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In the time of the flooding, rural people in Bangladesh suffer from the lingering effects of labor market disruption and income deficiency. This study shows a model based analysis on the research question, ??what coping strategies are followed by the flooded households in Bangladesh and how???. Data are collected through a three stage stratified random sampling technique on 595 flooded and rural households??. Survey is carried out aftermath of the flood in the year 2005, from four different districts in Bangladesh. A major proportion of households are found to borrow money or resources from informal sources, such as nearby shops or the pharmacy, friends or relatives, or local money lenders, to buy food items and other essentials. A censored tobit model analysis shows that households initiate coping with borrowing money after the realization of floods, and gradually lead to cope with savings and selling assets as the duration of flood increases. 相似文献
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Priscila da Cunha Luz Barcellos Marcello Silva da Costa Marcio Cataldi Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares 《Natural Hazards》2017,89(1):313-330
In the last years, natural hazards related to flash floods have caused serious damage and losses to the population of the state of Rio de Janeiro. This research discusses the importance of implementing a methodology for the prevention of flash floods, by comparing the methods applied since 2013 in the city of Duque de Caxias, in the Baixada Fluminense region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the major prevention actions suggested by the Flash Flood Early Warning System Reference Guide from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, questioning civil defense professionals about the importance of each method to vulnerable communities. Even without the occurrence of an extreme event that proves the effectiveness of the method between 2014 and 2016, the population will certainly be better prepared to face the risks of disasters in the city in the future. In addition, the study also underscores an approach of approximation between academic studies and operational activities, which is still very incipient in Brazil. 相似文献
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Deep 3D thermal modelling for the city of Berlin (Germany) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Judith Sippel Sven Fuchs Mauro Cacace Anna Braatz Oliver Kastner Ernst Huenges Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(8):3545-3566
This study predicts the subsurface temperature distribution of Germany’s capital Berlin. For this purpose, a data-based lithosphere-scale 3D structural model is developed incorporating 21 individual geological units. This model shows a horizontal grid resolution of (500 × 500) m and provides the geometric base for two different approaches of 3D thermal simulations: (1) calculations of the steady-state purely conductive thermal field and (2) simulations of coupled fluid flow and heat transport. The results point out fundamentally different structural and thermal configurations for potential geothermal target units. The top of the Triassic Middle Buntsandstein strongly varies in depth (159–2,470 m below sea level) and predicted temperatures (15–95 °C), mostly because of the complex geometry of the underlying Permian Zechstein salt. The top of the sub-salt Sedimentary Rotliegend is rather flat (2,890–3,785 m below sea level) and reveals temperatures of 85–139 °C. The predicted 70 °C-isotherm is located at depths of about 1,500–2,200 m, cutting the Middle Buntsandstein over large parts of Berlin. The 110 °C-isotherm at 2,900–3,700 m depth widely crosscuts the Sedimentary Rotliegend. Groundwater flow results in subsurface cooling the extent of which is strongly controlled by the geometry and the distribution of the Tertiary Rupelian Clay. The cooling effect is strongest where this clay-rich aquitard is thinnest or missing, thus facilitating deep-reaching forced convective flow. The differences between the purely conductive and coupled models highlight the need for investigations of the complex interrelation of flow- and thermal fields to properly predict temperatures in sedimentary systems. 相似文献
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Ali Syeda Maria Khalid Bushra Akhter Asma Islam Aneeza Adnan Shahzada 《Natural Hazards》2020,103(2):2533-2559
Natural Hazards - Frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are immensely changing throughout the world. This study aims to give insight into the changing climatic patterns leading to... 相似文献
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The main meteorological features of catastrophic rainfall events in Catalonia are described. Data come from several sources listed in the text. Surface and upper air synoptic and some subsynoptic conditions under which these events occur are described. Two kinds of events are identified, depending on the amount of forced lift required to release potential instability: Type A events, which take place on the coastal area when the forcing due to littoral and prelittoral hills is enough, and type B events require a large forced lift and occur near the Pyrenees. Local topographical and mesoscale meteorological conditions turn out to have a relevant role in connection with such events. 相似文献
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B. Martel T. B. M. J. Ouarda M. Barbet P. Bruneau M. Latraverse M. Kamali Nezhad 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(2):681-698
A large number of models have been proposed over the last years for regional flood frequency analysis in northern regions.
