Vertical transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different particle-size fractions of sandy soils

Vertical transport of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different particle-size fractions of sandy soils was investigated by simulation experiments in soil columns. Tested soil samples were fractionized into three particle-sizes including sand, coarse silt and fine silt (2,000–50, 50–20 and <20 μm). Rainfall simulations were conducted in artificially PAHs contaminated soil columns with 30 cm length and 5 cm diameter in 40 days. PAHs were extracted from soil samples and determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that the residue level of PAHs in fine silt fraction reached 35.85 mg/kg, which was significantly higher than those in sand and coarse silt fraction (16.28 and 11.80 mg/kg, respectively), probably because PAHs in macroporous fractions were prone to volatilize or degrade compared with that in microporous fractions. Linear relationship between the residue levels of individual PAH (R _PAHs) and the value of partition coefficient (log K _oc) was regressed as R _PAHs = 1.55 × log K _oc − 5.86, R ² = 0.91, n = 9. These results indicated that vertical transport of the mixed PAHs in soils were controlled both by the nature of PAHs (i.e. log K _oc, molecular weight), soil particle size and soil organic contents, which could influence the transport of PAHs.     

Historical records and the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the East China Sea

The coastal cities are the most advanced regions in China. In the past few decades, the environment changed very significantly due to large scale human activities in the coastal regions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three dated sediment cores from the west coast of the Yellow Sea (core A01), the Yangtze River estuary (YRE; core A02) and the Oujiang River estuary (ORE; core A03) were analyzed to reconstruct the environmental evolutionary process of the east China coastal region over the past century. In the three cores, PAHs concentrations were increased rapidly. Lower concentrations of PAHs were measured in core A02 than in cores A01 and A03. The vertical variation of PAHs in the YRE was dominated by the petrogenic sources. Historical records of PAHs in the ORE were controlled by pyrolytic sources. PAHs on the west coast of the Yellow Sea were contributed by the two sources.     

南岭山地湖泊多环芳烃的大气沉降历史记录

高大山脉对大气环流具有阻挡或屏障作用.通过分析测定南岭山地湖泊沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布,结合210Pb定年,探讨了大气PAHs污染在南岭山地的沉积历史.结果显示,沉积物中的PAHs主要以低环数化合物为主,其中尤以菲的含量为最高.在剖面深度0～28 cm范围内,总多环芳烃的含量范围为86～778 ng/g.自1970年开始,PAHs含量持续增加,其中20世纪80、90年代中后期PAHs含量略有降低;在2000年后,沉积柱中的PAHs含量呈急剧增加之势态.多环芳烃在大气迁移过程中发生了组成分异,沉积物中相对富集轻组分(低环数)PAHs,与颗粒物结合的大气干湿沉降是PAHs向偏远山地积的主要途径.     

Ultrasonic wave extraction and simultaneous analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic esters in soil

A method is developed for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil samples. Ultrasonic Wave Extraction under airtight circumstances is adopted to extract the analytes in soil samples with n-hexane–acetone(V:V=1:1) as extraction solvent. This method has several advantages, including high extraction efficiency, short time, convenience and simplicity. It can be used to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil.     

Spatial distribution and source diagnosis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Chengdu Economic Region,Sichuan Province,western China

Surface soils from the Chengdu Economic Region (CER) were analyzed for sixteen United States Environment Protection Agency priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to study the spatial distribution and to identify the sources of PAHs. Relatively high concentrations (more than 1500 ngg^− 1) of high molecular weight PAHs were found in Chengdu Plain, in the middle of CER, while high concentrations (more than 500 ng g^− 1) of low molecular weight PAHs were detected in the surrounding mountains. The concentrations of ∑₁₆-PAHs in topsoil samples from CER (12.52–75,431.47 ngg^− 1, average value was 3233.92 ngg^− 1) were higher than that from the southern China (21.91–3077 ngg^− 1, average value was less than 500 ngg^− 1), and they were comparable to concentrations in soils from the northern China (366–254,080 ngg^− 1, mean value was more than 3000 ngg^− 1). The concentrations from CER were also much higher than the concentrations of some world clean regions such as Antarctic (34.9–171 ngg^− 1), European high mountains (9–11,000 ngg^− 1, mean value was 158 ngg^− 1) and some Europe residential (736 ngg^− 1) and arable soils (60–145 ngg^− 1, mean value was 66 ngg^− 1). The ratio of tracer compounds (BaA/(BaA + Chr), Flo/(Flo + Pyr), and IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP)) indicated that the high concentrations of PAHs in soils were mainly derived from fossil fuels combustion in mountain region and from the incomplete combustion of petroleum in developed plain area (such as Chengdu and Deyang). From the above distribution characteristics and ratios of tracer compounds, we inferred the reasons for the distribution pattern of PAHs in CER were the domestic heating, emissions, and the physicochemical properties of PAHs.     

