On the transition between 2D and 3D dunes

Sediment transport in sand-bedded alluvial channels is strongly conditioned by bedforms, the planimetric morphology of which can be either two- or three-dimensional. Experiments were undertaken to examine the processes that transform the bed configuration from two-dimensional (2D) dunes to three-dimensional (3D) dunes. A narrowly graded, 500 μm size sand was subjected to a 0·15 m deep, non-varying mean flow ranging from 0·30 to 0·55 m sec⁻¹ in a 1 m wide flume. Changes in the planimetric configuration of the bed were monitored using a high-resolution video camera that produced a series of 10 sec time-lapsed digital images. Image analysis was used to define a critical value of the non-dimensional span (sinuosity) of the bedform crestlines that divides 2D forms from 3D forms. Significant variation in the non-dimensional span is observed that cannot be linked to properties of the flow or bedforms and thus appears random. Images also reveal that, once 2D bedforms are established, minor, transient excesses or deficiencies of sand are passed from one bedform to another. The bedform field appears capable of absorbing a small number of such defects but, as the number grows with time, the resulting morphological perturbations produce a transition in bed state to 3D forms that continue to evolve, but are pattern-stable. The 3D pattern is maintained by the constant rearrangement of crestlines through lobe extension and starving downstream bedforms of sediment, which leads to bifurcation. The experiments demonstrate that 2D bedforms are not stable in this calibre sand and call into question the reliability of bedform phase diagrams that use crestline shape as a discriminator.     

地下洞室开挖三维与二维有限元模型的差异分析

地下复杂洞室群的分析与计算是一个三维问题,但受计算机容量、三维网格剖分的复杂性、软件的计算能力等因素制约,实际计算时常常采用平面应变模型代替复杂的三维模型。两种模型计算得到的塑性区范围是不同的。从理论上通过Drucker-Prager屈服准则比较证明了这两种模型的差异,得到平面应变模型塑性区比三维模型塑性区大的结论。     

三维定位原理与三维反射波场模拟

在三维正演模拟定位原理基础上 ,以单程声波方程作为波场外推手段 ,实现三维叠前反射波场模拟 ,完全克服了全波方程模拟的 3个问题。在波场外推中 ,使用波动方程的混合解法 ,即以波动方程解析解 (相位移法 )为主 ,在介质速度横向变化的地方 ,用数值解 (45°有限差分 )作补充 ,使得整个算法精确、快速 ,既能处理复杂构造 ,又能适应速度的任意变化。     

3D mine pillar design information from 2D FEM analysis

This paper described a technique for obtaining three-dimensional mine design information using a two-dimensional finite element program where the mining geometry consists of an extensive array of underground rooms and pillars. The technique is based upon a simple augmentation of forces in a two-dimensional analysis to produce the same average pillar stress that would occur in a full three dimensional analysis. Detailed comparisons between a three-dimensional analysis, a two-dimensional analysis (plane stress and plane strain) and an augmented two-dimensional analysis (also plane stress and plane strain) of stress about a typical coal mine pillar are presented. A local factor of safety is defined and then mapped over the pillar midplane, the immediate roof and immediate floor using the results from the full three-dimensional analysis. Comparisons of roof and pillar safety factor distributions obtained by the three-dimensional, two-dimensional and augmented two-dimensional analyses show that the minimum safety factors in the pillar (at the pillar sides) are predicted quite closely by the augmented two-dimensional techniqe (plane stress). The same is true of the immediate roof, although the three-dimensional safety factor tends to be higher in the roof (over the room) than that calculated by the augmented twodimensional technique. The augmented loading procedure appears to hold considerable promise as a very efficient and cost reducing techniqe for mine pillar design.     

