铀矿地质遥感的创新、进步与持续发展

文章回顾了核工业北京地质研究院铀矿地质遥感发展的创新历程,论述了遥感技术的应用及发展推动了铀矿地质研究的科技进步,探讨了未来如何持续发展铀矿地质遥感,使其在铀矿地质勘查领域发挥更大作用。     

Basin hydrogeological characterization using remote sensing,hydrogeochemical and isotope methods (the case of Baro-Akobo,Eastern Nile,Ethiopia)

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic signatures of the waters of the Baro-Akobo River Basin show deviation from signatures in other Ethiopian river basins. In this study, hydrogeochemical and isotope methods were employed to determine regional and local hydrogeology and characteristics of the basin. Optical, thermal and radar remote sensing products were used to update geological and structural maps of the basin and determine sampling points using the judgment sampling method. A total of 363 samples from wells, springs, rivers, lakes, swamps and rain were collected for this study, and an additional 270 water quality data sets were added from previous studies. These data were analyzed for their hydrogeochemical characteristics and isotope signatures. Analysis of the oxygen, deuterium and tritium isotopes shows the groundwater of the basin is modern water. Among all basins in Ethiopia, the Baro-Akobo Basin shows the highest enrichment. This indicates the proximity of the rainfall sources, which presumably are the Sudd and other wetlands in South Sudan. The hydrochemical properties of the waters show evapotranspiration is the dominant hydrologic process in the basin and explains the large amount of water that is lost in the lowland plain. Analysis of radon-222 shows no significant groundwater flux over the wetlands, which are part of Machar Marshes. This shows evaporation to be dominant hydrologic process in this zone. Results from all analyses help explain the limited holding capacity of the aquifers in the recharge zone and their vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts and climate variability. There is a trend of decreasing surface flow and rainfall and increasing water soil erosion.     

Desertification in western Rajasthan (India): an assessment using remote sensing derived rain-use efficiency and residual trend methods

Natural Hazards - Owing to its impact on global ecosystem, climate change and related effects is being perceived as a serious issue worldwide especially in the arid and semi-arid regions. Climatic...     

北京市门头沟区洪水地质灾害遥感调查评价

文章叙述了北京市门头沟地区洪水、泥石流等灾害遥感技术调查的概况。对该区主要灾害的类型及其危害程度作了评价，同时按受害程度，将村镇分为4类，并对每类村镇应采取的措施，提出了具体意见。对日后可能发生严重灾害的潜在因素进行了分析，并对灾害的防治提出建议。     

Model-based remote sensing algorithms for particulate organic carbon (POC) in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Hydrographic data, including particulate organic carbon (POC) from the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM) study, were combined with remotely-sensed SeaWiFS data to estimate POC concentration using principal component analysis (PCA). The spectral radiance was extracted at each NEGOM station, digitized, and averaged. The mean value and spurious trends were removed from each spectrum. De-trended data included six wavelengths at 58 stations. The correlation between the weighting factors of the first six eigenvectors and POC concentration were applied using multiple linear regression. PCA algorithms based on the first three, four, and five modes accounted for 90, 95, and 98% of total variance and yielded significant correlations with POC with R ² = 0.89, 0.92, and 0.93. These full waveband approaches provided robust estimates of POC in various water types. Three different analyses (root mean square error, mean ratio and standard deviation) showed similar error estimates, and suggest that spectral variations in the modes defined by just the first four characteristic vectors are closely correlated with POC concentration, resulting in only negligible loss of spectral information from additional modes. The use of POC algorithms greatly increases the spatial and temporal resolution for interpreting POC cycling and can be extrapolated throughout and perhaps beyond the area of shipboard sampling.     

Groundwater study using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) in the central highlands of Eritrea

Remote sensing, evaluation of digital elevation models (DEM), geographic information systems (GIS) and fieldwork techniques were combined to study the groundwater conditions in Eritrea. Remote sensing data were interpreted to produce lithological and lineament maps. DEM was used for lineament and geomorphologic mapping. Field studies permitted the study of structures and correlated them with lineament interpretations. Hydrogeological setting of springs and wells were investigated in the field, from well logs and pumping test data. All thematic layers were integrated and analysed in a GIS. Results show that groundwater occurrence is controlled by lithology, structures and landforms. Highest yields occur in basaltic rocks and are due to primary and secondary porosities. High yielding wells and springs are often related to large lineaments, lineament intersections and corresponding structural features. In metamorphic and igneous intrusive rocks with rugged landforms, groundwater occurs mainly in drainage channels with valley fill deposits. Zones of very good groundwater potential are characteristic for basaltic layers overlying lateritized crystalline rocks, flat topography with dense lineaments and structurally controlled drainage channels with valley fill deposits. The overall results demonstrate that the use of remote sensing and GIS provide potentially powerful tools to study groundwater resources and design a suitable exploration plan.The online version of the original article can be found at     

Groundwater study using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) in the central highlands of Eritrea