表层岩溶带土壤中多环芳烃分布特征及来源解析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对表层岩溶泉域土壤中的16种优控的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)含量进行了分析,并对其组成、污染水平和来源进行了探讨。结果表明,16种优控PAHs在表层岩溶泉域土壤中的检出率为100%,其含量介于439.19~3329.72ng/g之间,平均值为1392.44ng/g,7种致癌性PAHs占总量的26%。PAHs的组成特征受地形的控制,随着海拔升高,低环PAHs所占比例升高,高环PAHs比例降低。同分异构体比值分析表明,研究区土壤中的PAHs主要来自于煤、生物质和石油的燃烧排放。研究区土壤中16种PAHs的TEQcarc值介于18.65~501.13ng/g,平均值为140.57ng/g。7种致癌性PAHs占总TEQcarc的比例达到96.8%。研究区表土中,后沟泉域的污染程度最大,次之是兰花沟泉域和柏树湾泉域,水房泉泉域的污染程度最小,但由于柏树湾泉域松针落叶中BaP、PAHs含量较高,松针落叶中PAHs含量分别高达36.36ng/g和2370.1ng/g,土壤生态风险评价中应考虑松针落叶层的潜在影响。      

民用煤室内燃烧条件下多环芳烃的排放特征

民用燃煤是我国最大的室外和室内空气污染源.为了研究不同煤种在民用燃烧条件下多环芳烃(PAH)的排放特征,对5种成熟度不同的煤种(4种烟煤和1种无烟煤)以蜂窝煤形式燃烧产生的烟气进行采集,对其中24种PAHs进行定量分析,并与原煤的二氯甲烷(DCM)抽提物进行对比.结果表明,不同煤种的PAH排放因子差别显著,无烟煤的排放因子比烟煤低3个数量级,24种PAHs总和仅为184 μg/kg,烟煤则为136～408 mg/kg;原煤PAH抽提率的情况与之相似,无烟煤为4 mg/kg,烟煤为96～156 mg/kg.各种类型PAH(母体PAH、甲基PAH和含O/S-PAH)所占比例在不同煤种之间存在差异,但在烟气中和原煤抽提物的情况一致,说明民用燃煤前后PAH具有一定的继承性.通过4组毒性当量参数的比较,发现无烟煤燃烧烟气中的PAH毒性当量比原煤抽提物明显减少,而烟煤则表现为不同程度的增加.     

山东淄博煤矿区环境中多环芳烃的初步研究

对山东淄博煤矿区的煤、煤矸石、矿坑排水、煤矸石淋滤水以及煤矿地下水中多环芳烃的含量进行了测试研究。结果表明,该煤矿区的煤及煤矸石中含有多环芳烃;矿坑排水、煤矸石淋滤水及地下水中的多环芳烃与煤层及煤矸石的淋滤有关,煤矿开采引起的多环芳烃污染应引起重视。     

珠江广州河段重污染沉积物中多环芳烃赋存状态初步研究

对珠江广州河段重污染沉积物进行粒度分级 (>500 μm、500～ 220 μm、220～ 63 μm、63～ 22 μm和 < 22 μm),每个粒级的样品进行重液分离,收集轻组分 (有机质 )和重组分 (主要为无机矿物及无定型有机质 ).在显微镜下对沉积物中不同粒径轻重组分的吸附剂进行鉴定,对其中的多环芳烃进行定量分析,结果表明,白鹅潭样品中有机质占总质量的 9.10%,富集了 81.55%的多环芳烃,无机矿物和无定型有机质占 90.92%,富集了 18.45%的多环芳烃;黄埔样品中有机质占总质量的 8.95%,富集了 56.50%的多环芳烃,无机矿物和无定型有机质占 91.15%,富集了 43.50%的多环芳烃.轻组分中的有机吸附剂对多环芳烃的富集能力比重组分无机矿物和无定型有机质高 1～ 2个数量级,轻组分有机吸附剂中焦碳和碳黑富集能力较高,植物碎屑较低.总有机碳和碳黑的含量与多环芳烃的富集能力没有明显的相关性.     