TGP二维与三维地质预报成果对比

以TGP超前地质预报理论和实际工程资料为基础,运用信息化逻辑方法对TGP二维与三维地质预报成果进行分析对比,主要从预报地质构造的位置、规模、围岩级别和产状四个成果比较二者的相同和不同之处。结果表明,对于隧道前方岩性无明显差异的围岩,二维与三维的地质预报结果基本相同;对于与隧道斜交的地质构造,二维与三维地质预报在构造产状预报结果上相近,但二维地质预报在围岩级别预测方面有利,三维地质预报在规模和位置的预报方面有利;对于与隧道激发炮孔连线一侧边墙不相交的地质构造,二维与三维地质预报结果基本不同,且三维比二维的地质预报结果有利。     

重磁2.5D/3D互相约束反演技术在三维地质填图中的应用研究

三维地质填图为我国启动的新一轮地质调查项目,为提高重磁资料在三维地质填图中的应用效果,笔者提出重磁资料2.5D/3D相互约束重磁反演技术方案:利用重磁资料2.5D剖面反演结果、3D物性反演结果作为彼此反演约束条件,并通过了理论模型试验。试验结果表明,该技术方案使反演结果中物性参数、空间位置更接近理论模型体。通过对本溪—临江地区思山岭铁矿磁异常及酸性岩体重力异常进行反演实践——估算磁异常铁矿资源量、研究酸性侵入岩深部展布形态的效果良好,可为大面积三维填图提供有效途径。     

基于FLAC~(3D)的复杂地貌三维地质建模

针对复杂地貌和地质构造条件下数值模拟的建模问题,基于FLAC3D平台提出了从局部到整体的建模思想,采用Brick单元和Tetrahedron单元通过编程生成复杂地貌条件下的三维地质体模型。利用趋势面分析法拟合出层状连续地质体,将其定义为不同的"群",建立了多层状三维地质体结构模型。采用interface界面模拟出了断层面,并与趋势面相结合,构建了断层上下盘中的地层。认为通过数学分析结合计算机编程,可以实现直接在FLAC3D中进行复杂地貌和地质构造条件下的地质体建模。     

复杂地层结构的2D、3D剖面显示技术研究

将计算机图形学扫描线区域填充算法应用于地质科学计算可视化。是图形工程应用领域的扩展。这里应用改进扫描线算法，实现了复杂地质结构的地质属性填充的二维、三维剖面图绘制．为地质专家直观观察地质空间数据．有效分析空间数据提供了逻辑思维空间平台。这里分析了改进扫描线算法的实现技术思路，并讨论了剖面树ST和有效表AT的数据结构及其改进扫描线算法实现步骤和面向对象类封装的实现软件结构，最后还给出了该算法应用Delphi和OpenGL实现二维、三维复杂地质属性剖面图绘制实例。这些实例表明了这种算法是可行的。     

二维与三维边坡稳定性分析结果的比较与分析

二维与三维边坡稳定性分析得到的安全系数存在着差异,讨论这种差异与滑体几何尺寸及土体强度参数间的变化规律及其形成机制,可为合理地评价边坡稳定性分析提供理论依据。针对均质三维边坡,利用基于滑面正应力修正模式的极限平衡法分析程序,定性地讨论滑体形态、长高比、坡比、土体强度参数等指标对二维与三维安全系数计算结果差异(以F3/F2表示)的影响,总结F3/F2与影响指标间的变化规律,分析变化规律形成的内在机制。从工程应用的角度,给出需要考虑该差异影响的分界标准。研究表明,F3/F2随着长高比L/H、内摩擦角?及坡比m的增大逐渐减小,随着黏聚力c的增大逐渐增大;对于满足下列条件之一的边坡,宜采用三维安全系数来评价其稳定性,(1) L/H ≤ 5的滑坡体;(2) 5< L/H ≤ 10且 c > 25 kPa(或? < 15°,或m < 1.0) 的滑坡体。研究成果可为合理评价边坡稳定性分析方法提供参考。     

基于二维地质剖面的三维地质结构多点统计学模拟方法

利用三维地质模拟技术重构地质现象的三维空间分布,是实现自然资源管理和风险评估的重要基础和前提。多点统计学方法通过探寻多点间的空间结构关系,结合随机模拟方法生成具有差异性的模拟结果,较好地再现了复杂的地质现象。然而,如何构建合适、有效的训练图像一直是基于多点统计学三维地质模拟的核心问题。本文提出了一种改进的多点统计学算法。本方法结合了序贯模拟和迭代的方法,将二维剖面扩展为三维训练图像,再结合EM-Like算法,实现了三维地质结构的优化模拟。建模实例结果表明,本方法能确保训练图像对内部模拟网格的约束,准确模拟研究区的地层层序,并很好地再现二维地质剖面所反映的地层结构关系。     

