GRACE and water loss from Indo-Ganga basin

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GRACE and water loss from Indo-Ganga basin     

基于大范围地面墒情监测的鄱阳湖流域农业干旱

以鄱阳湖流域为研究区, 基于2011—2020年22个墒情站的逐日地面墒情监测数据、1956—2020年49个雨量站的日降雨数据及2016—2019年墒情站所在灌区的气象数据, 采用考虑植被生理状态的土壤水分亏缺指数(SWDI)表征农业干旱, 分析不同尺度下墒情、包气带缺水量和降水量的时空分布, 评估SWDI在鄱阳湖流域农业干旱监测中的适用性, 揭示该流域农业干旱时空演变特征及其对气象干旱的响应规律, 初步探讨土壤质地与农业干旱强度的相关性。结果表明: ① SWDI对鄱阳湖流域农业干旱诊断具有较好的适用性; ②近10 a该流域农业干旱呈显著加重趋势, 其中2019—2020年发生流域性重度农业干旱, 且夏、秋、冬连旱, 是近10 a的主导季节性农业干旱, 对水稻、油菜等粮食产量影响显著; ③相较于气象干旱, 农业干旱发生、结束时间分别平均约晚2.5周和3周, 历时长10.1周, 频次更低, 干旱等级更小; ④砂土持水性最差, 易发生特大农业干旱, 黏土、黏壤土保水性最好, 轻旱和中旱发生概率较大, 壤土、砂壤土和壤砂土则介于二者之间。     

喀斯特山区不同复种指数条件下的土壤质量变化——以普定县猫洞小流域为例

选择贵州中部喀斯特山区普定县猫洞小流域地区,通过长期受不同生产行为影响的区域（低复种旱作区、高复种旱作区、高复种复合农作区）的土壤采样分析,结果表明:喀斯特山区小流域土壤在长期不同生产行为影响下,从低复种指数旱作区、高复种指数旱作区到高复种指数复合农作区,土壤容重、粘粒含量减小,而土壤有机质、腐殖酸含量、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、土壤呼吸强度、脲酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶活性含量依次增大,土壤全钾含量和过氧化氢酶活性却依次减小。聚类分析结果进一步表明:高复种复合农作区土壤保肥、保水、供肥等状况最好;而低复种旱作区土壤质量和供肥、保肥、保水等性状最差。上述结果说明,农户的不同生产行为对土壤质量有一定的影响。      

Multivariate water quality assessment from the Tamiraparani river basin,Southern India

The hydrochemistry of a perennial river has been investigated with multivariate cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA). The aim was to investigate parameters responsible for spatial and temporal variations of river water quality. Water quality was monitored along the river basin at 20 different sites over a period of 1 year from July, 2008 to June, 2009. Multivariate statistics revealed that Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, H₄SiO₄, SO₄ ^2?, NO₂ ^?, and PO₄ ^3? were influenced by seasonal and spatial variations and that water quality was in the first place determined more by natural weathering processes than by anthropogenic activities. We could prove by (a) Box and Whisker plot, (b) matrix scatter score mean plot, (c) ternary plot, and (d) Gibbs plot that the chemistry of river water is controlled by lithogenic weathering processes. The higher concentration of dissolved silica during summer and the pre-monsoon season is explained by natural and tropical climatic conditions of the environment.     

Effects of drought stress on agriculture soil

Natural Hazards - Droughts often affect the soil ecosystem directly. To address this question, a series of prototype observation experiments were designed in this study. The objective of this study...     

长江水质地球化学

文章在对1958—1990年期间长江水系191个站点水质监测资料进行统计分析的基础上,研究了长江主要离子的地球化学。结果表明,长江水系各地河水总溶解性固体(TDS)含量的差别达一个数量级(49·7~518·1mg/L),TDS的平均值为205·9mg/L,是全球河流均值的3倍。相比之下,河水TDS含量的季节性变化并不大,尽管河水流量的季节变化很大。长江的主要离子化学主要受岩石风化作用,尤其是碳酸盐矿物的溶解作用所控制。长江中上游的川贵地区酸雨严重。酸雨作用于当地广泛分布的石灰岩和富含碳酸盐的三叠纪砂页岩,导致近半个世纪来长江水质的酸化趋势,使大部分河段SO24-和Ca2+含量增高,总硬度与总碱度的比值增高。     

