海带雌配子体对X射线的反应

已知电离射线如X射线等对生物有强烈的诱变作用[4]。X射线和Y射线对海带雌配子体的效应已有初步观察[1-3]。过去用于海带实验的是雌雄配子体混合在一起的材料，如果发生突变，不易观察到，这是因为受精后是二倍体。这里我们对能行孤雌生殖的纯系海带的雌配子体进行了实验。     

不同光强下小球藻纵向沉降及悬浮特性研究

通过用自制沉降柱研究小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)在表层不同光强作用下纵向沉降特性以及分布规律, 为进一步了解水库中小球藻的纵向分布提供参考。实验室培养的小球藻按其直径可分为小于4.5 μm、4.5～5.5 μm、大于5.5 μm 3 个等级, 不同粒径的小球藻在不同光强的作用下沉速不同; 实验条件下小球藻的沉速分布在0.1～468.2 μm/s, 均值为32.8 μm/s; 小球藻的沉降速度随沉降柱表层光强增强而降低, 无光状态下时沉速是表层光强为10 000 lx 的2～3 倍; 小球藻直径大小与沉速呈正相关, 直径4.5～5.5 μm 的小球藻沉速是3.5～4.5 μm 的5~6 倍; 沉降稳定后实验柱中小球藻从表层至底层粒径逐渐变大, 除底层外小球藻在纵向峰值随光强增加而向下延伸, 如实验柱表层光强为1 000 lx 和4 000 lx时小球藻峰值出现实验柱表层, 而表层光强为7 000 lx 和10 000 lx 的实验峰值分别出现在水下300 mm和600 mm 处。     

硼对海带雌配子体生长的影响

硼对高等植物生长的影响,已有不少的研究。有人认为它是植物生长所必需的元素,有人不同意这个意见,硼对海藻的效应,研究的不多。McBride等的观察指出,硼对小球藻的生长没有什么影响。Lewin的实验表明,硼对硅藻的生长是必需的。Nasr等的观察指出,硼对石(艹尊)和Dictyota的生殖有刺激作用。 本实验在于观察硼对海带雌配子体生长发育的效应。1973年和1976年,我们曾做了一些探索性实验,1979—1980年又重复了实验,这里仅汇报一部分实验的结果。     

渤海湾海丰盐场卤虫种群动态及盐度对卤虫种群密度的影响

卤虫是鱼、虾、蟹幼苗极为理想的天然饵料.随着水产育苗发展,卤虫及卤虫卵的需求量在不断增加[1].为了更好地开发、利用和保护卤虫资源,其生态学研究近20a以来受到了明显的重视,但具体研究偏重于实验种群方面,如环境因子(如温度、盐度、饵料等)对卤虫生长、存活、生殖特征(如性成熟速度、生殖方式、生殖力)的影响[2~10],而关于卤虫的自然种群研究较少,原因是进行卤虫的野外生态学研究有诸多困难,如卤虫繁殖速度快且次数多,世代之间有重叠:盐湖或盐池的水文特征经常发生剧烈变化[11,12],故迄今只有Petra[13]和Petra等[14]对Mono湖的Artemiamonica,Gene等[17]对法国Giraud的孤雌生殖卤虫的自然种群进行了系统研究.     

小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的异养生长特性研究

小球藻（Ｃｈｌｏｒｅｌｌａ ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）可以利用葡萄糖、果糖、乙酸盐等有机碳源异养生长。在异养条件下,最适环境条件为温度３０～３２℃、ｐＨ５．５～６．５。该小球藻可以利用硝酸盐、铵盐、尿素和一些结构简单的氨基酸（如甘氨酸）作为唯一氮源生长,在由铵盐和硝酸盐组成的混合氮源中生长时,优先利用铵盐。该小球藻对增减基中不同营养物的利用给增减基的ｐＨ带来不同的影响。利用葡萄糖和果糖为唯一碳源时增减基的     