柴达木盆地北缘中侏罗统石门沟组煤中多环芳烃分布特征及其地质意义

多环芳烃(PAHs)是古环境、古野火以及古气候的重要地质记录,本文通过气相色谱质谱法(GC- MS)研究了柴达木盆地北缘中侏罗统石门沟组煤中多环芳烃分布特征,检测出一系列二环至七环芳烃化合物,包括高等植物衍生多环芳烃(卡达烯、6- 异丙基- 1- 异己基- 2- 甲基萘、惹烯、西蒙内利烯以及二氢惹烯)和燃烧衍生多环芳烃(荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘、茚并[cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝和晕苯)等。这些多环芳烃的检出表明石门沟组煤沉积于具有显著陆源高等植物输入的微咸水湖沼环境,成熟度较低(平均随机反射率为056%)。石门沟组煤中高等植物衍生多环芳烃以极高的惹烯含量为特征,且存在较高丰度的西蒙内利烯和二氢惹烯,卡达烯丰度极低,反映出成煤期陆地植被类型以松柏类植物的针叶林为主,气候温暖湿润。同时,煤中丰富的燃烧衍生多环芳烃证实了柴达木盆地北缘中侏罗世存在广泛的陆地古野火,较高的大气氧气浓度(256%)可能是该时期野火频发的一个重要诱因。本次研究为柴达木盆地中侏罗世古野火事件的研究提供了重要的分子化石证据,也是对中侏罗世古环境和古气候研究的有益补充。     

Relationship between heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the multi-phases of Nanhu Lake, China

Heavy metals （HMs） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are two sorts of important pollutants, which were frequently detected in natural aquatic environments at the same time. Surfacial sediments （SSs）, suspended particulates （SPs） and natural surface coatings （NSCs） are recognized as the key solid sinks and sources of heavy metals （HMs） and organic materials （OMs） in natural water systems, playing critical roles in the cycling and transformation of pollutants. The behaviors of HMs in the multi-phases （SSs, SPs and NSCs） have been well investigated, but less reports on those of PAHs, especially on those of HMs and PAHs simultaneously in the multi-phases. Hence, the relationship between HMs （Pb, Cd and Cu） and PAHs （fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene） in the multi-phases of Nanhu Lake in Changchun, China, was studied in this study using methods of acid digestion and extraction, in order to reveal the combined pollution of HMs and PAHs in Nanhu Lake. The information indicated that HMs and PAHs have the similar distribution patterns in the multi-phases of Nanhu Lake, with increasing levels of riMs and PAHs in the SSs, SPs and NSCs. And the enrichment capacities of SPs and NSCs for HMs and PAHs in the water were similar to each other and much greater than that of SSs, implying that SPs and NSCs contributed more to the transference and transformation of HMs and PAHs in the aquatic environments. The relationship between HMs and PAHs has been analyzed by SPSS statistical analysis, and the results showed that the significant correlation of riMs and PAHs was found in the SSs at the confidence level of p = 0.05, but Pb, Cd or Cu had no correlation with any monomer of PAHs in the SPs or NSCs, highlighting the existence of combined pollution of HMs and PAHs in SSs. This was partly due to the relative lability of SPs or NSCs compared to SSs resulting from the water quality of being varied.     

HPLC fractionation and GC-MS determination of aromatic hydrocarbons from oils and sediments

Normal-phase HPLC using a cyano/amino bonded silica stationary phase can provide reliable and rapid fractionation of total neutral fractions from oils and sediments. Separation of aliphatic from aromatic hydrocarbons is possible, but in addition HPLC is able to fractionate aromatic hydrocarbons according to their number of double bonds.Applications of the HPLC fractionation in organic geochemistry are described and illustrated by GC-FID and GC-MS data from an oil and a recent sediment exhibiting a high degree of petrogenic contamination. Alkylphenanthrenes can be obtained free of alkyldibenzothiophenes, allowing evaluation of the methylphenanthrene index by GC-FID without the need for quantification of co-eluting sulphur compounds by GC-FPD.The choice of capillary GC stationary is also considered, particularly with regard to resolution of aromatic steroidal hydrocarbons and alkylphenanthrenes.     

东海泥质区表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及物源

以 GC/MSD内标法定量测定了东海近岸和远岸泥质沉积区 18个表层沉积物中多环芳烃 (PAHs)的含量,探讨了多环芳烃在这些泥质区的分布特征、影响因素及来源.结果显示 ,近岸泥质区多环芳烃含量普遍较高,介于 180.3～ 424.8 ng/g(干重 )之间;冲绳海槽次之,含量为 211.7 ng/g ;济州岛西南泥质区最低,含量介于 117.1～ 211.7 ng/g之间.东海泥质区多环芳烃的分布主要受控于离物源的远近、沉积物粒度、有机碳含量以及东海环流体系.东海泥质区的多环芳烃主要来源于热成因,大气干湿沉降和河流输入是其进入泥质区的主要途径.东海泥质区多环芳烃的污染程度中等.     

