内蒙古锡林郭勒盟2012年冬季暴雪过程天气学特征研究

暴雪是冬季雪灾发生的主因,气候变化导致极端天气气候事件频繁发生,准确预报暴雪天气过程对防灾减灾起着重要作用. 以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟地区2012年11月3-5日出现的一次暴雪天气过程为例,对2012年锡林郭勒盟地区冬季出现的暴雪天气过程进行了诊断分析. 结果表明：暴雪天气过程的主要环流背景条件是乌拉尔山长脊和西伯利亚冷涡,而高空蒙古低槽、低空切变线和地面河套气旋是这次暴雪的触发机制. 此次暴雪天气属于强冷空气类蒙古低槽(涡)型,发生在高湿区和水汽通量辐合区内,地面气旋和华北脊对暴雪的产生和落区起到决定性作用. 暴雪天气从降雪前期到结束,整层湿层较深厚,低空急流的建立为暴雪提供了很好的不稳定能量和水汽辐合条件,锡林郭勒盟地区有高空辐散低空辐合强烈的上升运动,为此次暴雪提供了非常有利的动力条件. 乌拉尔山高压脊东移,使强冷空气沿脊前西北气流南下,地面气旋不断发展,而南方暖湿气流强盛,迫使气旋东移;华北脊的阻挡作用使得气旋缓慢移动,影响系统滞留于锡林郭勒盟地区,产生长时间的降雪天气.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration in temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

Nitrogen addition to soil can play a vital role in influencing the losses of soil carbon by respiration in N-deficient terrestrial ecosystems. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilization (HN, 200 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹; MN, 100 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹; LN, 50 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on soil respiration compared with non-fertilization (CK, 0 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), from July 2007 to September 2008, in temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Results showed that N fertilization did not change the seasonal patterns of soil respiration, which were mainly controlled by soil heat-water conditions. However, N fertilization could change the relationships between soil respiration and soil temperature, and water regimes. Soil respiration dependence on soil moisture was increased by N fertilization, and the soil temperature sensitivity was similar in the treatments of HN, LN, and CK treatments (Q ₁₀ varied within 1.70–1.74) but was slightly reduced in MN treatment (Q ₁₀ = 1.63). N fertilization increased soil CO₂ emission in the order MN > HN > LN compared with the CK treatment. The positive effects reached a significant level for HN and MN (P < 0.05) and reached a marginally significant level for LN (P = 0.059 < 0.1) based on the cumulative soil respiration during the 2007 growing season after fertilization (July–September 2007). Furthermore, the differences between the three fertilization treatments and CK reached the very significant level of 0.01 on the basis of the data during the first entire year after fertilization (July 2007–June 2008). The annual total soil respiration was 53, 57, and 24% higher than in the CK plots (465 g m⁻² year⁻¹). However, the positive effects did not reach the significant level for any treatment in the 2008 growing season after the second year fertilization (July–September 2008, P > 0.05). The pairwise differences between the three N-level treatments were not significant in either year (P > 0.05).     

基于安全预警分级的基坑安全模糊评价研究

在基坑施工过程中,基坑围护结构设计的稳定安全系数是不可测的,因此,《建筑基坑支护技术规程》（JGJ120－99）和《建筑基坑工程监测技术规范》（GB50497－2009）要求不同安全等级基坑的施工过程中有不同类型的监测项目,并给予相应的安全预警值。由于施工监测项目数据的不同步性,为避免对施工过程安全状态的“突发性”以及应对不同安全状态措施的需要,提出了安全预警分级方法。根据监测项目的实测数据,采用模糊数学方法定义了广义稳定系数评估施工过程的安全状态,并给出了广义稳定系数的安全下限。基于实际工程的监测数据,分析了不同监测项目广义稳定系数的变化过程,指出了安全控制的重点监测内容。     

GIS-based multi-dimensional risk assessment of the grassland fire in northern China

This study presents a methodology for risk analysis and assessment to manage grassland fire in northern China based on the Geographical Information Systems from the viewpoints of climatology, geography, disaster science, and environmental science and so on. Using natural disaster and risk assessment theory, a multi-dimensional grassland fire risk index (MGFRI) was proposed by integrating weighted comprehensive method, analytic hierarchy process, and fuzzy gamma method into natural disaster risk index. The developed MGFRI will be an easily understandable tool to manage grassland fire by comparing the risk of regions in the northern China and relative contributions of various factors, for example, hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and management ability. A scale of one to five was derived to measure the risk degree. It shows that 4.4?% of grassland falls in the category of ??very high?? risk, followed by 9.6, 19.1, 60.9, and 5.9?%, respectively, in the categories ??high??, ??middle??, ??low??, and ??very low??. The assessment results show reliability by test. The results in this study are intended to support local, provincial, and national government agencies to: (1) make resource allocation decisions; (2) make high-level planning decisions; and (3) raise public awareness of grassland fire risk, its causes, and ways to manage it.     