海草植株移植方法的研究进展

海草是世界上最重要的初级生产者之一[1],也是海洋生态系统食物链中的重要一环[2],海草床具有非常复杂的群落结构,它为一些幼鱼和贝类提供重要栖息地及隐蔽保护场所[3],也为一些植食性鱼类、某些水鸟和一些大型动物如海龟(Chelonia my-das)、儒艮(Dugong dugon)等提供觅食场所[4-5]。同时,海草床还可以调节水体中的悬浮物、溶解氧、叶绿素、重金属和营养盐[6],减缓水流速度[7],对浅水水质的净化与底质的巩固发挥着关键作用。此外,海草通过叶片及地下茎将吸收的氮、磷及可溶性有机物等释放到周围环境及水体中,供附生生物及其他生物利用[8]。并有研究表明,海草床在维持全球碳平衡和氮平衡中也起到重要作用[9],碳的固定率几乎可以和热带雨林相比[10]。然而,自20世纪以来,受人类活动频繁加剧的影响,海草床在世界范围内呈现严重衰退趋势,有些地区的海草床甚至已完全消失[8]。据统计,全世界海草的分布面积大约有17.7×104 km2,约相当于海洋面积的0.15%[11]。然而仅1993年至2003年就有大约2.6×104 km2的海草床消失,大约减少了15%[12]。     

近岸海水中痕量锰的催化动力学分光光度法测定

锰是一种为一切生物(人、动物、植物)所必需的痕量元素。它参与人体中精氨酸酶、丙酮酸羧化酶、RNA多聚酶等的反应,促进人体发育,特别是骨胳的生长.贫血和惊厥等症也与缺锰有关.动物缺锰时,雄性精子减少,失去交配与生育能力;雌性则会造成死胎和不孕症等.蔬莱缺锰将引起叶子变黄或变白.近年来还发现锰有抗癌作用.据调查,土壤中含锰量高的地区,癌症发病率较低[1-2].海水中的锰是一种营养要素,它的含量随海洋中生物的活动而发生很大的变化.     

硼对海带雌配子体生长的影响

硼对高等植物生长的影响，已有不少的研究．有人认为它是植物生长所必需的元素，有人不同意这个意见。硼对海藻的效应，研究的不多．McBride等的观察指出，硼对小球藻的生长没有什么影响。Lewin的实验表明，硼对硅藻的生长是必需的．Nasr等的观察指出，     

真鲷早期仔鱼食性转变研究

本文研究了真鲷（Ｐａｇｒｏｓｏｍｕｓ ｍａｊｏｒ）早期仔鱼的食性和食性转变。定量摄食实验研究发现,早期仔鱼的食性随其生长发育而发生明显的变化,真鲷虽为近海暖水性底层肉食性经济鱼类,但其前期仔鱼可摄食一些浮藻类（小球藻和螺旋藻）。最大摄食率Ｉ「ｕｇ／（ｉｎｄ．ｈ）」随仔鱼的发育（４～７日龄）和食物种类而发生变化;对小球藻、螺旋藻,轮虫的最大Ｉ分别为１．４５～１．４２、０．４９～１．３９和１．４６～２．５１;早期仔鱼虽可摄食藻类,但仍以肉食性为主。在动物和植物混合食物（轮虫－小球藻、轮虫－螺旋藻）中,真鲷早期仔鱼存在食性转变,这对它的生存适应具有重要的生态意义。     

DDT,BHC对小球藻氨基酸含量的影响

本文研究的DDT,BHC对小球藻氨基酸含量的影响,可作为环境生物工程及生物监测的依据。实验结果表明,分别以0.1 ppm DDT,BHC处理小球藻对氨基酸含量影响不大,而1ppm和10ppm处理下,其氨基酸含量有所增加,这可能是由于低浓度的DDT和BHC有刺激作用。游离氨基酸比蛋白质氨基酸增加更为显著。     

海马齿对不同盐度水质的碳汇作用以及不同形态氮利用的研究

为探讨海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)对水域环境修复作用,本文研究了水培海马齿对不同盐度水质的碳汇作用以及不同形态氮的利用情况。实验设计0、10、20、30、35盐度梯度,海马齿水培时间82 d,然后测定植株干重、营养元素含量以及积累速率,最后在抑菌与不抑菌条件下研究海马齿根际与铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)、无机磷(PO₄^3-)以及色氨酸(Trp)吸收转化关系。研究结果表明,盐度10条件下海马齿植株干重、有机元素含量以及积累速率最高,有机碳、有机氮与有机磷积累速率分别为(5.572±1.611)、(0.313±0.058)、(0.057±0.013)mg/(d·ind.),而高盐环境35盐度条件下对海马齿生长造成一定胁迫。盐度0～35范围,海马齿均未出现死亡现象。不同盐度抑菌培养条件下,色氨酸与无机氮共存时均能被能被海马齿利用,色氨酸利用量远高于硝态氮、铵态氮;不抑菌条件下铵态氮则表现出增加的结果。海马齿作用在盐度...     

