大陆层控构造论盆－山系与造山带成因及演化新模式

大陆构造以受中地壳塑性层控制的盆－山系和冲叠造山带厚皮构造为主要构造类型，而与中生代以来才出现的受软流层控制的大洋岩石圈板块构造截然不同。由上地壳正断层上盘断陷盆地和下盘断隆山所组成的盆－山系，与地球自转速度逐渐变慢派生不同性质水平力和重力的共同作用有关。当地球自转速度突然变化时，将派生强烈的侧压力，使升降幅度较大、具有侧向应变空间的断陷盆地与断隆山之间的上地壳发生冲叠运动，盆－山系由此演变成冲叠造山带。后者对前者存在着严格的继承关系，服从于“升降－冲叠律”。中生代以来的盆－山系和冲叠造山带有的是板块活动产物     

大陆层控构造论盆－山系与造山带成因及演化新模式

大陆构造以受中地壳塑性层控制的盆－山系和冲叠造山带厚皮构造为主要构造类型，而与中生代以来才出现的受软流层控制的大洋岩石圈板块构造截然不同。由上地壳正断层上盘断陷盆地和下盘断隆山所组成的盆－山系，与地球自转速度逐渐变慢派生不同性质水平力和重力的共同作用有关。当地球自转速度突然变化时，将派生强烈的侧压力，使升降幅度较大、具有侧向应变空间的断陷盆地与断隆山之间的上地壳发生冲叠运动，盆－山系由此演变成冲叠造山带。后者对前者存在着严格的继承关系，服从于“升降－冲叠律”。中生代以来的盆－山系和冲叠造山带有的是板块活动产物     

用层控构造学说论油气与盐类的伴生及预测

依照"层控构造"观点,地球演化过程中,上地壳顶部最先出现断裂,而后在重力和水平力共同作用下发展成上地壳正断层。其中水平力来自于地球的自转速度变化等因素,后来正断层继续演化成盆-山系。此过程使含"H-A-C-O-N-S"即幔汁的地幔流体进入地壳表层,形成油气和盐类。盆-山系的断隆山如果受到后来陨星逆向或顺向撞击所派生的经向或纬向惯性力强烈挤压,促使断隆山利用断陷盆地侧向应变空间进行仰冲,形成仰冲型冲叠造山带。此过程由于产生了负压作用,使盆-山系形成时已经隆升的地幔流体再次上涌,导致幔汁进一步聚集,从而形成更多油气和盐类。利用这一理论分析了松辽盆地油气和鄂尔多斯盆地、青海柴达木盆地、库车盆地、准噶尔盆地的油气形成机制,并预测了罗布泊和塔里木的石油和盐类矿产,也解释了云南安宁盐矿下部伴生的油气显示,从而对油气的有机成因提出了挑战,认为无机成因是油气成因中更重要的原因,也提出了油气勘探的三位一体新概念:玄武岩-油气-盐类。     

沔阳-当阳中生代前陆盆地构造特征及油气勘探

沔阳-当阳前陆盆地自北而南可划分为五个构造单元:桐柏山-大别山基底卷入推覆构造带、南大巴山-大洪山叠瓦逆冲断裂构造带、沔阳-当阳拗陷变形带、宜昌-沙市前陆斜坡带、黄陵-松滋前缘隆起带.盆地的形成与南大巴山-大洪山造山带的发育密切相关.盆地经历了加里东期、海西-印支期南秦岭洋盆、北华南洋盆的两次“开(降)、合(升)“,燕山早期陆内俯冲造山成盆及燕山晚期-喜马拉雅期陆内伸展断陷的演化.盆地油气资源丰富,具三套有效烃源岩:晚奥陶世-早志留世广海陆棚相泥页岩,二叠纪滨岸沼泽相含煤泥岩,晚三叠世-早侏罗世湖泊-沼泽相暗色泥页岩、煤系泥岩和煤岩.中三叠世-早第三纪为油气生成高峰期.油气运移指向主要为南西方向的前缘隆起.     