Simultaneous electrokinetic removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals from a sediment using mixed enhancing agents

The maintenance of harbor waterways generates large amounts of dredged sediments which are often rich in coexisting organic and inorganic contaminants. Electrokinetic remediation treatments have recently been developed for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), using various enhancing agents generally tested sequentially. In this study, different processing fluids were tested, alone or mixed, to improve the decontamination of aged model sediment contaminated with cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, zinc, and five PAHs. Nitric acid (NA) and citric acid (CA) were tested to avoid the formation of an alkaline front into the sediment and favor the metals removal, while an anionic surfactant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)] and a nonionic surfactant (Tween 20) were tested to solubilize and mobilize PAHs. Processing fluids were circulated under a constant voltage gradient of 1 V cm^?1 for 10–14 days. NA showed an excellent potential to remove metals (76.8–99.9 % removal) and PAHs (70.3–89.7 % removal) in a single run. Besides, the mixture of Tween 20 and CA, more environmental friendly, could be considered as a relatively good processing fluid for the simultaneous removal of metals (10.3–90.8 % removal) and PAHs (53.6–61.6 % removal) from the fine-grained sediment, while SDS mixed to CA was not a good candidate for this purpose (0.1–65 % removal for metals and 34.1–41.0 % removal for PAHs).     

湖北梁子湖沉积物正构烷烃与多环芳烃对环境变迁的记录

对梁子湖沉积柱91～345 cm段中正构烷烃和17种多环芳烃含量进行了分析,发现在整个沉积柱中,长碳链正构烷烃的比例和17种多环芳烃含量的变化具有良好的一致性,二者都是从181～194 em(14C定年显示其对应的沉积年代为我国历史上的春秋战国时期)开始突然增高,指示了陆源有机质输入的剧增.认为这种变化正是春秋战同时期我国自然环境条件的改变以及由此引起的人类活动的增加在湖泊沉积记录中的反映.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Pb isotopic ratios in a sediment core from Shilianghe Reservoir,eastern China: Implying pollution sources

The history records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), lead and its stable isotope ratios were determined in a sediment core to receive anthropogenic impacts on the Shilianghe Reservoir in eastern China. The historical changes of PAHs concentrations, PAHs fluxes, Pb/Al and Pb isotope ratios showed a synchronous trend throughout the core, suggesting changes in energy usage and correlating closely with the experience of a rapid economic and industrial development of the catchment, Linyi City in eastern China. PAHs isomer ratios results reveal PAHs in sediments are dominantly anthropogenic pyrogenic source, dominated by the combustion of coal and biomass. Furthermore, the Pb isotopic composition also clearly indicates that coal combustion dust mainly contributed to the Pb burden in the reservoir sediments. Based on mix end member model of Pb isotope ratios, coal combustion dust dominated anthropogenic Pb sources over fifty years contributing from 31% to 62% of total Pb in sediment. And the contribution of leaded gasoline was low than average 25%. In addition, a stable increase of coal combustion source was found in sediment core, while the contribution of leaded gasoline had declined in recent decades, with the phase-out of leaded gasoline in China.     

广西三娘湾海域表层沉积物多环芳烃特征及风险评价

为研究广西三娘湾海域表层沉积物有机质中烃类化合物的分布特征及来源,于2019年10月在三娘湾海域采集了表层沉积物样品,利用加速溶剂萃取GC-MSD法对沉积物中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。结果表明: 三娘湾海域表层沉积物样品中多环芳烃的含量为37~241.8 ng/g,总体处于含量较低的水平,但与往年相比研究区PAHs含量增加明显。通过组分分析等方法进行PAHs的来源分析,结果指示其主要来源为燃烧源,夹杂石油源的混合来源; 通过效应区间法对多环芳烃进行生态风险评价,认为其总体处于风险较低的水平。综合研究表明,三娘湾海域总体生态环境较好,但人类活动对多环芳烃含量及分布特征的影响较明显,需要持续关注。     

珠江三角洲经济区主要城市不同功能区大气气溶胶中优控多环芳烃污染评价

以ＷＨＯ的苯并（ａ）芘标准和珠江三角洲经济区大气气溶胶中优控多环芳烃春季区域性背景为依据。对区内主要城市中不同功能区大气气溶胶中优控多环芳烃的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,在相同的功能区,冬春季节大气气深胶中多环芳烃含量及污染程度较夏季的高;同为冬春季节,商业、居民集中和交通复合功能区的ＰＡＨｓ污染最为严重,交通或居民集中单一功能区次之,工业区较轻;同为夏季,工业区的ＰＡＨｓ污染程度较大,而商业或