿物包裹体(不能按尺度分,应该按照状态划分存在形式)3种形式存在。石英中杂质元素的种类、含量、赋存形式,特别是包裹体特征将直接影响石英资源的品质和工业用途。本文还系统地阐述了石英的发光特性、工艺性能以及高纯石英的质量分类与标准和高纯石英原料来源等方面的内容。在本研究中,通过光学显微镜和激光拉曼测试,初步地查明了苏北张锦庄石英砂和广西姑婆山花岗岩石英中流体包裹体的分布和矿物包裹体的种类,这是开展后续研究的基础。高纯石英是优质石英资源经纯化加工得到的高品质石英原材料,可用于石英玻璃、石英坩埚、半导体、高温灯管、光纤、精密光学、微电子和太阳能等高新技术产业中。研究高纯石英原料的评价体系、理想源岩和形成机制有益于持续性地供给高纯石英原料, 极大地提高了石英原料的工业附加值。