Subduction-related metasomatic mantle source in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Evidence from amphibolites in the Xilingol Complex,Inner Mongolia,China

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) formed mainly in the Paleozoic due to the closure of the Paleo-Asian oceanic basins and accompanying prolonged accretion of pelagic sediments, oceanic crust, magmatic arcs, and Precambrian terranes. The timing of subduction–accretion processes and closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean has long been controversial and is addressed in a geochemical and isotopic investigation of mafic rocks, which can yield important insight into the geodynamics of subduction zone environments. The Xilingol Complex, located on the northern subduction–accretion zone of the CAOB, mainly comprises strongly deformed quartzo-feldspathic gneisses with intercalated lenticular or quasi-lamellar amphibolite bodies. An integrated study of the petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of a suite of amphibolites from the complex constrains the nature of the mantle source and the tectono-metamorphic events in the belt. The protoliths of these amphibolites are gabbros and gabbroic diorites that intruded at ca. 340–321 Ma with positive εHf_(t) values ranging from + 2.89 to + 12.98. Their T_DM1 model ages range from 455 to 855 Ma and peak at 617 Ma, suggesting that these mafic rocks are derived from a depleted continental lithospheric mantle. The primitive magma was generated by variable degrees of partial melting of spinel-bearing peridotites. Fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene and hornblende has played a dominant role during magma differentiation with little or no crustal contamination. The mafic rocks are derived from a Late Neoproterozoic depleted mantle source that was subsequently enriched by melts affected by slab-derived fluids and sediments, or melts with a sedimentary source rock. The Carboniferous mafic rocks in the northern accretionary zone of the CAOB record a regional extensional event after the Early Paleozoic subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Both addition of mantle-derived magmas and recycling of oceanic crust played key roles in significant Late Carboniferous (ca. 340–309 Ma) vertical crustal growth in the CAOB. Amphibolite–facies metamorphism (P = 0.34–0.52 GPa, T = 675–708 °C) affected these mafic rocks in the Xilingol Complex at ca. 306–296 Ma, which may be related to the crustal thickening by northward subduction of a forearc oceanic crust beneath the southern margin of the South Mongolian microcontinent. The final formation of the Solonker zone may have lasted until ca. 228 Ma.     

HPLC-ICP-MS法研究内蒙古锡盟和新疆塔城高碘地区地下水的总碘及碘形态特征

长期饮用高碘水将对人体造成危害,地下水总碘及碘形态分析对于高碘地区碘环境地球化学研究具有重要价值。本文采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术对内蒙古锡盟与新疆塔城高碘地区地下水总碘及碘形态进行测定。研究表明:锡盟地区地下水中碘以I-形态为主,总碘量维持在200μg/L,个别点位达到600μg/L甚至1700μg/L,呈环状分布,从东北至西南呈现"低-高-低"的分布规律;塔城地区地下水中的碘以IO-3形态为主,总碘量不足100μg/L,个别点位接近200μg/L,呈层状分布,自东向西逐渐升高。分析认为,氧化性的条件利于不同碘形态之间的转化;溶解氧过高或过低都不利于碘的储存;碘会随着可溶性盐的流失而流失;沿河流的流向,下游地势较低,总碘得到积累。本研究结果对于锡盟和塔城地区科学预防甲状腺肿、制定法律法规具有指导作用。     

Modeling and risk assessment of landslides using fuzzy logic. Application on the slopes of the Algerian Tell (Algeria)

Natural risk regains the notion of exposure to natural disaster or dangers of any natural hazard. Its management consists in the assessment and the anticipation of risks, as well as to the setting up of an alert system. From natural risk, we mentioned one bound to landslides in natural slopes that are difficult to surround and approach. Nevertheless, the assessment of landslides risk is the object of several works of research and many models, based on the multicriteria analysis, have been established. It should be noted that based on multicriteria approach, we evaluated, in a previous work, the landslide risk using the weighted sum model. The results reveal that the use of qualitative parameters influenced the classification of slope. This led us to adopt fuzzy logic approaches for assessment. This work examines the contribution of fuzzy sets theory to modeling and assessment of landslides risk in natural slopes. It brought to use this approach that permits the survey of these imprecision in adopting a Mamdani model. The method has been applied on slopes, situated in four areas of the Algerian Tell, where each is characterized by the different natural conditions. The result, put in evidence, summarizes modeling and risk assessment of landslides in an optimal classification of slopes according to the degree of instability risk. It allows decision makers to put in strategies for possible work of these slopes.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟东乌珠穆沁旗万宝组孢粉组合的发现及其地质意义