沔阳-当阳中生代前陆盆地构造特征及油气勘探

沔阳—当阳前陆盆地自北而南可划分为五个构造单元：桐柏山-大别山基底卷入推覆构造带、南大巴山-大洪山叠瓦逆冲断裂构造带、沔阳一当阳拗陷变形带、宜昌-沙市前陆斜坡带、黄陵-松滋前缘隆起带。盆地的形成与南大巴山-大洪山造山带的发育密切相关。盆地经历了加里东期、海西-印支期南秦岭洋盆、北华南洋盆的两次。开(降)、合(升)”,燕山早期陆内俯冲造山成盆及燕山晚期-喜马拉雅期陆内伸展断陷的演化。盆地油气资源丰富,具三套有效烃源岩;晚奥陶世-早志留世广海陆棚相泥页岩,二叠纪滨岸沼泽相含煤泥岩,晚三叠世-早侏罗世湖泊-沼泽相暗色泥页岩、煤系泥岩和煤岩。中三叠世-早第三纪为油气生成高峰期。油气运移指向主要为南西方向的前缘隆起。     

四川叠合盆地盆山耦合特征分析

四川叠合盆地三面环山,自东而西夹持于江南、秦岭与龙门山三大山系之间,位于古亚洲、环太平洋与特提斯三大构造域的结合部位;中生代以来,先后经历了海盆、煤盆、陆相广盆、残盆四个盆地世代;盆地沉积充填过程可概括为前陆、坳陷、再生前陆三种基本样式。系统的山盆构造样式及运动学、沉积充填过程分析结果表明盆地周缘造山带造山活动期与盆内古隆起发育期时间耦合;盆地周缘造山带造山活动期与盆地沉积环境转换期时间耦合;盆地周缘造山带构造轴线走向基本保持与盆内山前坳陷或前陆褶冲带构造轴线走向相耦合;盆地周缘造山带不同时期形成的褶冲构造轴线走向基本保持与其同期盆内产生的沉积或沉降中心构造轴线走向相耦合。     

沔阳—当阳中生代前陆盆地构造特征及油气勘探

沔阳—当阳前陆盆地自北而南可划分为五个构造单元 :桐柏山—大别山基底卷入推覆构造带、南大巴山—大洪山叠瓦逆冲断裂构造带、沔阳—当阳拗陷变形带、宜昌—沙市前陆斜坡带、黄陵—松滋前缘隆起带。盆地的形成与南大巴山—大洪山造山带的发育密切相关。盆地经历了加里东期、海西—印支期南秦岭洋盆、北华南洋盆的两次“开 (降 )、合 (升 )” ,燕山早期陆内俯冲造山成盆及燕山晚期—喜马拉雅期陆内伸展断陷的演化。盆地油气资源丰富 ,具三套有效烃源岩 :晚奥陶世—早志留世广海陆棚相泥页岩 ,二叠纪滨岸沼泽相含煤泥岩 ,晚三叠世—早侏罗世湖泊—沼泽相暗色泥页岩、煤系泥岩和煤岩。中三叠世—早第三纪为油气生成高峰期。油气运移指向主要为南西方向的前缘隆起     

陆-陆碰撞造山带双前陆盆地模式——来自大别山、喜马拉雅和乌拉尔造山带的证据

大陆碰撞造山带不同的构造演化阶段往往形成不同成因类型的周缘前陆盆地 (系统 )。根据对几个典型大陆造山带的研究 ,我们把大陆碰撞造山带的构造演化过程分为陆 -陆拼接和大规模陆内逆冲推覆 (陆内俯冲 )两个阶段 ;早期陆 -陆拼接阶段直接在俯冲板块被动大陆边缘基础上形成的前陆盆地称为“原前陆盆地” ,后期大规模陆内逆冲 -推覆 (或陆内俯冲 )阶段在俯冲板块内部形成的前陆盆地称为“远前陆盆地”(它比原前陆盆地距主缝合带远 )。原前陆盆地和远前陆盆地是同一大陆碰撞造山带不同构造演化阶段的产物 ,是两种不同成因类型的周缘前陆盆地 ,它们构成了同一大陆造山带的双前陆盆地 ,而不是传统概念的单一成因类型前陆盆地。     