Digital measurement of 2D and 3D cracks in sandstones through improved pseudo color image enhancement and 3D reconstruction method

An integrated approach of improved pseudo color image enhancement (IPCE) method and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technology is proposed. The evolution characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D spatial cracks in X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of sandstones subjected to triaxial compression with confining pressure of 10, 20, and 30 MPa are investigated. The equations of crack width, length, and dip angle are established based on the proposed digital damage ratio. Based on the pseudo color images, point cloud maps with roughness and spatial images of cracks are investigated. The numerical results show that this proposed method is effective to study and understand the fracturing properties of rocks.     

Acceleration strategies for elastic full waveform inversion workflows in 2D and 3D

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is one of the most challenging procedures to obtain quantitative information of the subsurface. For elastic inversions, when both compressional and shear velocities have to be inverted, the algorithmic issue becomes also a computational challenge due to the high cost related to modelling elastic rather than acoustic waves. This shortcoming has been moderately mitigated by using high-performance computing to accelerate 3D elastic FWI kernels. Nevertheless, there is room in the FWI workflows for obtaining large speedups at the cost of proper grid pre-processing and data decimation techniques. In the present work, we show how by making full use of frequency-adapted grids, composite shot lists and a novel dynamic offset control strategy, we can reduce by several orders of magnitude the compute time while improving the convergence of the method in the studied cases, regardless of the forward and adjoint compute kernels used.     

地震采集观测系统设计及图形绘制软件的研制和使用

这里主要研究地震采集观测系统设计和图形绘制的计算机软件实现问题。到目前为止,许多的地震数据处理软件包以及专门的观测系统设计软件等都能够实现观测系统图形的显示与输出。但这些观测系统图形基本上是极为简单的显示,对图形不能进行一些个性化的设置,而能够真正用于野外队绘制观测系统成果图的软件却没有,观测系统图形仍然处于手工绘制的阶段。鉴于这种情况,利用VISUAL C 6.0研制了一个观测系统设计和图形绘制软件。该软件绘制的图形不但能基本满足目前观测系统的成图规范,还能根据需要进行合理化的设置。从而可以将观测系统图形的手工绘制转为计算机绘制,并方便地利用打印机或用绘图仪输出,大大提高了绘制观测系统的效率和准确性。经实际应用效果较好。     

直流电阻率测深中二维与三维反演结果的对比与分析

直流电阻率测深中,用二维反演程序对三维地质体进行了反演,并与三维反演结果进行对比和分析。首先,对比二维和三维最小二乘反演在正演模拟算法和先验信息的确定方法;然后,对若干比较典型的模型进行反演实例对比。由于二维程序反演仅考虑单个剖面的电阻率信息,无论是在异常位置、形态及电阻率特性上,其反演精度都比较低;三维电阻率反演综合了多个测深剖面的电阻率信息,其结果与实际模型吻合得非常好。     

利用一维正则化反演进行大地电磁测深数据拟二维反演解释

大地电磁测深的反演问题是不适定的,其反演结果不稳定,且具有非唯一性。通过在目标函数中采用正则化方法,可以使得不适定反演问题具有稳定的反演结果,并改善解的稳定性和非唯一性问题。为了提高野外大地电磁测深数据的处理效率和初步解释的精度,提出了大地电磁测深数据的一维正则化反演进行拟二维反演解释方法。这里所述的大地电磁测深一维反演解释,与以往的解释方法不同,其思路首先用Bostick反演的深度来控制层参数,使反演计算的模型参数仅存在电阻率;最后采用阻尼高斯-牛顿算法进行反演计算,并将Bostick反演结果作为反演计算的初始模型。通过模型试算,结果表明其处理速度快、解释直观,对野外大地电磁测深数据进行初步反演解释是可行的。     