However, these models dealt generally with snowmelt-caused spring floods. This paper deals with the adaptation, application,
and comparison of two regional frequency analysis methods, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and universal canonical kriging
(UCK), on autumnal floods of 29 stations from the C?te-Nord region (QC, Canada). Three possible periods during which autumnal
floods can take place are tested. The absolute and specific flood peak and volume quantiles are also studied. A jack-knife
resampling procedure is applied to compare the performance of each model according to the selected period and the type of
quantile. The period of September 1st to December 15th is found to be optimal to represent autumnal floods and specific quantiles
were shown to lead to better results than absolute quantiles. Variables that explain best the autumnal floods are the basin
area, the fraction of the area covered with lakes, and the average of mean July, August, and September maximal temperatures.
The CCA model performs slightly better than UCK. 相似文献
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Asadullah Kazi 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(1):839-864
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In the night from 8/9 April 2009, shortly after midnight on Maundy Thursday before Easter, several people in Gross Flottbek,
Hamburg, felt unusual strong ground shocks so that some of them left their houses in fear of earthquake shaking. Police and
fire brigade received phone calls of worried residents. A few days later, Internet pages were published where people reported
their observations. On 21 April 2009 at about 8 p.m. local time, a second ground-shaking event was felt. Damage to buildings
or infrastructure did not occur to our knowledge. The Institute of Geophysics, University of Hamburg, installed from 22 April
to 17 May 2009 three temporal seismic stations in the epicentral area. Seismological data from two nearby stations at the
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron at 1 km and the Geophysical Institute at 7 km distance were collected and integrated to the
temporal network. The events occurred above the roof of the shallow Othmarschen Langenfelde salt diapir, in an area known
for active sinkhole formation and previous historic ground-shaking events. The analysis of the seismological data shows that
three shallow micro-earthquakes occurred from 8 to 21 April at a depth of about 100 m, the largest one with a moment magnitude
of about M
W 0.6. Depth location of such shallow events is difficult with standard methods and is here constrained by waveform modeling
of surface waves. Earthquakes occurring in soft sediments within the uppermost 100 m are a rare phenomena and cannot be explained
by standard models. Rupture process in soft sediments differs from those on faults in more competent rock. We discuss the
rupture and source mechanism of the events in the context of previous historic shocks and existing sinkhole and deformation
data. Although the event was weak, the rupture duration of 0.3 s was unusual long. Three possible models for the generation
of repeated ground-shaking events in Gross Flottbek are developed and discussed, implying quit different hazards for subsidence,
ground motion, and sinkhole formation. Our favored model postulates that roof failure occurs in an existing soil cavity beneath
the epicenter at a depth of about 100 m. Other models bearing a smaller geo-hazard cannot be disproved with the data available,
but future geophysical experiments may be planned to resolve this question. 相似文献
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Janine Meinsen Jutta Winsemann Axel Weitkamp Nils Landmeyer Andreas Lenz Manfred Dölling 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(19-20):2597-2625
During the late Saalian Drenthe glaciation ice-damming of the Upper Weser Valley led to the formation of glacial Lake Weser. The lake drained catastrophically into the Münsterland Embayment as the western ice dam failed, releasing up to 110 km3 of water with a calculated peak discharge of 2.5 × 105 m3/s to 1.3 × 106 m3/s. Geographic information systems (GIS) and high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) were used to map streamlined landforms and channel systems in front of lake overspills. Geological maps, 2450 boreholes and the DEM were integrated into the 3D modeling program GOCAD to reconstruct the distribution of flood-related deposits, palaeotopographic surfaces and the internal facies architecture of streamlined hills. The drainage pathways are characterized by the occurrence of deep plunge pools, channels, streamlined hills and 4 km long and 12 m deep V-shaped megaflutes. Plunge pools are deeply incised into Mesozoic basement rocks and occur in front of three major overspill channels. The plunge pools are up to 780 m long, 400 m wide and 35 m deep. Approximately 1–10.5 km downslope of the overspill channels fan shaped arrays of streamlined hills are developed, each covering an area of 60–130 km2, indicating rapid flow expansion. The hills commonly have quadrilateral to elongated shapes and formed under submerged to partly submerged flow conditions, when the outburst flood entered a shallow lake in the Münsterland Embayment. Hills are up to 4300 m long, 1200 m wide, 11 m high and have characteristic average aspect ratios of 1:3.3. They are separated by shallow, anabranching channels in the outer zones and up to 30 m deep channels in the central zones. Hills partly display V-shaped chevron-like bedforms that have apices facing upslope, are 1.6–2.5 km long, 3–10 m high, 0.8–1.2 m from limb to limb, with limb separation angels of 20–35°. These bedforms are interpreted as mixed erosional depositional features. It is hypothesized that the post-Saalian landscape evolution of the Münsterland Embayment has considerably been influenced by catastrophic floods of glacial Lake Weser, creating large and deep valleys, which subsequently became the new site of river systems. The outburst floods probably followed the east-west-trending Saalian Rhine-Meuse river system eventually flowing into the North Sea, the Strait of Dover and the Bay of Biscay. It is speculated that the Hondsrug ice stream may have been enhanced or even triggered by the formation and outburst of glacial lakes in the study area. 相似文献