Quality of the Seagrass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halophila ovalis</Emphasis> on a Thai Intertidal Flat as Food for the Dugong

To determine whether dugongs along the Thai coast prefer relatively faster-growing Halophila ovalis due to its nutritional value, we analyzed the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), ash, fiber, and lipids in several species of seagrass collected near dugong feeding trails. CNP concentrations in the faster-growing H. ovalis were distinctly lower than those in the slower-growing species. Lipid concentrations were comparatively not as low; they were equivalent to the values of the slower-growing Enhalus acoroides in the leaves and to Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata in the rhizomes and roots. The ash content of H. ovalis was the highest of all species in both the above and below ground parts. The reason that dugong feeds exclusively on H. ovalis at this site may be the potentially large supply due to its high growth rate, rather than its nutritive qualities.     

Studies on the red tide flagellates—VI

Extensive bloom of red tide, accompanying mass mortality of fish and the other animals, occurred in Bingo-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, in August, 1970. Two species of microorganisms,Eutreptiella sp. andExuviaella sp., were isolated from the water and were obtained in axenic culture by micropipette washings.These organisms are stimulated by trace metals. The highest growth resulted from the addition of chelated Fe (<3 mg/l) or/and Mn (<2 mg/l) to enriched sea water. The organisms prefer low salinity. The optimal salinities are Cl 8.0–17.0 forEutreptiella sp., Cl >11.0 forExuviaella sp. respectively. These organisms can tolerate a wide range of pH.Exuviaella sp. needs vitamin B₁₂ for growth. The pattern of specificity toward B₁₂ analogues²⁾ is similar to that ofEuglena gracilis. On the other hand,Eutreptiella sp. requires B₁₂, biotin, and thiamine. The B₁₂ specificity fits toEscherichia coli. Both organisms prefer NH₄-N in lower concentrations than 1 mg/l (optimal 0.3 mg/l) as nitrogen sources.Exuviaella sp. also likes urea. Inorganic and organic phosphates are utilized by the organisms:Eutreptiella sp. utilizes Na₂-glycerophosphate, guanylic acid,Exuviaella sp. utilizes Na₂-glycerophosphate, adenylic acid. KH₂PO₄ is the most favorable to the growth of both organisms. All the purines, pyrimidines, plant hormones tested increase the growth ofExuviaella sp. Especially, guanine, xanthine, thymine, indoleacetic acid, and gibberellic acid promote the growth remarkably.These organisms do not grow to high densities without Fe or/and Mn in high concentrations even under the conditions provided by optimal temperature, salinities, pH, and essential nutrients. On the other hand, the coastal area of Fukuyama where the red tide first occurred has been fertilized with the nutrients essential to the organisms, and also polluted with trace metals such as Fe (Iwasaki, Inoue unpublished data). From these results, it can be considered that the great increase of the organisms is caused principally by the high concentration of iron in the sea water.     

Distribution of oxygen-containing functional groups and elements in humic acids from marine sediments

The elemental composition and oxygen-containing functional groups contents in the marine humic acids from the five sediment samples from Sagami Bay and Suruga Bay were determined. Kumada's method of classification of soil humic acids was applied to the marine humic acids. The carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur contents of the marine humic acids were, on average, 52.96, 5.12, 5.79, 34.99 and 1.13%, respectively, without wide variation. In comparison with terrestrial humic acids, the marine ones had relatively lower carbon content and higher hydrogen and nitrogen contents. It is suggested that the marine humic acids have more aliphatic and less aromatic character, as expected from their possible origins, e.g., phytoplankton. The total acidity, carboxyl, phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl, carbonyl and methoxyl group contents in the marine humic acids were, on average, 5.80, 3.27, 2.53, 2.53, 3.09 and 0.41 milliequivalents per gram of dry ash-free humic acid (me g^–1), respectively. From quantitative data on the elemental composition and functional groups of the average marine humic acid, its empirical formula was calculated to be C₁₀₇H₁₃₈O₂₀(COOH)₉(OH)₇ ^phenolic (OH)₇ ^alcoholic (CO)₉(OCH)₃N₁₀S. The marine humic acids were similar to the so-called B type of soil humic acids with regard to the distribution of functional groups and spectroscopic properties.     