Remote sensing, evaluation of digital elevation models (DEM), geographic information systems (GIS) and fieldwork techniques were combined to study the groundwater conditions in Eritrea. Remote sensing data were interpreted to produce lithological and lineament maps. DEM was used for lineament and geomorphologic mapping. Field studies permitted the study of structures and correlated them with lineament interpretations. Hydrogeological setting of springs and wells were investigated in the field, from well logs and pumping test data. All thematic layers were integrated and analysed in a GIS. Results show that groundwater occurrence is controlled by lithology, structures and landforms. Highest yields occur in basaltic rocks and are due to primary and secondary porosities. High yielding wells and springs are often related to large lineaments, lineament intersections and corresponding structural features. In metamorphic and igneous intrusive rocks with rugged landforms, groundwater occurs mainly in drainage channels with valley fill deposits. Zones of very good groundwater potential are characteristic for basaltic layers overlying lateritized crystalline rocks, flat topography with dense lineaments and structurally controlled drainage channels with valley fill deposits. The overall results demonstrate that the use of remote sensing and GIS provide potentially powerful tools to study groundwater resources and design a suitable exploration plan.An erratum to this article can be found at     

基于RS、GIS集成技术的黄河三角洲海岸线变迁研究

海岸线变迁是黄河三角洲地区重大环境地质问题之一。本文应用RS、GIS集成技术,通过对黄河三角洲海岸线钓口段、黄河港段和河口段3个区段28年(1976—2004年)MSS和TM系列影像数据的分析研究,发现了1976年黄河人工改道后三角洲海岸线变迁的总体规律与趋势,即北部钓口地区不断侵蚀、后退,东北部黄河港地区基本稳定,南部河口地区不断淤积、前进。这一发现对该区域的资源开发、环境保护等具有重要的指导意义。     

PCA and SVM as geo-computational methods for geological mapping in the southern of Tunisia,using ASTER remote sensing data set

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of Advanced Space Borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data in the discrimination of geological formations and the generation of geological map in the northern margin of the Tunisian desert. The nine ASTER bands covering the visible (VIS), near-infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral regions (wavelength range of 400–2500 nm) have been treated and analyzed. As a first step of data processing, crosstalk correction, resampling, orthorectification, atmospheric correction, and radiometric normalization have been applied to the ASTER radiance data. Then, to decrease the redundancy information in highly correlated bands, the principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied on the nine ASTER bands. The results of PCA allow the validation and the rectification of the lithological boundaries already published on the geologic map, and gives a new information for identifying new lithological units corresponding to superficial formations previously undiscovered. The application of a supervised classification on the principal components image using a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm shows good correlation with the reference geologic map. The overall classification accuracy is 73 % and the kappa coefficient equals to 0.71. The processing of ASTER remote sensing data set by PCA and SVM can be employed as an effective tool for geological mapping in arid regions.     

Spatio-temporal assessment of soil salinization utilizing remote sensing derivatives,and prediction modeling:Implications for sustainable development

This study aims to investigate the combined use of multi-sensor datasets(Landsat 4-5 & 8 OL1 satellite imagery,spatial resolution=30 m)coupled with field studies to evaluate spatio-temporal dynamics of soil salinization along the coastal belt in West Bengal,India.This study assesses soil salinization by map-ping the salinity and electrical conductivity of saturation extract(ECe)and utilizing spectral signatures for estimating soil salinity.The SI change(％)was analyzed(2021-1995),categorizing increases in salinity levels into 5％,10％,and 50％changes possibly due to salt encrustation on the soil layers.The land use land cover(LULC)change map(2021-1995)demonstrates that the study area is continuously evolving in terms of urbanization.Moreover,in the study area,soil salinity ranges from 0.03 ppt to 3.87 ppt,and ECe varies from 0.35 dSm-1 to 52.85 dSm-1.Additionally,vulnerable saline soil locations were further identified.Classification of soil salinity based on ECe reveals that 26％of samples fall into the non-saline category,while the rest belong to the saline category.The Spectral signatures of the soil samples(n=19)acquired from FieldSpec hand spectrometer show significant absorption features around 1400,1900,and 2250 nm and indicate salt minerals.The results of reflectance spectroscopy were cross-validated using X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.This study also employed partial least square regression(PLSR)approach to predict ECe(r2=0.79,RMSE=3.29)and salinity parameters(r2=0.75,RMSE=0.51),suggesting PLSR applicability in monitoring salt-affected soils globally.This study's conclusion emphasizes that remote sensing data and multivariate analysis can be crucial tools for mapping spatial variations and predicting soil salinity.It has also been concluded that saline ground-water used for irrigation and aqua-cultural activities exacerbates soil salinization.The study will help policymakers/farmers identify the salt degradation problem more effectively and adopt immediate mit-igation measures.     

Contribution of remote sensing and GIS to analysis of the risk of flooding in the Zat basin (High Atlas-Morocco)

Natural Hazards - Despite the controversy regarding their use, school buildings are often assigned as emergency evacuation shelters, temporary accommodation and aid distribution hubs following...     