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟东乌珠穆沁旗阿拉坦合力公社果勒半沟剖面原大磨拐河组上部首次发现大量孢粉化石,经鉴定计有38属82种,可确定为Cyathidites-Quadraeculina-Neoraistrickia组合,该组合见较多的中侏罗世早期常见分子,通过对比确定其时代为中侏罗世早期,并据此将该套岩石组合从原白垩纪大磨拐河组解体出来。通过地质时代对比,结合岩石地层特征,将该套地层重新厘定为中侏罗统万宝组上部。通过对万宝组孢粉组合的生态习性的研究,该时期研究区的古植被类型为针-阔混交林,古气候属于亚热带半干旱-半湿润气候,偏湿润。此外,该孢粉组合与中国北方侏罗纪第一次升温事件期间的孢粉在面貌特征上极相似,为古植被在中国北方侏罗纪第一次升温事件上的响应。     

大数据环境下内蒙古浩布高地区铅锌多金属矿智能矿产预测研究

传统机器学习算法已广泛应用于矿产预测,但面对地质大数据的高维稀疏、不平衡小样本等特性仍缺乏有效处理和分析的方法,设计适合地质大数据特点的机器学习算法是智能矿产预测亟需解决的新问题。本文以内蒙古浩布高地区的铅锌多金属矿产预测为例,提出了一种面向地质大数据的半监督协同训练矿产预测模型。首先对研究区地质找矿信息和地球化学异常信息进行定量分析,提取断裂构造、二叠系地层、燕山期侵入岩、地层与岩体接触带、围岩蚀变及Pb、Zn、Sn、Cu地球化学异常共9种找矿因子。然后利用递归特征消除法优选找矿因子组合,不包括Sn异常在内的8个找矿因子组合被选为最优组合。最后,利用支持向量机和随机森林算法作为基分类器进行半监督协同训练矿产预测,绘制成矿概率分布图。ROC曲线和预测度曲线分析结果表明,半监督协同训练模型的AUC值和预测效率都高于随机森林和支持向量机模型。研究结果也为大数据环境下的智能矿产预测提供了一种新的思路。     

内蒙古卫境地区遥感线性构造分形特征

在综合分析多源地学信息的基础上,利用遥感影像对内蒙古卫境地区进行线性构造目视解译,结合Arc GIS与MATLAB软件对已解译的线性构造进行分形研究,快速获取研究区线性构造的分形维数、不同方向线性构造分形维数及不同区域线性构造分维值,并对计算结果进行了分析。结果表明:研究区内线性构造、不同走向线性构造及不同区域线性构造都具有自相似性;南北向、北西向线性构造分维值较大,复杂性较高,为区域主要构造方向;铀矿化主要分布在分维值0.82的区域内,分维值越大,越有利于热液活动和成矿。     

内蒙古四子王旗早白垩世钾玄岩的地球化学特征及其形成构造环境

内蒙古四子王旗地区发现有一套早白垩世钾玄岩。主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素以及Sr—Nd同位素测试结果表明,岩石以低硅（Si02含量为48．11％-52．77％）、高钛（TiO2含量为1．94％-2．77％,平均2．48％）、高钾高碱（K2O＋Na2O为5．32％-7．02％、K2O／Na2O比值为0．48—1．10）为特征,属于钾玄岩系列。它们富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素,具有微弱的Eu负异常（δEu=0．81-0．98）,其地球化学特征总体与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）相似。Rb／Nb、Ba／Nb、La／Nb、K／Nb和Zr／Nb比值主要落在EMⅠOIB范围内,^87Sr／^86Sr和^143Nd／^144Nd比值分别变化在0．7063～0．7077和0．51196～0．51243之间,岩石的Nd、Sr同位素组成接近EMI地幔端元。随着εNd的减小,P2O5、Rb、Sr、Ba和Zr逐渐富集,表明四子王旗钾玄岩没有经历明显的地壳物质混染。利用微量元素地球化学原理,推断四子王旗钾玄岩母岩浆源于含金云母地幔橄榄岩减压低度部分熔融。根据其地球化学特征可以认为,四子王旗钾玄岩是华北板块早白垩世岩石圈减薄事件的产物。     

Effects of grazing and livestock exclusion on soil physical and chemical properties in desertified sandy grassland,Inner Mongolia,northern China

Heavy grazing is recognized as one of the main causes of vegetation and soil degradation and desertification in the semiarid Horqin sandy grassland of northern China. Soil physical and chemical properties were examined under continuous grazing and exclusion of livestock for 8 years in a representative desertified sandy grassland. Exclosure increased the mean soil organic C, total N, fine sand and silt + clay contents, inorganic C (CaCO₃), electrical conductivity, and mineral contents (including Al₂O₃, K₂O, Na₂O, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, TiO₂, MnO), microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Mo), and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, As, Hg, Cd, Se), and decreased the coarse sand content, bulk density, and SiO₂ in the top 100 cm of the soil. Livestock exclusion also improved available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, and Cu, exchangeable K⁺, and the cation exchange capacity, but decreased pH, exchangeable Na⁺, and available S, Zn, and Mo in the top 20 cm of the soil. The greatest change in soil properties was observed in the topsoil. The results confirm that the desertified grassland is recovering after removal of the livestock disturbance, but that recovery is a slow process.     