Chemistry of sediments in relation to trophic condition of eight Rotorua Lakes

Abstract

Chemical parameters (pH, Eh, carbon, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, 0.5M H₂SO₄‐extractable phosphorus, organic phosphorus, and water‐soluble phosphorus) were measured in the surface layers of sediments collected from various depths in Lakes Rotowhero, Okaro, Ngapouri, Rotokakahi, Okareka, Tikitapu, Okataina, and. Rotoma during October 1972. The sediments of the productive geothermal lake, Rotowhero, were markedly different from those of the cold‐water lakes: they had relatively low pH values, high carbon (mean 8.5%) and organic phosphorus (mean 4160 μg.g^?1) concentrations, and very high total phosphorus concentrations (mean 4770 μg.g^?1), probably as a result of enrichment by hot springs.

The mean concentrations in the sediments of the cold‐water lakes were carbon 3.2–7.9%, Kjeldahl nitrogen 3380–8310 μg.g^?1 and phosphorus 690–1780 μg.g^?1. These concentrations are within the ranges for New Zealand terrestrial topsoils, but the lake sediments appear enriched in phosphorus relative to local topsoils. Total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations of sediments tended to be highest in the eutrophic lakes (Okaro, Ngapouri) although the deep oligotrophic lakes (Okataina, Rotoma) had relatively high total phosphorus concentrations (means 1400, 1510 μg.g^?1). Overall, the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations of the sediments showed little relationship to the trophic state of the lake.

Organic phosphorus concentrations of the surface layers of sediments were similar in all the cold‐water lakes (mean 319 μg.g^?1). The proportion of the total phosphorus apparently ‘fixed’ in mineral material was minimal (0–1%) in sediments from the eutrophic and mesotrophic lakes, but in the oligotrophic lakes was similar to that in New Zealand topsoils (9–14%). Reducing conditions may cause solution of a high proportion of the ‘fixed’ phosphorus in the eutrophic lakes.

The water‐soluble phosphorus concentrations in the sediments of the five shallow cold‐water lakes (Okaro, Ngapouri, Rotokakahi, Okareka, Tikitapu) correlated positively with trophic state and with concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in the lake waters.

Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations in the sediments tended to vary with overlying water depth. This should be considered when comparisons are made between lakes.     

不同氮源下南极冰藻Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L的生物量、氮吸收与脂肪酸组成研究

微藻培养过程中氮缺失有利于油脂和生物量的积累,然而不同氮源条件下微藻生长与生物量的研究有限,限制了生物油脂的相关研究。本文研究通过研究南极冰藻Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L在不同氮源条件下的细胞生长与油脂积累,进一步探究其作为富集油脂微藻的潜力。研究发现：在含有NH₄CL的培养基中,Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L生长速率最大;在含有NH₄NO₃的条件下,获得了最大干重量0.28 g/L。最高油脂含量0.21 g/g是在缺氮条件下获得,同时得到干重0.24 g/L。在多不饱和脂肪酸的产出方面,NH₄NO₃和NH₄Cl为氮源培养基时要好于缺氮和KNO₃培养基,在NH₄NO₃和NH₄Cl为氮源的培养条件下ICE-L胞内C18：3和C20：5的含量高。比较而言,缺氮和KNO₃培养基时C16：0、C18：1和C18：2的含量要高。     