黄河水质地球化学

在对1958—2000年期间黄河水系100个站点水质监测资料进行统计分析的基础上,研究了黄河主要离子的地球化学。结果表明,黄河流域各区河水总溶解性固体(TDS)含量的差异达2~3个数量级,TDS的总平均值为452mg/L,是全球河流均值的4倍。Na+、K+、SO42-和Cl-的含量是世界河流均值的10~20倍。相比之下,河水TDS含量的季节差异却不大,远不及与此呈反比关系的流量的季节差异。黄河洪水期的水量通常是枯水期的4~5倍,但枯水期河水的TDS通常只是洪水期的2倍,完全不同于世界其他大河。黄河的离子化学主要受沉积岩(尤其是富含碳酸盐矿物的黄土)化学风化作用和在干旱气候影响下水中溶解盐的蒸发浓缩和结晶作用的控制。近半个世纪来黄河河道径流量有显著减少的趋势,这与新修建的众多水库的蓄水有关,与此相适应,近半个世纪来黄河水质表现出明显的盐渍化过程,这一过程主要由含盐量高的农田灌溉回水所引起。     

Estimation of land subsidence caused by loss of smectite-interlayer water in shallow aquifer systems

Traditionally, land subsidence that results from groundwater over-pumping has often been described by the theory of consolidation. The mechanism of land subsidence due to the dehydration of clay minerals is not well addressed. A model of the “hydration state of smectite”, and a “solid solution model of smectite dehydration”, incorporating a thermodynamic solid solution model and laboratory results concerning clay-water systems of swelling pressure, hydration state and basal spacing in smectite interlayer, are employed to examine the effect of the release of water from the smectite interlayer on land subsidence in the coastal area of the Chou-Shui River alluvial fan and the Yun Lin offshore industrial infrastructure complex in Taiwan. The results indicate that 9.56–22.80% of the total cumulative land subsidence to a depth of 300 m is consistent with smectite dehydration following the over-pumping of groundwater. This dehydration-related land subsidence occurred to a depth of 0–60 m, with subsidence due to smectite dehydration accounting for 6.20–13.32% of the primary consolidation. Additionally, the total amount of subsidence resulting from both smectite dehydration and primary consolidation is consistent with the subsidence observed in the field. This study reveals that smectite dehydration appears to be important in assessing and predicting land subsidence in shallow aquifer systems.     

石羊河流域平原区土壤入渗特性空间变异的研究

在野外原位入渗试验的基础上,建立了简化Philip入渗模型及其土壤转换函数,借助ARCVIEW软件生成了石羊河流域平原区土壤入渗特性参数的空间分布图,并分析了入渗特性的空间变异特征。研究表明,简化Philip入渗模型是点面转化中比较理想的模型,模型参数α的土壤转换函数可以简便地估算土壤入渗特性,两者的结合是研究大尺度土壤入渗空间变异的一种有效方法。     

Effects of basin activities and land use on water quality trends in Tahtali Basin, Turkey

Bi-weekly water quality data from seven monitoring stations located within Tahtali Watershed, ?zmir, Turkey and digital land use/land cover data of the same watershed are analyzed in this study. To examine the changes in land use associated with urbanization, the satellite images of the main pool of the Tahtali reservoir prior to filling and subsequent to filling, respectively, are analyzed. Aerial photos of the basin taken in 1995 (October) are compared with images taken in 2005 (November) from the IKONOS satellite through use of several GIS techniques. New residential buildings, greenhouses, and industrial buildings are presented in separate layers, and changes in basin activities are quantified. The effects of urbanization on the water quality are investigated through statistical analysis. The seasonal Kendall test is applied to the water quality parameters monitored bi-weekly at seven stations within the basin for the duration 1997–2005. There was no trend in phosphorus, but there was a negative trend in boron and nitrate and a positive trend in the parameters of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The improvement in nitrate concentrations is attributed to the new regulations on the use of fertilizers in greenhouses. However, increase of BOD and COD concentrations is related to the growing settlement areas and industrial zones, which point to the insufficient wastewater treatment within the basin. Soil erosion within the basin is also quantified by the universal soil loss equation using available maps. Estimated total soil loss rate increased about 2.5 times that of 1995 when the changed land use composition in 2005 is considered in the calculations.     

The impact of land use on water loss and soil desiccation in the soil profile

Farmlands have gradually been replaced by apple orchards in Shaanxi province, China, and there will be a risk of severe soil-water-storage deficit with the increasing age of the apple trees. To provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry in the Loess Plateau, soil water content in a 19-year-old apple orchard, a 9-year-old apple orchard, a cornfield and a wheat field in the Changwu Tableland was investigated at different depths from January to October 2014. The results showed that: (1) the soil moisture content is different across the soil profile—for the four plots, the soil moisture of the cornfield is the highest, followed by the 9-year-old apple orchard and the wheat field, and the 19-year-old apple orchard has the lowest soil moisture. (2) There are varying degrees of soil desiccation in the four plots: the most serious degree of desiccation is in the 19-year-old apple orchard, followed by the wheat field and the cornfield, with the least severe desiccation occurring in the 9-year-old apple orchard. Farmland should replace apple orchards for an indefinite period while there is an extremely desiccated soil layer in the apple orchard so as to achieve the purpose of sustainable development. It will be necessary to reduce tree densities, and to carry out other research, if development of the economy and ecology of Changwu is to be sustainable.     