Comparison of two-dimensional flood propagation models: SRH-2D and Hydro_AS-2D

This article presents a comparison between two two-dimensional finite volume flood propagation models: SRH-2D and Hydro_AS-2D. The models are compared using an experimental dam-break test case provided by Soares-Frazão (J Hydraul Res, 2007. doi: 10.1080/00221686.2007.9521829). Four progressively refined meshes are used, and both models react adequately to mesh and time step refinement. Hydro_AS-2D shows some unphysical oscillations with the finest mesh and a certain loss of accuracy. For that test case, Hydro_AS-2D is more accurate for all meshes and generally faster than SRH-2D. Hydro_AS-2D reacts well to automatic calibration with PEST, whereas SRH-2D has some difficulties in retrieving the suggested Manning’s roughness coefficient.     

基于多视角二维图像的钙质砂颗粒三维重构方法

以多视角二维图像为基础进行复杂形状颗粒三维重构。以具有复杂形状的钙质砂颗粒为样本,针对块状、条状以及树枝状等典型复杂形状颗粒进行重构,并以凸度、圆形度以及长宽比等形状指标为依托对其最终重构精度进行表征。在重构过程中,以颗粒初始投影面为基础绕轴转动获取一系列颗粒二维投影图像,并提取其边界坐标值,而后利用三维点云与所获取的二维图像轮廓坐标进行定位匹配,并删除位于二维图像轮廓外部点集,最终得到使得所有点均位于所获取的系列二维图像轮廓内。在此基础上,进一步对点云实体化处理并构建得到三维实体。通过对150个不同形状颗粒展开重构,统计发现90%以上颗粒的重构误差在10%以内,其中,误差范围最大的为树枝状颗粒,最大误差为10.84%,最小误差则小于1.00%。该方法原理简单,可有效地构建得到精度较高的复杂形状颗粒三维模型。     

从1D到4D:煤田地震勘探的技术进步及启示

作为煤矿安全高效地质保障系统的核心技术之一,我国煤田地震勘探技术已经形成了从一维地震(1D)、二维地震(2D)到三维地震(3D)的技术系列,实现了从资源勘探向采区勘探、从构造勘探向岩性勘探的技术进步,而四维地震(4D)将进一步实现地震勘探从静态探测到动态探测的技术跨越。基于空间-时间维度的概念,在1D到4D地震勘探4个发展阶段的基础上,提出了1.5D(如非零偏移距VSP)、2.5D(如宽线二维地震)和3.5D(如三维地震动态解释)等3个过渡阶段,给出了1D与1.5D、2D与2.5D、3D与3.5D以及4D等7个不同阶段的时间-空间特征。研究发现:(1)煤田地震勘探从低维到高维、从空间维到时空维的维度增加,使得地震勘探所获地下信息量出现指数级增长,地震勘探解决地质问题的精度相应得到了显著的提高,这是煤田地震勘探技术不断进步的内在引擎;(2)基础理论研究的厚积薄发、地震勘探仪器的升级换代和煤矿开采技术的需求驱动,是煤田地震勘探技术持续进步的外部驱动力;(3)跨学科、跨行业和跨部门的学科交叉与技术融合,加速了煤田地震勘探技术的迭代升级。     

黄土边坡二维和三维变形破坏模型的对比分析

边坡变形特征在稳定性预测中尤为重要,已有文献往往只局限于二维或三维分析,没有对两者加以比较,导致模型选择与分析的问题不一致,浪费了时间和金钱。针对这个问题,课题组以某黄土边坡加固为例,运用ADINA软件建立二维和三维模型进行模拟,并与现场实际对照。结果表明：两种模型对边坡变形趋势的分析结果一致;三维模型变形预测值大于二维模型的30％～100％,分别得出定性和定量的结果,三维模型更符合实际变形;两种模型预测出的最薄弱部位和现场实际一致,具有实用性。这些结论为黄土边坡的变形预测和加固分析模型的选择提供了参考依据。