中国地质灾害气象预警初步研究

根据致灾地质环境条件和气候因素,将中国划分为7个大区、28个预警区。根据对历史时期所发生的地质灾害点和灾害发生之前15日内实际降水量及降水过程的统计分析,创建了地质灾害气象预警等级判据模式图,初步制作了各预警区的预报预警判据图;根据检索到的研究资料建立了部分预警区的判据校正图。据此,在每天收到中国国家气象中心发来的全国降雨预报数据和图像半小时内,对所预报的次日降雨过程是否诱发地质灾害和诱发灾害的空间范围、危害强度进行预报预警。2003年的试验运行表明,地质灾害气象预警在技术上是可行的,能够为主动减灾做出贡献。     

内蒙古早白垩世五间房含煤盆地煤层煤相分析

内蒙古是我国非常重要的后备煤炭资源基地,煤层大多聚集在白垩纪断陷盆地中,其中,五间房含煤盆地煤炭资源丰富。通过对该盆地东南部3个钻孔57件煤样的煤岩学和煤化学分析,探讨了煤层的煤质特征、煤相类型及其演化规律。研究结果表明：本区煤层以低—中高灰、高挥发分产率和低—特低硫为特征;具有较高的镜/惰比和结构保存指数;煤相类型主要为潮湿森林沼泽相,自下而上,成煤泥炭沼泽覆水程度总体有所加深,上部泥炭沼泽具有水体逐渐加深的水进型特征,下部泥炭沼泽具有水体逐渐变浅的水退型特征。     

Land subsidence risk assessment using GIS fuzzy logic spatial modeling in Varamin aquifer,Iran

GeoJournal - The extent of the subsidence and the consequents damage to most of the residential and populated areas of Iran have made this phenomenon one of the most important natural hazards after...     

对内蒙古贺根山蛇绿岩的新认识

本文将华北板块和中亚-蒙古陆块缝合带中前人划分的"贺根山蛇绿岩套"划分为三个不同组分、不同成因的岩系:以含金刚石和其它幔源矿物的变质橄榄岩系为主,包括堆晶杂岩在内的镁铁-超镁铁岩系;含放射虫硅质岩夹层的玄武岩系;上覆的火山-沉积岩系。根据地质学与年代学证据,可以认为蛇绿岩形成于晚泥盆-早石炭世。在此基础上,本文重点讨论了三个问题:(1)结合不同尺度的构造研究,将含金刚石等幔源矿物的超镁铁岩看作源自地幔转换带的幔源熔-流体,在软流圈底辟体上涌的背景下持续上升,在板块对接的过程中构造侵位的岩石。据此,对现有的蛇绿岩概念提出了补充;同时提出贺根山在板块汇聚过程未发生明显的俯冲和碰撞,而是通过拼贴的方式连为一体的;(2)贺根山具有OIB特征的玄武岩与朝克山MORB的对比,表明不同来源的多地块的存在及板块闭合时间的差异均反映了陆间小洋盆的特征;(3)将上覆在玄武岩系之上的火山沉积岩系看作洋盆最后充填的产物,反映了古亚洲洋闭合过程中小洋盆直接从洋壳转化为陆壳的过程,最后从时空角度进一步讨论了小洋盆闭合的特征。     

基于模糊逻辑法的冀西北地区铅锌银多金属矿定位预测

模糊逻辑空间决策模型在变量取值上不是采用二态法将研究区分为成矿有利区和成矿不利区两部分,而是根据地质数据的规律取连续变化的隶属度赋值,有效避免了有用地质信息的丢失。笔者在GIS平台上利用Arc-SDM模块对冀西北地区的地质、地球化学、地球物理等资料进行了处理,利用证据权法进行了线缓冲形成的证据层与矿床（点）之间的亲近度分析,在此基础上采用列表法对原始地质变量进行了直观模糊隶属度赋值。模糊逻辑的预测结果表明,在圈出的仅占研究区面积13.2%的靶区范围内有85%的已知矿床（点）出现,与已知矿床（点）吻合程度高,预测效果理想,其结果可用于指导下一步找矿工作。     

天津市地质灾害-气象预报预警方法探讨

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