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U. I. Küpper Dr. 《GeoJournal》1984,9(4):407-419
In the Federal Republic of Germany, the political system as well as the spatial pattern of land use and resource allocation is much more decentralised than it is, for instance, in Britain or France. For internal policies, the main responsibilities lie with the Länder (states) and the communities whose independence to decide upon all matters of local importance is guaranteed in Art. 28 of the constitution. The communities raise taxes, administer and plan a broad range of municipal activities, and their main limitations are their dependence upon the regional planning framework, the mixed financing of Länder and communities for much of the public investment, and state supervision of their administration in general.Cologne (980.000 inhabitants) is the largest city in North Rhine Westphalia (NRW), which is the most densely populated state in FR Germany. For the NRW cities, a decisive step of political and administrative decentralisation was introduced in 1975 by a bill which made the establishment of district councils and district offices compulsary for all larger cities. 相似文献
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Ding Hairong Li Yong Shao Chongjian Lauvence Svirchev Xu Qiang Yan Zhaokun Yan Liang Ni Shijun Shi Zeming 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(7):96
By analyzing the multi-year runoff and rainfall data at 15 hydrological stations from 1980 to 2007, as well as monthly runoff data from 1964 to 1984 at the Zipingpu hydrologic station, the relationship between precipitation and runoff has been established and the trend was explored. Based on the catastrophic floods of August 13 and August 18, 2010, characteristics and control factors on the post-seismic floods are summarized. Firstly, the Wenchuan earthquake and rupture zone provides the background for post-seismic floods to develop in the upper Minjiang River, which follows a post-seismic disaster-chain pattern: earthquake collapse to landslide debris flows to floods. Secondly, heavy rainfall controlled by the orographically-enhanced precipitation after the Wenchuan earthquake is the trigger factor for the development of devastating post-seismic floods. Thirdly, the post-seismic floods contain high sediment discharge, cause abrupt and severe damages, and have a large of volume and higher frequency. 相似文献
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Newly-discovered carbonatitic fragments from the West Eifel are described in terms of their petrography and trace-element content. 相似文献
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Over the past century, there is an increased contribution of non climatic factors to the flood formation processes in the
Kura River. Non climatic factors of floods refer to factors that are related to reductions in channel capacity and result
in floods. More recently, there are numerous non climatic factors occurring in and around the Kura River basin that have increased
the frequency of floods. Sediment accumulation in the riverbed over a long period of time has led to the reduction of channel
capacity and has raised the elevation of the riverbed above the surrounding territory. It is illustrated that construction
of dykes and levees do not actually prevent flooding, where hydrologic connections between groundwater and surface water are
high, since infiltrated waters from channel results in raising of ground waters, causing an effect of “underground flood.”
Since underground floods occur when water going from channels raises the level of ground waters, there is an urgent need to
carefully investigate the groundwater–surface water connections. With the purpose of predicting floods, the authors suggest
defining maximal acceptable flows (MAFs) rather than channel capacities. Results show that high rates of hydraulic conductivity
of soils will decrease MAF rates. MAF computations before high-water season allow for further regulation of outlets further
downstream in order to prevent flooding and enable flood forecasting. While the study focuses on a specific region, the overall
approach suggested is generic and may be applied elsewhere. 相似文献
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Jordan is an Islamic state with planning based on Islamic principles. The execution of plans, though, has been constrained by geopolitical realities. In the last decade Jordan has moved from strictly sectoral planning to a strongly focused system of regional planning in order to achieve more growth in less developed regions. The prospects for these regions and the country as a whole will turn on the success of the peace process in the region. 相似文献
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Gurri Francisco D. Ruiz-García Wilma Molina-Rosales Dolores O. Vallejo-Nieto Mirna I. 《Natural Hazards》2019,96(1):149-171
Natural Hazards - We built an easy-to-interpret individual vulnerability index to floods that is amenable for empirical testing and may be adapted to any perceived hazard or ecological setting. An... 相似文献