塔里木盆地北缘—南天山造山带盆-山耦合和构造转换

文章探讨了塔里木盆地北缘和南天山造山带的盆-山耦合和构造转换过程。塔里木盆地属于典型的叠合盆地,经历了多期构造演化。研究表明,在地史时期中,塔里木盆地北缘和相邻南天山造山带经历了多期和复杂的盆山耦合和盆山转换过程,形成多种类型盆山耦合和转换方式。(1)按时间域可划分为:早古生代陆内裂陷盆地-早期伸展造山-晚期挤压造山耦合,晚古生代陆内裂陷盆地-弧后造山-晚期碰撞造山耦合,中生代陆内前陆盆地-挤压造山耦合,古近纪前陆盆地-挤压造山耦合,新近纪—第四纪再旋回前陆盆地-挤压造山耦合;(2)按深度域可划分为:深部地幔俯冲型盆-山耦合,地壳分层滑脱拆离型盆-山耦合,基底滑脱拆离型盆-山耦合,古生代伸展和逆冲推覆型盆-山耦合,中—新生代逆冲推覆型盆-山耦合;(3)按运动学和动力学可划分为:逆冲推覆型盆-山耦合和接触关系、重力滑脱型盆-山耦合和接触关系、走滑转换型盆山耦合和接触关系、深部岩浆上涌焊接型盆-山耦合和接触关系、鳄鱼嘴型盆-山耦合和接触关系。     

中国中西部中、新生代前陆盆地与挤压造山带耦合分析

中国中西部主要由中、新生代造山带与中、新生代盆地构成盆山格局 :秦岭造山带与南北两侧四川盆地与鄂尔多斯盆地 ;天山造山带与南北两侧塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地 ;哀牢山造山带与东西两侧楚雄盆地与兰坪思茅盆地等 ,总体上构成盆山耦合。根据挤压造山带类型与前陆盆地类型 ,可以划分出 3种耦合类型 ,即 ( 1)碰撞造山带与周缘前陆盆地 ,( 2 )俯冲造山带与弧后前陆盆地及 ( 3)再生造山带与再生前陆盆地。因此前陆盆地是伴随着造山带的形成与演化而发育 ,造山带断滑系统直接控制前陆盆地结构、沉积层序及构造样式等 ,从而制约前陆盆地油气分布的有序性     

Heat-producing Elements-enriched Continental Mantle Lithosphere and Proterozoic Intracontinental Orogens: Insights from Brasiliano/Pan-African Belts

Collisional and accretionary processes have been recognized in several Precambrian orogens, but the formation of intracontinental (ensialic) orogens has remained elusive. The recognition that modern orogenic belts (as, for example, the mountain belts of central Asia) may form in response to far-field stresses transmitted to the interior of continental plates removed much of the objection against Proterozoic intracontinental deformation. However, the causes responsible for the localization of contractional deformation are still uncertain. Due to the strong dependence of lithosphere rheology on temperature, lithospheric thermal weakening prior to contraction must be a required condition. Studies of dioritic rocks from Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil, and Damara belt, southern Africa, indicate that they are derived from ancient, incompatible elements-enriched subcontinental lithosphere. The concentrations of the heat-producing elements K (0.6 wt %), U (0.02–0.2 ppm) and Th (0.15–1.5 ppm) estimated for this source allow calculations of heat production between 0.09 and 0.25 mW m⁻³. These high values of heat generation may cause increases in temperature of several tens to three hundred degrees Celsius with respect to cratonic mantle lithosphere, leading to great reductions in lithosphere strength. Consequently, continental domains underlain by hot and weak continental mantle may thicken under the action of relatively feeble tectonic forces. High rheological contrasts between these domains and adjacent stiff and cold blocks provide an explanation for formation of intracontinental orogens.     