变化环境下东江流域水文干旱特征及缺水响应

在干旱事件不确定性和枯期径流变异性的双重影响下,水文干旱特征时序非一致性问题为其联合分布模拟带来困难。基于东江干流测站日径流过程数据,采用游程理论提取水文干旱事件,并结合干旱特征均值变化、时序一致性分析及边缘分布模拟,以确定干旱事件融合及剔除评判标准的合理取值。基于Rosenblatt变换Cramer-von Mises检验统计量拟合方法,构建水文干旱特征两变量联合分布Copula模型,并根据同频法设计两变量组合值。通过对比枯期径流变点分隔子序列干旱特征,分析变化环境下东江流域水文干旱特征及缺水响应。结果表明:水文干旱事件融合和剔除的评判标准值分别取0.1和0.3比较合理。干旱特征两变量之间具有较高的正相关性,但不同时间系列不同变量之间的联合分布及边缘分布最优模型并不一致。流域水库尤其是新丰江水库的径流调节作用,对于缓解东江中下游水文干旱效果明显,超阈联合重现期为2年的设计干旱持续时间、总缺水量和最大日缺水量分别减少了63%~71%、71%~84%和30%~47%,但如果要满足东江河道内最小管理流量目标,其依然分别达到了12~18 d、6 114万~9 030万m3和715.0万~929.0万m3。     

Results from the Big Spring basin water quality monitoring and demonstration projects,Iowa, USA

Agricultural practices, hydrology, and water quality of the 267-km² Big Spring groundwater drainage basin in Clayton County, Iowa, have been monitored since 1981. Land use is agricultural; nitrate-nitrogen (-N) and herbicides are the resulting contaminants in groundwater and surface water. Ordovician Galena Group carbonate rocks comprise the main aquifer in the basin. Recharge to this karstic aquifer is by infiltration, augmented by sinkhole-captured runoff. Groundwater is discharged at Big Spring, where quantity and quality of the discharge are monitored. Monitoring has shown a threefold increase in groundwater nitrate-N concentrations from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The nitrate-N discharged from the basin typically is equivalent to over one-third of the nitrogen fertilizer applied, with larger losses during wetter years. Atrazine is present in groundwater all year; however, contaminant concentrations in the groundwater respond directly to recharge events, and unique chemical signatures of infiltration versus runoff recharge are detectable in the discharge from Big Spring. Education and demonstration efforts have reduced nitrogen fertilizer application rates by one-third since 1981. Relating declines in nitrate and pesticide concentrations to inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides at Big Spring is problematic. Annual recharge has varied five-fold during monitoring, overshadowing any water-quality improvements resulting from incrementally decreased inputs. Electronic Publication     

岩溶断陷盆不同深度土壤微生物量碳氮对植被演替的响应

为了解岩溶断陷盆地底部不同植被类型土壤微生物量碳氮（MBC、MBN）含量的变化,以中国西南典型生态脆弱区云南省岩溶断陷盆地底部原始森林、草地、人工林、灌丛和玉米地土壤为研究对象,探究土壤微生物量碳氮对植被类型的响应。结果表明：灌丛类型土壤微生物量碳氮含量最高,微生物量碳氮含量随植被正向演替呈现先增大后减小的趋势;各植被类型土壤微生物量碳含量随土层深度增加而降低。多因素方差分析出土层深度和植被类型是土壤微生物量碳含量的显著影响因素（P＜0.05）,其中土层深度是土壤微生物量碳含量的极显著影响因素（P＜0.01）。     

Effects of poor quality irrigation waters on the nutrient leaching and groundwater quality from sandy soil