遥感与GIS技术在生态环境脆弱性评价中的作用

为探讨生态环境脆弱性评价与遥感、GIS之间的关系, 在解读生态环境脆弱性评价的基础上, 从理论与应用两个方面展开分析。研究表明: 遥感、GIS技术可在模型建立、技术支持、数据源提供和展示平台构建等方面为生态环境脆弱性评价提供强有力的技术支撑。     

Hyperspectral remote sensing monitoring of pyrite mine wastes: a record of climate variability (Pyrite Belt,Spain)

Monitoring of mine waste on sulphide deposits through hyperspectral remote sensing data contributes to predicting surface water quality, quantitatively estimating acid drainage and metal contamination on a yearly basis. The mineralogy of surface crusts loaded with highly soluble salts is a record of available humidity and temperature along the year. A temporal monitoring of salt efflorescence on mine wastes at a mine site in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (Spain) has been mapped in this work using hyperspectral airborne Hymap data. Climate change estimations are made based on oxidation stages derived from well-known sequences of minerals tracing sulphides oxidation intensity, using archive spectral libraries. Therefore, mine-waste weathering products of sulphide mapped from airborne hyperspectral remote sensing data can be used as a short-term record of climate change, providing a useful tool for assessing environmental geoindicators in semi-arid areas.     

基于GIS的海南省国土资源遥感综合调查信息系统设计与开发

海南省国土资源遥感综合调查信息系统是海南省国土资源遥感综合调查成果的集中体现,是一个数据可动态更新的运行系统。这里遵循GIS软件工程的原理和方法,分析了海南省国土资源遥感综合调查信息系统的数据、系统需求,采用原型化、结构化和面向对象相结合的设计方法,对系统数据库、功能、结构进行了总体设计,阐述了空间数据库的建立,最后论述了系统集成的思路和模式、数据的集成处理方法以及系统开发中的几个关键内容。     

Mapping potential areas for groundwater storage in the High Guir Basin(Morocco): Contribution of remote sensing and geographic information system

Identification of water potential areas in arid regions is a crucial element for the enhancement of their water resources and socio-economic development. In fact, water resources system-planning can be used to make various decisions and implement manage- ment of water resources policies. The purpose of this study is to identify groundwater sto- rage areas in the high Guir Basin by implementing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing methods. The required data for this study can be summarized into five critical factors: Topography (slope), lithology, rainfall, rock fracture and drainage. These critical factors have been converted by the GIS into thematic maps. For each cri- tical parameter, a coefficient with weight was attributed according to its importance. The map of potential groundwater storage areas is obtained by adding the products (coeffi- cient × weight) of the five parameters. The results show that 50% to 64% of the total area of the High Guir Basin is potentially rich in groundwater, where most of fracture systems are intensely developed. The obtained results are validated with specific yield of the aqui- fer in the study area. It is noted that there is a strong positive correlation between excel- lent groundwater potential zones with high flows of water points and it diminishes with low specific yield with poor potential zones.     

黄土丘陵小流域生态用水试验研究--气候和土地利用变化的影响

为探讨黄土高原地区的生态恢复,以半干旱黄土丘陵区安家沟小流域的气象、土壤水分、地形图和土地利用图(1982年和2002年)为源信息,分析了不同植被类型的蒸散量和生态用水量、流域生态用水量及其与气候和土地利用变化的关系。研究结果表明:(1)流域土地利用结构从1982-2002年间变化较大,农地(特别是梯田)增加较快,乔木林地急剧减少,主要表现为毁林、开荒和造田;(2)研究区内各种植被/土地利用类型的蒸散量和生态用水都极大地受控于气候(特别是降雨量)的影响,其年际差异较大;(3)不同植被/土地利用类型间的蒸散量和生态用水差异明显,在各个年份乔灌林的生态用水量均大于农作物和自然草地的蒸散量和生态用水量,但生态用水的差异程度小于蒸散量的差异程度;(4)以自然草地(即荒草地)为标准,农作物的蒸散量和自然草地接近,但乔灌林地的蒸散量和生态用水量均远高于自然草地,难于实现土壤水分平衡;(5)流域土地利用结构的变化(主要是强耗水植被的减少)减小了流域生态用水量,增强了流域的水分平衡能力。     

Evaluation of an abandoned aggregate quarry used for uncontrolled waste disposal using remote sensing technologies (Atabey,Isparta-Turkey)

Today, waste is an important environmental problem that needs to be solved. The way it is collected and managed should be considered with respect to the negative impact on the environment. Although the Atabey aggregate quarry was operated with natural sand-gravel until 2 years ago, it was closed due to technological renovation in the crushing-screening unit and uneconomic production. This area was later used by the Atabey Municipality as a waste storage area. Thus, uncontrolled storage occurred at the quarry site. As a result, new, more intensive environmental problems have emerged in the area, such as visual pollution and the pollution of groundwater. This paper evaluates the impact of municipal solid waste disposal in an abandoned quarry site on groundwater, land surface temperature, land surface moisture, and vegetation cover using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and remote sensing technologies. According to the obtained results, the solid wastes stored in the area caused groundwater pollution, increased surface temperature, and reduced soil moisture.