A general model for the intrusion and evolution of 'mantle' garnet peridotites in high-pressure and ultra-high-pressure metamorphic terranes

Garnet‐bearing peridotite lenses are minor but significant components of most metamorphic terranes characterized by high‐temperature eclogite facies assemblages. Most peridotite intrudes when slabs of continental crust are subducted deeply (60–120 km) into the mantle, usually by following oceanic lithosphere down an established subduction zone. Peridotite is transferred from the resulting mantle wedge into the crustal footwall through brittle and/or ductile mechanisms. These ‘mantle’ peridotites vary petrographically, chemically, isotopically, chronologically and thermobarometrically from orogen to orogen, within orogens and even within individual terranes. The variations reflect: (1) derivation from different mantle sources (oceanic or continental lithosphere, asthenosphere); (2) perturbations while the mantle wedges were above subducting oceanic lithosphere; and (3) changes within the host crustal slabs during intrusion, subduction and exhumation. Peridotite caught within mantle wedges above oceanic subduction zones will tend to recrystallize and be contaminated by fluids derived from the subducting oceanic crust. These ‘subduction zone peridotites’ intrude during the subsequent subduction of continental crust. Low‐pressure protoliths introduced at shallow (serpentinite, plagioclase peridotite) and intermediate (spinel peridotite) mantle depths (20–50 km) may be carried to deeper levels within the host slab and undergo high‐pressure metamorphism along with the enclosing rocks. If subducted deeply enough, the peridotites will develop garnet‐bearing assemblages that are isofacial with, and give the same recrystallization ages as, the eclogite facies country rocks. Peridotites introduced at deeper levels (50–120 km) may already contain garnet when they intrude and will not necessarily be isofacial or isochronous with the enclosing crustal rocks. Some garnet peridotites recrystallize from spinel peridotite precursors at very high temperatures (c. 1200 °C) and may derive ultimately from the asthenosphere. Other peridotites are from old (>1 Ga), cold (c. 850 °C), subcontinental mantle (‘relict peridotites’) and seem to require the development of major intra‐cratonic faults to effect their intrusion.     

造山带橄榄岩记录的大陆俯冲带多期壳幔相互作用

俯冲带是地壳与地幔之间物质交换的主要场所.前人对大洋俯冲带壳幔相互作用进行了大量研究,但是对俯冲带壳幔相互作用的物理化学过程和机理仍缺乏明确认识.在大陆俯冲带出露有造山带橄榄岩,它们来自俯冲板片之上的地幔楔,是解决这个问题的理想样品.通过对大别-苏鲁和柴北缘造山带橄榄岩进行系统的岩石学和地球化学研究,发现地幔楔橄榄岩由于俯冲地壳的交代作用而含有新生锆石和残留锆石,它们能为地壳交代作用时间、交代介质来源、性质和组成提供制约.地幔楔橄榄岩在大陆碰撞过程的不同阶段受到了俯冲大陆地壳衍生的多期不同性质流体的交代作用.地幔楔橄榄岩还受到了陆壳俯冲之前古俯冲洋壳衍生流体的交代作用.深俯冲陆壳衍生熔体与橄榄岩反应形成的石榴辉石岩具有高的水含量,能提供高水含量的地幔源区.      

中国西北地区中亚型造山—成矿作用的研究意义和进展

地处欧亚大陆核心的中亚型造山带,由多条古生代缝合带与多个前寒武纪小陆块镶嵌,基此 形成 中新生代盆地—山脉耦合的构造格局,并具有独特的构造演化史和动力学机制。中亚型造山 作用造就了丰富的矿产资源,矿床类型多样,超大型矿床汇聚,是解决我国21世纪矿产资源 问题的关键地带。但目 前尚未查明其成矿规律、成矿机制和找矿方向,因而急需研究。     

