三唑磷在水体系中的光化学降解研究

本文研究三唑磷在天然海水、人工海水和去离子水中的光化学降解情况。在300 W高压汞灯照射下,三唑磷在3种水体中均发生明显的光降解,且降解符合一级反应动力学行为,其光解速率常数在天然海水、去离子水和人工海水中分别为0.008 61,0.006 42和0.006 33 min-1。在3种溶液介质中,三唑磷光解速率受三唑磷初始浓度的影响,其速率常数均随着三唑磷初始浓度的增大而减小。实验发现溶液中加入重金属离子Cu2+和Cd2+会抑制三唑磷的光降解速率,添加重金属离子浓度不同,则抑制程度不同。     

亚甲基蓝在水体系中的光化学降解研究

研究水体系中亚甲基蓝的光化学降解.结果表明,在高压汞灯照射下,亚甲基蓝在人工海水中降解得最快,蒸馏水次之,而在天然海水中降解得最慢.通过对比研究发现.重金属离子(Cu2+,Zn2+,Cd2+,Hg2+)和腐殖酸能够在一定程度上抑制亚甲基蓝的光降解;而丙酮能促进亚甲基蓝的光降解.由此可见,重金属离子和腐殖酸可能是造成亚甲基蓝在天然海水中降解缓慢的主要因素之一.     

海水中二苯并噻吩的光化学氧化动力学研究

实验研究天然海水中二苯并噻吩的光化学氧化的动力学。结果发现,二苯并噻吩光化学氧化的速率会受到介质、光敏剂、重金属离子以及辐射强度的影响。其一级反应速率常数为３．９×１０－６～１．８×１０－５ｓ－１。Ｃｕ２＋和Ｈｇ２＋能明显加快二苯并噻吩的光氧化速率。光源离反应容器越近,其降解速率越大。溶解氧的含量越低,二苯并噻吩的光降解速率越慢,这说明溶解氧参与了二苯并噻吩的光氧化过程。由此证实,光化学过程是二苯并噻吩在海水中迁移变化的重要途径。     

硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐对三唑磷在海水中光降解的影响

研究了高压汞灯照射下硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐对天然海水中三唑磷光降解的影响情况。实验发现:在300 W高压汞灯照射下,在天然海水中,三唑磷降解速率受硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐等因素的影响,且降解均符合一级动力学规律;在三唑磷水溶液中分别添加浓度为0.1,1,2,4mg/L的NO3-及NO2-,均不同程度地抑制三唑磷的光降解速率,且其抑制作用均随NO3-及NO2-添加浓度的增大而增强,三唑磷的光降解速率常数(k)的变化范围为0.00394~0.00861 min-1。     

Pb~(2+)和Fe~(3+)对三唑磷在水环境中光降解影响研究

本文探索研究了Pb~(2+)和Fe~(3+)在不同水溶液中对三唑磷的光降解影响。结果表明:在300 W高压汞灯照射下,在去离子水中,不同浓度的Pb~(2+)对三唑磷的光降解均起抑制作用。在人工海水中,0.01 mg/L和0.1 mg/L的Pb~(2+)对三唑磷的光降解有抑制作用,而1 mg/L的Pb~(2+)明显地促进了光降解。在天然海水中,1 mg/L的Pb~(2+)对三唑磷的光降解起了抑制作用,而0.01 mg/L和0.1 mg/L的Pb~(2+)在光照前60 min促进了光降解,后60 min则起了抑制作用。不同浓度的Fe~(3+)在人工海水和去离子水中会促进光降解,而在天然海水中则表现为抑制作用。该实验模拟结果可为水环境中该种农药污染的治理提供重要的理论依据。     

海洋石油光化学降解的研究

石油进入海水会发生各种物理、化学变化,以往的研究已证明光化学氧化在石油及其精炼产品风化过程中具有重要意义.光化学氧化机理主要在于接受日光照射的能量,以不同的方式与溶解氧结合,从而最终降解石油烃.生成的光氧化产物一般为羧酸、醇、醚、羰基化合物等几类,还有一些产物尚不能确定其结构.光氧化产物仍然存在毒性,对海洋生物等十分有害.在动力学方面,针对其某一组分已证实为一级反应动力学行为,并定量地得出了速率常数.光降解速率会受到光照条件、溶解氧、金属离子等因素的影响.目前的研究表明,对石油光化学进行深入探讨具有较高的研究价值和现实意义.     

海水中铁(Ⅲ)-氨基酸盐配合物的光化学反应研究

系统研究了高压汞灯模拟日光照射下铁(Ⅲ)-氨基酸盐配合物在天然海水中的光化学反应情况,结果发现,在氨基酸盐配体的存在下,铁(Ⅲ)会发生光化学反应生成还原态的铁(Ⅱ),同时生成的铁(Ⅱ)会被容器内的氧再氧化为铁(Ⅲ).铁(Ⅲ)的光还原反应速率会受到配体浓度、pH和光强以及温度的影响.在氨基酸与铁(Ⅲ)浓度配比大于2的情况下,在铁(Ⅲ)氨基酸盐配合物的光还原反应初期铁(Ⅱ)浓度的增长符合一级动力学反应规律,100min后浓度趋于稳定.光强升高和pH降低都能加快光还原速率,而改变温度则基本上对光还原反应速率无影响,这证明铁(Ⅲ)的光还原反应为一自由基引发的电子转移过程.     

海水中农药的光化学降解研究

农药的光化学降解是海水中农药残留污染物去除的重要途径,其降解过程和降解产物对海水环境的影响很大。文中研究了有机污染物农药在海水环境中光化学降解的反应类型,反应机理,影响因素(光照条件、溶液介质、pH、重金属离子、光敏剂),光降解产物及其分析方法。指出了当前农药光化学降解研究中存在的一些问题并提出了今后的研究方向。     

石油在水溶液中的光化学降解

光化学降解是海洋环境中石油去除的主要途径之一.研究在高压汞灯照射下石油烃水溶组分(WSF)的光降解.结果显示在高压汞灯下,石油WSF能够明显降解.其降解过程受溶液介质及重金属离子(Cu2 ,Hg2 ,Cd2 ,Zn2 )的影响.在反应的初始阶段,石油WSF降解得很快,符合一级反应动力学规律.经过大约2 h后,浓度变化缓慢.在所选用的实验条件下,光降解常数的范围在0.011 8～0.023 5 min-1之间.     

海水中锰的光化学反应研究

对海水中锰的光化学反应及其影响因素进行了研究.实验结果表明,锰的光化学反应主要通过有机物为媒介进行,反应液中加入的有机物种类和浓度的改变会导致锰的光化学反应速率的改变.增加光强,有利于锰的光还原反应的进行.降低体系的pH值,可提高锰的光反应速率.锰在不同介质中光反应速率从大到小的顺序为:去离子水、人工海水、天然海水.此外,搅拌有利于锰的光反应的进行,但在体系分布已达均匀的前提下,搅拌速率的大小对锰的光反应速率几乎无影响.研究表明,通过光化学反应,海水中的锰会由四价的颗粒态转化为二价的可溶态,从而有利于浮游植物的吸收和生长.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.