Sodium (Na⁺) in poor quality irrigation water participate in ion-exchange processes results in the displacement of base cations into solution and a raised concentration in groundwater. Knowledge of the rate of decrease of nutrients from soils resulting from poor water quality application is essential for long-term planning of crop production while minimizing the impact on groundwater quality. In this study, we examined the effect of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of irrigation water on nutrients leaching and groundwater quality in columns of sandy soil. Three types of irrigation waters at three NaCl–CaCl₂ solutions with the following levels of SAR (5, 15, and 30) were synthesized in laboratory. With the application of solutions, exchange occurred between solution Na⁺ and exchangeable cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺), resulting in the displacement of these cations and anions into solution. Increasing the level of SAR from 5 to 15 and 30 resulted in increase in the average exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the soil from 10.4 to 20.3, and 32.5, respectively. Adverse effect of high Na⁺ concentration in the solutions on raising ESP was less pronounced in solution having low SAR. Leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and P from soil with the application of solutions represents a significant loss of valuable nutrients. This sandy soil showed the high risk for nutrients transfer into groundwater in concentrations exceeding the groundwater quality standard. Irrigation with poor quality water, which is generally more sodic and saline than regional groundwater, increases the rate of sodification and salinization of shallow groundwater.     

Effects on ground water caused by excavation of rock store caverns

Unlined rock caverns for oil storage are very common in Sweden. Most of them are excavated in hard rocks (compact, non-carbonate, non-volcanic rocks). The fundamental idea of underground oil storage is that the rock caverns are located below the natural ground water level. Hereby the ground water keeps the oil inside the caverns and prevents products migration.

During the excavating period the water seeping through the fractures of a cavern is pumped up to avoid flooding. This discharge causes a local drop in the ground-water level around the cavern and a cone of depression develops.

A local study of the development of such a cone of depression has been made by means of a network of observation holes around the cavern. On enlargement of an oil storage (by constructing new caverns close to the old ones), the cone of depression moves according to the progress of the new excavations. This process has been studied and described in two cases.

Underground storages in Sweden are very often closely spaced in order to use common facilities such as entrance tunnel, pumping station, housing etc. Therefore an artificial ground-water divide sometimes must be arranged between different caverns in order to prevent products migration. This paper describes how such an artificial recharge of water between some caverns is made. The control of its effectiveness is shown as well as the method for sealing off undesirable leakage.     

烧变岩富水特征与采动水量损失预计

自燃煤层围岩在不同高温作用下会引起不同程度的结构损伤,导致其物理力学性质和工程地质效应发生显著变化。为深入认识烧变过程中岩石的结构演化规律,以徐州某矿底板灰岩为研究对象,开展不同温度作用下的热破裂试验,从多尺度上探究岩石热破裂的规律,并结合数值模拟和微观结构测试揭示其发育机理。结果显示：(1)方解石填充裂隙、层理等相对软弱结构面的热破裂温度阈值在300~400℃,完整岩石结构的热破裂温度阈值在500℃左右;600℃之前的热破裂形态较简单,基本是直线型裂纹,且宽度较小、数量较少;700℃以上出现宽度和长度显著增大的弧形热裂纹,热裂纹两侧试样的颜色有明显区别,靠近热裂纹的白色部位还发育一些连通弧形裂纹的次级小裂纹;800℃时,试样颜色全部变白,结构完全破碎,成散体状。(2)从微观结构和热应力角度阐释灰岩热破裂发育机理,发现试验温度路径下试样的热破裂主要发育在降温过程中,且最大热应力差主要在靠近试样表面的近似环形带上分布。500℃以下的热破裂成因主要为热应力在试样的原始缺陷处集中,并超过了部分软弱结构的抗拉强度;500℃以上受热应力与矿物分解共同控制,500℃以上升降温过程中的最大热应力基本超过灰岩的抗拉强度,且菱镁矿、白云母、白云石等矿物逐渐分解,逐渐增多的内部缺陷为应力集中提供有利条件,加剧了热破裂的发育;当温度达到800℃时,热破裂发育程度很高,且白云石和方解石快速分解,生成CaO,部分CaO在冷却过程中与空气接触生成Ca(OH)₂,热裂纹与主体矿物分解共同导致试样结构的破碎。研究成果可为岩体破裂和地质结构演化分析奠定基础。

     

乌蒙山区革香河流域干旱成因及打井找水模式

地下水是乌蒙山区革香河流域重要的饮用水源,由于地下水发育规律复杂,地形起伏巨大,给地下水的有效开发利用带来了诸多困难,广大地区存在干旱缺水问题。文章利用岩溶地下水综合调查—探测—评价方法,查明革香河流域地下水赋存发育规律,揭示流域内干旱频发的成因机理,归纳总结出向斜蓄水构造、背斜蓄水构造、断层蓄水带和断陷盆地蓄水构造四类典型蓄水构造模式,优选了断层阻水、向斜蓄水、岩性界线阻水、上下阻水和地下河径流带五种富水成井区位,并有效应用于严重干旱缺水区的打井找水工作,定井成功率达到70%以上,解决了流域内2万多人的饮水困难问题,有效服务脱贫攻坚。