陆缘扩张型地洼盆地系及其形成机制探讨

本文提出“陆缘扩张型地洼盆地系”这一概念,以突出表述分布于东亚陆缘壳体之上,形成于地洼余动期的张性地洼盆地系列的壳体演化—动力环境。指出陆缘海中的裂陷盆地的成因难于与大洋板块俯冲导致弧后扩张的理论模式相联系,也不同于大西洋型盆地,而是大陆地壳演化到地洼余动期,并经历过华夏期地洼型造山运动之后拉伸裂陷的结果。论证了“岩石圈底层剥落、华夏期地洼造山带拉伸裂陷”是东亚陆缘扩张发生的一种重要机制,进而建立了由华夏期地洼型挤压造山带到盆岭型构造带和陆缘海盆地系的构造发展模式。     

Metallogeny of accretionary orogens — The connection between lithospheric processes and metal endowment

Accretionary orogens throughout space and time represent extremely fertile settings for the formation and preservation of a wide variety of mineral deposit types. These range from those within active magmatic arcs, either in continental margin or intra-oceanic settings, to those that develop in a variety of arc-flanking environments, such as fore-arcs and back-arcs during deformation and exhumation of the continental margin. Deposit types also include those that form in more distal, far back-arc and foreland basin settings. The metallogenic signature and endowment of individual accretionary orogens are, at a fundamental level, controlled by the nature, composition and age of the sub-continental lithosphere, and a complex interplay between formational processes and preservational forces in an evolving Earth. Some deposit types, such as orogenic gold and volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, have temporal patterns that mimic the major accretionary and crustal growth events in Earth history, whereas others, such as porphyry Cu–Au–Mo and epithermal Au–Ag deposits, have largely preservational patterns. The presence at c. 3.4 Ga of (rare) orogenic gold deposits, whose formation necessitates some form of subduction–accretion, provides strong evidence that accretionary processes operated then at the margins of continental nuclei, while the widespread distribution of orogenic gold and VMS deposits at c. 2.7–2.6 Ga reflects the global distribution of accretionary orogens by this time.     

Flow of ultra-hot orogens: A view from the Precambrian, clues for the Phanerozoic

This contribution emphasizes first-order structural and metamorphic characters of Precambrian accretionary orogens to understand the kinematics and thermomechanical state of the continental lithosphere in convergent settings involving massive juvenile magmatism. We define a new class of orogens, called ultra-hot orogens (UHO), in which the weakest type of lithosphere on Earth is deformed. UHO are characterized by (1) distributed shortening and orogen-scale flow combining vertical and horizontal longitudinal advection, under long-lasting convergence, (2) homogeneous thickening by combined downward movements of supracrustal units and three-dimensional mass redistribution in the viscous lower crust, and (3) steady-state, negligible topography and relief leveled by syn-shortening erosion and near-field sedimentation. The flow analysis of UHO provides clues to understanding crustal kinematics beneath high plateaus and suggests that the seismic reflectivity pattern of hot orogens is an image of the layering produced by lateral flow of the lower crust and associated syn-kinematic plutonism.In between the UHO and the modern cold orogens (CO), developed by shortening of lithosphere bearing a stiff upper mantle, two classes of orogens are defined. Hot orogens (HO, representative of Cordilleran and wide mature collisional belts) share flow pattern characteristics with UHO, but involve a less intense magmatic activity and develop high topographies driving their collapse. Mixed-hot orogens (MHO, representative of magmatic arcs and Proterozoic collisional belts) are orogens made of UHO-type juvenile crust and display CO-like structure and kinematics. This classification points to the fundamental link between the presence of a stiff lithospheric mantle and strain localization along major thrusts in convergent settings. A high Moho temperature (> 900 °C), implying thinning of the lithospheric mantle, enhances three-dimensional flow of the lithosphere in response to convergence. Overall, this classification of orogens emphasizes the space and time variability of uppermost mantle temperature in controlling plate interactions and continental growth.     