营养盐对小球藻的生长、脂肪含量及EPA含量影响的研究

二十碳五烯酸(EPA)是n-3系列高度不饱和脂酸,具有降血脂、抑制血小板聚集、降血压、抗动脉粥样硬化等作用(刘玉军,1987;Clemons, et al.,1985)。人和动物体几乎不能合成EPA,只能从食物中获取,而海藻是不饱和脂防酸的(原始)初级生产者。 在以往研究的基础上,我们选择了EPA含量较高,且易于养殖的小球藻 Chlorella sp-2 (李荷芳等,1999)为原料,用不同的营养液对其进行培养,分析藻体中的脂肪和EPA的含量变化,以便选择能使小球藻生长好、脂肪含量及EPA含量均高的营养条件,为开辟EPA的新来源提供依据。     

源自生物絮团产絮凝剂的异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌xt1的鉴定及其脱氮特性

为了高效进行水体脱氮,本实验从形成于凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖水体的生物絮团中分离到一株具产絮能力的脱氮菌xt1,经16S r RNA基因测序与生理生化分析确定菌株xt1为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。在此基础上,本文研究了该菌的脱氮特性。结果表明:菌株xt1最佳碳源为葡萄糖,以其为底物对氨氮、硝态氮去除率分别达95.56%和57.40%。以蔗糖为碳源亦具较高脱氮率,对氨氮、硝态氮去除率分别达69.95%和49.50%;该菌能利用有机氮加速生长,添加0.25%、0.5%、1%和2%的蛋白胨能促进OD600,分别达到0.925、1.034、1.103和1.314,均高于未加蛋白胨下的生长,且氨氮去除率均超过90%,硝态氮去除率均超过88%;该菌能适应20—200mg/L无机氮浓度;该菌能以NH4+-N、NO2–-N或NO3–-N为唯一氮源进行异养硝化-好氧反硝化,反应84h去除率分别达到94.16%、47.60%和91.17%。其中,该菌的硝化形式是将氨氮转化为气态氮脱除,其硝态氮反硝化形式是先将硝态氮转化为亚硝氮,再以气态氮脱除。在进行异养硝化-好氧反硝化同时,菌株xt1体现絮凝特性,絮凝率最高分别达到82.28%、73.15%和75.60%;此外,添加该菌于养殖水体中能加速生物絮团形成,同时提高脱氮率。各项结果表明,菌株xt1可作为水产养殖水体脱氮的备选菌株。     

不同碳氮浓度对雨生红球藻生长及虾青素累积的影响

研究了不同二氧化碳浓度和硝酸钾浓度对雨生红球藻生长及虾青素累积的影响。结果表明,较高浓度的CO2(600×10-6)能够显著促进雨生红球藻的生长、光合作用的进行和虾青素的累积。红球藻单个细胞内的虾青素含量随着培养液中硝酸钾浓度的降低而增加,绿色游动藻种和绿色不动藻种培养12 d后获得的最大虾青素值分别为10.93 pg/个和12.64 pg/个。连续通气是促进雨生红球藻生长及虾青素累积的一种有效碳源提供方式。     

Structure of time variations in carbon dioxide in the atmospheric thickness over central Eurasia (Issyk Kul Monitoring Station)

The results are presented of statistical analysis of the data obtained from the 1980–2006 systematic measurements of the volume concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric thickness over central Eurasia. The trends of both monthly and yearly means of CO₂ concentration are determined. During these 26 years, the yearly mean concentration increased by ～42 ppm at a mean rate of (1.56 ± 0.18) ppm per year and reached ～382.7 ppm. General statistical characteristics are found. The distribution function of the monthly mean concentrations of CO₂ is characterized by the presence of a second maximum and a bias of the principal mode toward large values, and the mean (over the measurement time) monthly concentration and the median almost coincide. The distribution function of the yearly mean concentrations of CO₂ is close to a normal distribution, and the mean (over the measurement time) yearly concentration, the median, and the mode also coincide. The trends of short-and long-period variations in the carbon dioxide concentration and their possible relation to a number of geophysical phenomena are revealed. Spectral analysis of the measuring data on CO₂ revealed oscillations with periods of 4, 6, 12, 15, 21, 29, 40, 53, 84, and 183 months. A statistical model with the parameters of these oscillations describes the experimental monthly mean concentrations of carbon dioxide with an rms deviation of 2.3 ppm (±0.6% of the mean over the entire period 361.9 ppm) and the yearly mean concentrations with an rms deviation of 0.9 ppm (～±0.3%).