鄂尔多斯盆地演化与多种能源矿产分布

鄂尔多斯盆地是中国有机—无机多种能源矿产共存的盆地之一。有机矿产包括煤、油气、煤层气等,分布于盆地内部,无机矿产以铀矿为主,处于盆—山转换部位。盆地边缘的造山活动控制了内部基底变形,基底变形又制约了盖层构造格局的演化,而后者决定了盆内有机矿产的源、运、储过程,如烃源岩展布、煤级分布等。造山活动和盆地演化共同制约着砂岩型铀矿的产出,油气在水平挤压和上覆地层压实作用下自内而外、自下而上输运,而于周缘造山带形成的含铀中低温无机成矿热液,在重力作用下,沿渗透率较大的透水层自上而下向盆地内部输运,还原性油气与氧化性含铀热液在盆—山过渡处相遇,导致无机流体的关键性物理化学参数的转变,使铀元素沉淀富集。鄂尔多斯盆地多种能源矿产共存系统存在的必要条件是成矿(藏)作用的发生具备各自成矿要素,且无机成矿和有机成藏两种性质完全不同的地质过程之间存在耦合作用。     

The building blocks of continental crust: Evidence for a major change in the tectonic setting of continental growth at the end of the Archean

Oceanic arcs are commonly cited as primary building blocks of continents, yet modern oceanic arcs are mostly subducted. Also, lithosphere buoyancy considerations show that oceanic arcs (even those with a felsic component) should readily subduct. With the exception of the Arabian–Nubian orogen, terranes in post-Archean accretionary orogens comprise < 10% of accreted oceanic arcs, whereas continental arcs compose 40–80% of these orogens. Nd and Hf isotopic data suggest that accretionary orogens include 40–65% juvenile crustal components, with most of these (> 50%) produced in continental arcs.Felsic igneous rocks in oceanic arcs are depleted in incompatible elements compared to average continental crust and to felsic igneous rocks from continental arcs. They have lower Th/Yb, Nb/Yb, Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, reflecting shallow mantle sources in which garnet did not exist in the restite during melting. The bottom line of these geochemical differences is that post-Archean continental crust does not begin life in oceanic arcs. On the other hand, the remarkable similarity of incompatible element distributions in granitoids and felsic volcanics from continental arcs is consistent with continental crust being produced in continental arcs.During the Archean, however, oceanic arcs may have been thicker due to higher degrees of melting in the mantle, and oceanic lithosphere would be more buoyant. These arcs may have accreted to each other and to oceanic plateaus, a process that eventually led to the production of Archean continental crust. After the Archean, oceanic crust was thinner due to cooling of the mantle and less melt production at ocean ridges, hence, oceanic lithosphere is more subductable. Widespread propagation of plate tectonics in the late Archean may have led not only to rapid production of continental crust, but to a change in the primary site of production of continental crust, from accreted oceanic arcs and oceanic plateaus in the Archean to primarily continental arcs thereafter.     

中国大地构造几个重大问题的探讨

中国大地构造需要研究的重大问题甚多 ,文中选择了其中的 4个加以讨论。首先是大地构造发展演化的动力学理论。现在流行的按密度差、温度差建立的地幔对流、拆沉作用、地幔柱理论 ,阐明不了中国大陆岩石圈、大陆造山带的组成、结构与演化。我们的研究成果表明 ,任何一个自然形成的系统 ,其运动与演化的能源 (或力源 )都来源于它的自身 ;它内部的变形和结构几何学特征 ,也是它自身运动的结果。为此特提出在地球自转速度变化制约下的多层扭动涡旋甩出说———核幔壳“风暴”所引发的热核反应是地球发展与演化惟一的、统一的动力来源。第二 ,地槽、板块是涡旋甩出构造体系中的一种运动方式、一种造山模式。此外 ,我们根据秦岭和其它造山带所总结出来的抽拉逆冲岩片构造 (或抽拉构造 )也是大陆岩石圈板块或壳块内部的一种新的运动方式 ,它是继地槽学说、板块构造理论以后一种新的造山模式。文中较详细地介绍了抽拉构造理论的基本特征。第三 ,中国大陆岩石圈在中—新生代时期、在陆相沉积盆地形成以后、在抽拉构造体制作用下所形成的 (陆内 )造山带以及它们之间的残留陆相 (或海相 )沉积盆地 ,是中国大地构造的基本特征。陆内造山作用是中国大陆划时代的造山作用 ,所形成的造山带是中国大陆最重要的造山带。?